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1981: In Switzerland, three mice were cloned by having the nucleus of their unfertilized egg replaced with an adult somatic cells.

1997: A sheep egg and an udder cell were integrated into a surrogate sheep. Through this, the first artificial animal clone was created. She was named Dolly the Sheep. Dolly was the first mammal to be successfully cloned. She died after 6 and a half years, however she had to be put down after an contagious disease spread throughout the clone

2014: Teams led by Dieter Egler (scientist from NYC and Korea) used skin cells from a diabetic woman to demonstrate how the resulting stem cells could be turned into insulin-producing beta cells. "In theory, the cells could be used to replace those lost to the disease."

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Coghlan, Andy. “Stem Cell Timeline: The History of a Medical Sensation.” New Scientist, 30 Jan. 2014,  www.newscientist.com/article/dn24970-stem-cell-timeline-the-history-of-a-medical-sensation/.

Hanson12/01/2001, Mark J. “The Ethics of THERAPEUTIC CLONING.” ELCA, elca.org/JLE/Articles/1000.

Kfoury, Charlotte. “Therapeutic Cloning: Promises and Issues.” McGill Journal of Medicine : MJM : an International Forum for the Advancement of Medical Sciences by Students, McGill University, July 2007, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323472/.

“Kognity.” App, app.kognity.com/study/app/biology-sl-fe-2016/genetics/gen-mod-biotech-core/clones.

“An Overview of Stem Cell Research.” The Center for Bioethics & Human Dignity, 21 Aug. 2009, cbhd.org/stem-cell-research/overview.

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Usage of Embryonic Somatic Cells from Aborted Fetuses: Some people view this as unethical due to the fact that these human fetuses were taken advantage of without consent. According to the NCBI, "Some consider the use of discarded embryos diminutive since they imply 'recycling' life products, as implied by Bush’s statement that 'there is no spare embryo.'". Others believe that embryonic somatic cells are appropriate to use for science since they have no use in an unborn fetus. Giving these cells a purpose is much more ethical than letting them "go to waste", especially if the purpose is for mankind's medical advancement.

Morality in Sacrifices: Through the perspective of some people, hypothetical human beings are seen to have the same worth as real human beings. As a result, the sacrifice of removing an embryo is looked down upon, even if it means certain diseases can be studied further and "cured". Scientists argue that these sacrifices are necessary to develop medical knowledge, therefore it is not immoral to use embryos. From a religious standpoint, as stated by CBHD, "Scripture resoundingly rejects the temptation to 'do evil that good may result.' (Rom. 3:8)."

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1. Donor somatic cells are taken from the organism to be cloned and these are cultured in a lab
2. The cell is starved so that the amount of cellular material other than the nucleus is reduced
3. An unfertilized egg is taken from another organism
4. This egg will be enucleated (nucleus is removed)
5. The egg is fused with the donor cell
6. The fused cell will divide until a small embryo has formed
7. the embryo is transferred into the uterus of a surrogate mother
8. Pregnancy will be carried out normally

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Why would scientists utilize Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

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Why would scientists utilize Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

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Genetically modified organisms - as a way to achieve offspring with the exact desired traits that are needed. This has also been done to help prevent the extinction of species by providing specific mates for species nearing extinction.

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It is a method to clone differentiated somatic cells. This method is different from standard cloning being that scientists have to deal with differentiated cells, which are often inactivated during development.

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Genetically identical organisms - these of which are derived from a single original parent cell. Cloning can occur naturally (asexual reproduction) and artificially

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Explain the process of cloning using SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer). Evaluate

ethical issues derived from the use of cloning in therapeutic cloning.