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"Who am I?"
"What is the purpose of my life?"
"What am I doing here?"
"What is justice?"
Humans must be able to define these simple things to move forward and act accordingly based on what is the definition of the said individual.

Dualistic: For Socrates, every man is composed of body and soul.

Body: Imperfect and impermanent

Soul: Perfect and permanent

First martyr for the elusive fight against ignorance and bigotry

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"The Republic" - justice in the human person can only be attained if the three parts of the soul are working harmoniously with one another.

Rational soul: forged by reason and intellect, has to govern the affairs of the human person

Spirited part: in charge of emotions, should be kept at bay

Appetitive soul: in order of base desires like eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sex is controlled as well

When this ideal state is attained, then the human person's soul becomes just and virtuous.

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Bifurcated nature: An aspect of man dwells in the world and is imperfect and continuously yearns to be Divine, and the other is capable of reaching immortality.

Body: bound to die on earth

Soul: to anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God

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Father of Modern Philosophy
Body and mind
The only thing that one cannot doubt is the existence of the self, for even if one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a doubting self.

I think; therefore, I am.

The fact that one thinks should lead one to conclude without a trace of doubt that he exists.

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Self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions
Impressions:

the primary objects of our experience or sensations

form the core of our thoughts

vivid because they are products of our direct experience with the world

Idea: copies of impressions

Self is a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perceptual flux and movement.

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Self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions

there is necessarily a mind that organizes the impressions that men get from the external world

actively engaged intelligence in man that synthesizes all knowledge and experience

self is not just what gives one his personality

self is the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons

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Mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated.

One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied experience.

All experience is represented.

One's body is his opening toward his existence to the world.

The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all in one.

❌Cartesian Dualism: nothing but an understandable misunderstanding❌

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Self as Product of Society and Culture

Society should be analyzed and described in terms of functions.
Society is

a system of interrelated parts where no one part can function without the other. These parts make up the whole of society.

made up of people with specialized roles and responsibilities.

move from mechanical to organic solidarity through the division of labor.

Western cultures tend to emphasize certain ways of being independent

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Theory of Social Self

The self is not there from birth, but it is developed over time from social experiences and activities.

Three activities that develop the self:

Language

Play

Games

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Looking-glass Self Theory

People based their sense of self on how they think others see them.
- A mirror which people use the judgments of others to measure their worth, behavior, and values.

1. We imagine how we appear to others when in a social situation.

2. We imagine what others think of our appearance.

3. We form opinions and feelings about this perceived judgment and then respond to it.

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Concepts of the Self
The self is both the “knower” and the “known”. It is partly object and partly subject.

The I Self

The pure ego of an individual knower. It contains three dimensions:

1. Individual

2. Relational

3. Collective

The Me Self
This is the empirical self; the object of thought. It contains three dimensions:

1. Material

2. Social

3. Spiritual

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Concepts of the Self
Ideal and Real Self
The subjective experience of a person contributes to the development of the self. Self or self-concept is defined by the words I, my, myself, and me. It is what separates you from others.

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Proactive and Agentic Self
People have the power to influence their own actions and produce the desired consequences, this is called human agency.

In order to succeed, people need a sense of self-efficacy, to struggle together with resilience to meet the inevitable obstacles and inequities of life.

The main features of human agency are:

1. Intentionality

2. Forethought

3. Self-reactiveness, and

4. Self-reflectiveness

Proactive Self

The ability to face problems, prevent, or resolve problems.

Agentic Self
The capacity to exercise control over their own lives.

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Erikson proposed that individuals go through eight stages of psychosocial development.

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The theory of the self is the concept of archetypes. Archetypes are the hidden potentialities of the psyche.

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Sigmund Freud distinguishes the three components (structures) of the personality: id, ego, and superego.