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The extent of racism in working class communities isn't looked at enough.

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Murray identified a culture of benefit dependency- the underclass have become unwilling to work because they have become dependent on the nanny state to support them . A vicious cycle exists:- illegitimate children with no male role models , subsiding on welfare benefits and badly socialised by uneducated single mothers who are creating children like themselves.

The entire class of people were dependant on welfare benefits and excluded from jobs, opportunities and political life.

Afro Caribbean are often in the underclass so they have deficient values which leads to educational failure and unemployment which may lead to crime due to trying to prove a hegemonic masculinity.

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Differences in culture and lack of assimilation are what lead to inequalities, not racism/ discrimination. For example customs in Pakistani and Bangladeshi cultures such as: (purdah) - seclusion of women and (izzat) - family honour. They are very home based and so aren't as well assimilated, cultural reluctance to allow them to mix freely as to not bring dishonour to their family - instead expected to give priority to family.

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Evidence from National Centre of Social Research

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Evidence from National Centre of Social Research

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This study was looking at racial discrimination in workplace recruitment. It found that 74% more applications were needed by ethnic minorities in order to get the same number of call-backs for interviews as white people. This is direct evidence of racial discrimination. However when qualifications and personal details (i.e. name) were separated there was no racial discrimination. So they propose that this should be standard practice in order to prevent discrimination

So ethnic minorities find it harder to find employment because of discrimination so they may be forced to depend on benefits - it may not be a choice like New Right suggest

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Make sure you explain what ethnicity is, refer to and who Britain’s ethnic minorities are  So cultural differences linked to religion, heritage, traditions, values etc..

Black British like Afro Caribbean, Black African.  British Asian like Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indian, Chinese …on bob and moodle there are asian and black invasion dvds that can help with this -Stress differences in position, as ed, work, crime etc..shows -Stress differences in culture as family, religion etc shows

•   Easiest is New Right/ Functionalist v Racism ( could link to Weberian also )

•   If Weberian too, both these views recognise some ethnic minorities being in an underclass so theories that see them as part of structural oppression and not underclass  can evaluate this.

•   But you could be asked about Marxist view of ethnicity or inequality generally, so you need to know that too

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Miles identifies racism as being from the generalisations about a different cultural group or race as being inferior but also seeing their stereotypes about their shared identity as inferior and uncivilised. These views are represented by prejudice attitudes and behaviours that are circulated and normalised by the media.

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The New Right fails to see context of poverty and wider social problems.

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- Intersectionality of class and ethnicity -Are race explanations to simplistic?

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- Intersectionality of class and ethnicity -Are race explanations to simplistic?

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Could support with Sugarman Working class have a fatalist culture of poverty. Immediate gratification vs deferred gratification such as not continuing higher education & a fatalistic view of them vs us.

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Inequality is inevitable & functional for society through being unequal  but not unfair (Saunders) through a meritocratic system of opportunities that enable social mobility.
Society should enable people to compete, forcing them to take responsibility for their own achieved status, therefore the wealth fare state is seen as negative, going against personal responsibility & encouraging a cultural underclass.

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Race theorists and Weberian views see Marxists us underestimating racism in it's own right as they only see it as a part of a class system, rather than as a system/ issues on its on.

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Observed a lack of black literature, history and music within the British curriculum

Any depictions of black people were negative

This was referred to as an ethnocentric curriculum because it was based around the majority ethnic group (white)

This led to low self esteem in Afro-Caribbean children because they felt excluded and that they could  not relate to the curriculum

This is Institutional racism because black people are being excluded which can lead to ethnic underachievement because they loose interest in school - links to students forming subcultures

Does this make it hard for migrants to assimilate because they feel excluded and cannot relate to anything in the curriculum?

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They are seen as reductionists in this sense and too economically deterministic.

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Asian children on FSM still achieve highest in every section of education. Therefore its culture not structural poverty. Asian cultures place a higher value on education than other fatalistic cultures of poverty such as Afro Caribbean
- Interactionalists criticise as ethnocentric curriculum rejects afro Caribbean culture such as dreadlocks, alienating black pupils, disadvantaging them via underachievement. While at the same time having high expectations of Asian cultures through racial stereotypes.

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Barker describes that racism can come from the mere presence of another culture amongst the main dominating culture. He states that their cultures are incompatible with the traditional white British ones. Other cultures are seen as a threat to the British way of life.

Mason states that institutional racism is situations that social groups defined by race are systematically disadvantaged in respects to future opportunities in instiutions like education, the workplace or the housing market. Systematic racism has become so ingrained it is no longer viewed as racism.

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Class is seen as outdated, class is fragmenting, some say there is an ethnic underclass separate to the wider class model

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ethnic minority women are four times more likely to die in childbirth as a result of institutional racism, suffering from an ethnic penalty.

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Society is meritocratic, those who work hard will do better
Welfare benefits lead to dependency and idleness in society - undermines personal responsibility
Saunders says society is unequal but not unfair, there must be inequality to motivate others to do well in society. Inequality is also inevitable. Academic ability and ambition shape success or failure.

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Host Immigrant Model.
Tranquil equilibrium of Britain was disturbed by the arrival of immigrant strangers with a different set of values.
Patterson described the culture clash between West Indians (boisterous + noisy) and English hosts (private + quiet).
Main problem is cultural strangeness.
Patterson was optimistic that Britain's black migrants would eventually follow the path of previous migrants (Irish), as they slowly moved towards full cultural assimilation by shedding the old ethnic values and take on the dominant host values. This suggests migrants failed to assimilate, resulting in lower status/ inequality.

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- As we become more diverse we become more divided.
- New immigrants to take an oath to British values.
- English lessons for women particularly Muslim women to ensure they can get employment.
- The lack of Assimilation has lead to communities to be isolated and segregated. Particularly in areas such as Coventry, Birmingham and Telford

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Disadvantages that ethnic minorities experience in the labour market compared with British whites of the same age, qualifications and socioeconomic background. Racism is not cultural it is structural.

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New Right blames the victim, the problem with assimilation view is that it fails to recognise the need for British culture to change as Britain is now multi-cultural.

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This report showed institutional racism is widespread among the police force.
This report gives official recognition to the fact that the police and CJS are biased against ethnic minorities.
One almost immediate result of the report was the admission by many police forces and other bodies such as hospitals and education, that institutional racism was a problem within their organisation.

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South Asian women are not meek and passive victims, instead these stereotypes are based on false representations of these women and their culture. 1995 study suggests young Muslim women hold progressive values and attitudes towards work and sexual equality, rejecting ideas of Purdah.

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Weberian-Underclass is due to poverty & discrimination rather than a cultural underclass.. 

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Weberian-Underclass is due to poverty & discrimination rather than a cultural underclass.. 

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Market position can shape opportunity- many Ethnic minorities entered UK at bottom with very low incomes and low status jobs ( Pakistani, Bangladeshi and some Afro Caribbean )

•   They have also experienced a lower status due to their race and culture

•   They have limited access to parties to lobby for change

•   Hence Ethnic Minorities occupy a lower status than the majority ,but some with all 3 of these experiences find themselves cut off in the underclass due to poverty and discrimination.  So racism is again linked - see Mason

See Rex and Tomlinson and the idea of structural break

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Class system explains all inequality - racism is functional to capitalism and so is stressing ethnic differences this is the cause of inequality 

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Class system explains all inequality - racism is functional to capitalism and so is stressing ethnic differences this is the cause of inequality 

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Class is more significant!! racism is only seen in so far as its functions for capitalism.
Ethnic Minorities, like women, have distinctive role in maintaining capitalism and they experience disadvantage due to this.  They are a reserve army of labour used in times of need to do jobs for low pay.  This means capitalists do not have to pay other workers more money to do the same job.  Both the white and the ethnic minority are exploited whilst the bourgeoisie maintains their profits.  Castles and Kosack can also be used to discuss the different class positions of ethnic minorities and how capitalism’s lack of social mobility has kept them there . There are class differences in ethnicity too - their experiences are not equal.

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Both Weberian & Marxists criticise New Right...

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Both Weberian & Marxists criticise New Right...

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Structural inequality of society is the cause rather than cultural explanations put forward by the New Right.

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Lone parenthood is more common within the Afro Caribbean community and Sewell whilst seeing racism, sees the main problems that the community face as linked to this and how his community in particular raise boys. In schools this creates conflict with teachers as black boys reject discipline and may create masculine identities that prioritise subcultures around street identity and may see education as more effeminate