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롤리롤ㄹ리팝팝모델델린만쥬먹고싶당ㅎㅎ

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롤모델 10309 박하늘 수행평가

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10302김서연 롤모델 소개

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영어_롤모델발표_마리퀴리_10308-박운혜

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10307 문현영 - 영어 말하기 수행평가

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10314 송아영 롤모델발표 ppt

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영어 수행평가 3

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10320 최은지 영어 말하기 수행

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Store photos and docs online. Access them from any PC, Mac or phone. Create and work together on Word, Excel or PowerPoint documents.

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이번 과에서 배운 upcycling에 대한 자신의 아이디어를 업로드해주세요. 본인의 창의력을 보여주어도 좋고, 검색으로 찾은 신선한 업사이클링에 대한 사례로 좋습니다^^

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The old abandoned gas stations you can decorate it and turn it into a photo zone or a symbolic landmark even it change to be able movie theater

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If rainwater is effectively used, the problem of water shortage can be solved by reducing, storing, and utilizing the overflow of rainwater. Among those examples, I would like to introduce an eco-friendly rainwater village. Rainwater villages are created using rainwater management facilities, which help the circulation of water. Using rainwater in this way will be a step toward an eco-friendly ecological city.

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양말목으로 꽃모양 고리를 만들었어용!
가방에 걸 수도 있어요^.^

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사용한 마스크에서 마스크끈을 모아서 머리끈 또는 곱창밴드로 업사이클하여 고무줄이 없을따 쉽게 만들어 사용할수 있다

출처-naver

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We use beverage vending machines at school and make many used plastic bottles. By cutting and zipping bottles, we can make pencil holders that can stand up. As a result, we can usefully reuse plastic bottles.

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망가진 우산을 활용하여 지갑이나 작은 가방 파우치등을 만드는 브랜드 (큐클리프)

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사과 껍질로 만드는 비건 가죽 가방!

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사과 껍질로 만드는 비건 가죽 가방!

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이탈리아 회사 프루맷 (Frumat)은 사과 껍질과 찌꺼기로 만든 사과 가죽, ‘애플 스킨 (Apple Skin)’을 생산합니다. 부드러운 재질의 사과가죽은 동물 가죽 및 화학 처리를 거친 인조가죽 대체재로 활용될 수 있는 데다, 매년 대량으로 버려지는 사과 찌꺼기를 친환경 소재로 재해석하고 있습니다^_^

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입다가 찢어지거나 헤진 청바지를 원단화하여 슬리퍼로 업사이클 한 제품입니다

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안쓰는 책에 칼을 꽂아서 재활용한것이다.

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양말목으로 방석 만들기

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나날이 진화하는 친환경 소재를 개발하고 폐기물을 다각도로 업사이클링해 혁신적인 컬렉션을 창조하고 옷을 만든다

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'우리는 우리의 터전인 지구를 되살리기 위해 사업합니다.' 파타고니아가 전면에 내세우는 이 슬로건은 최근 광범위하게 지속 가능한 패션을 지향하는 패션계의 동향을 대변한다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 파타고니아는 비영리 조직 1% for the Planet을 창설해 1985년부터 매출의 1%를 세계적인 환경 단체를 지원하는 데 기부할 뿐 아니라 혁신적인 재생 소재를 사용해 탄소 배출량을 줄이는 것을 목표로 하며 대표적인 착한 기업으로 인정받고 있다. 이러한 움직임은 초반 몇몇 스포츠 브랜드에 국한되었던 데에서 벗어나 보수적인 하이패션계에서도 점차 막대한 영향력을 행사하고 있다.

프랑스의 유서 깊은 패션 브랜드 에르메스가 미국 스타트업 마이코웍스(MycoWorks)와 협업해 버섯 뿌리 부분의 균사체를 엮어 비건 가죽 '실바니아(Sylvania)'를 제작한 것도 이와 맥락을 같이한다. 제작하는 데 무려 3년 넘게 소요된 빅토리아 더플백은 출시되자마자 엄청난 반향을 일으켰다. 에르메스에 앞서 패션계에 비건 레더 열풍을 일으킨 브랜드는 스텔라 매카트니다. 지속 가능한 패션의 선구자로 평가받는 스텔라 매카트니는 최근 셀룰로오스 섬유와 섬유 폐기물을 재생산한 신소재 '누사이클(NuCycle)'을 비롯해 끊임없이 혁신적인 소재를 개발하고 있다. 특히, 2021 F/W 컬렉션에서 메인으로 선보인 디스코풍 시퀸 점프수트는 플라스틱 대신 리사이클 나일론 원사를 사용해 친환경 패션의 선구자적 면모를 보여줬다. 이 밖에도 살바토레 페라가모와 알렉산더 맥퀸은 이번 시즌 컬렉션에 리사이클 폴리에스테르로 만든 드레스를 선보여 호평받았다. 친환경 소재를 언급할 때 프라다, 버버리, 구찌 등 선진 브랜드가 애정을 기울이는 '에코닐(Econyl)'도 빼놓을 수 없다. 이탈리아 원사 제조 기업인 아쿠아필(Aquafil)이 자신 있게 선보인 에코닐은 산업용 미세 플라스틱과 낚시 그물, 방직용 섬유에서 모은 폐기물을 재활용한 업사이클링 나일론 소재다. 100% 생분해되는 원료로 구성되어 있어 재사용이 가능할 뿐 아니라 내구성이 뛰어나 럭셔리 브랜드에서 활용하기에 전혀 부족함이 없다. 최근 전면적으로 퍼 프리(Fur Free)를 선언한 케어링 그룹은 또 어떤가. 구찌, 생 로랑, 발렌시아가, 보테가 베네타 등 세계적인 패션 레이블을 보유한 이 초대형 모회사가 2022 F/W 컬렉션부터 모든 브랜드에 걸쳐 동물 모피 사용을 중단한다고 선언한 것. 이 밖에도 지속 가능성이 미래 전략의 키를 쥐고 있다고 이야기한 글로벌 편집숍 마이테레사 또한 2022년까지 순차적으로 동물 퍼로 만든 제품을 소진한 후 모피 제품을 취급하지 않겠다고 밝혔다.

ESG 경영으로 전환하는 하이패션 브랜드뿐 아니라 세계적으로 '친환경'을 메인 컨셉트로 앞세우는 패션 레이블도 선전하고 있다. 그 선두엔 윤리적 패션을 지향하는 영국 브랜드 판게아(Pangaia)가 있다. 판게아는 과학자가 참여해 실험적인 친환경 소재를 끊임없이 개발하고 있다. 천연자원을 염료로 사용한 스웨트셔츠며 동물의 털인 다운 대신 야생 꽃으로 풍성하게 채운 다운 재킷, 포도 껍질 가죽으로 만든 재킷에 이어 최근엔 탄소 변환 기술을 확보한 기업 '트웰브(Twelve)'와 힘을 합쳐 이산화탄소를 포집해 렌즈를 만든 선글라스를 한정 수량으로 출시해 눈길을 끌었다. 국내 디자이너 레이블인 지용킴(Ji Yong Kim)의 행보도 매우 흥미롭다. 루이 비통의 수장 버질 아블로와 함께 일한 전적이 있는 이 영민한 디자이너는 매년 쏟아져 나오는 9천만 톤의 쓰레기를 재활용하며 인공 염료 대신 패브릭을 햇빛에 자연스럽게 말리는 '선 페이딩' 기술을 앞세워 독특한 컬러 팔레트를 창조한다. 지용킴은 최근 폐기물을 업사이클링하는 브랜드 래코드와 협업한 캡슐 컬렉션을 선보여 대중에게 어필하는 데에도 성공했다. 폐페트병에서 추출한 재생 폴리에스테르, 제작 공정에서 발생하는 폐기물을 활용한 재생 나일론, 물과 에너지를 아끼는 공정으로 만드는 지속 가능한 가죽으로 제작하는 플리츠 백으로 판매고를 올리고 있는 조셉 앤 스테이시도 주목할 만하다.

이토록 친환경 패션이 대세이다 보니, 여러 브랜드에서 지속 가능성에 주목한 라인을 다채롭게 선보이고 있다. 최근 화제를 모은 '덩크 로우'를 업사이클링 소재로 새롭게 출시한다고 밝힌 나이키는 물론 화학섬유 전문 기업 휴비스(Huvis)와 협업해 생분해 섬유 '에코엔(Ecoen)'으로 만든 친환경 의류를 출시한 노스페이스, 리사이클 페이퍼와 코르크로 제작한 운동화를 선보인 휠라, 울 폐기물과 재활용 플라스틱을 사용한 어그의 '아이콘 임팩트' 컬렉션, 한국타이어와 협업해 폐타이어를 근사한 가죽 구두로 탈바꿈시킨 슈즈 브랜드 야세(YASE), 100% 리사이클 원단은 물론이고 실, 라벨, 포켓까지 리사이클 소재로 제작한 데님 컬렉션을 출시한 H&M 등 내로라하는 브랜드에서 독자적인 기술을 투입해 창의적인 에코 라인을 앞다퉈 선보이는 형국이다.

2022 S/S 파리 패션위크의 디올과 루이 비통 캣워크에 별안간 환경운동가들이 난입하는 초유의 사태가 발생했다. '퍼는 부끄러운 것이다(FUR SHAME)', '과소비=멸종(OVERCONSUMPTION=EXTINCTION)' 등의 문구가 쓰인 종이를 든 사람들이 비장한 표정으로 모델들의 캣워크에 떡하니 등장한 것. 여전히 친환경 패션을 마케팅의 수단으로 삼는 브랜드가 존재하는 것은 사실이다. 그러나 이들이 지향하는 목적지는 명확하며, 나날이 기술과 방법이 진화하고 있는 것 또한 분명하니 믿고 바라봐주는 자세를 가져도 좋을 것 같다.

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업사이클링을 통한 혁신적인 컬렉션 | 마리끌레르

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'우리는 우리의 터전인 지구를 되살리기 위해 사업합니다.' 파타고니아가 전면에 내세우는 이 슬로건은 최근 광범위하게 지속 가능한 패션을 지향하는 패션계의 동향을 대변한다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 파타고니아는 비영리 조직 1% for the Planet을 창설해 1985년부터 매출의 1%를 세계적인 환경 단체를 지원하는 데 기부할 뿐 아니라 혁신적인 재생 소재를 사용해 탄소 배출량을 줄이는 것을 목표로 하며 대표적인 착한 기업으로 인정받고 있다.

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다 쓴 공병에 안 쓰는 끈을 감아서 화병 만들기 그래서 인테리어 요소로써 활용할 수 있습니다

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페러글라이더는 일반쓰레기로 배출해서 

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페러글라이더는 일반쓰레기로 배출해서 환경문제로 떠오르고 있어 이것을 이용해 가방을 제작했다

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다 먹고 버려진 음료수 캔을 활용하여 만든 무드등이다
캔에 송곳으로 구멍을 뚫고 캔 안에 LED 조명을 넣어 구멍 사이로 빛이 새어나오게 하여 무드등으로 활용 할 수 있다

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https://i-jte.org/index.php/journal/article/view/26

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The Role of Collocations in the English Teaching and Learning

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Benson, M., Benson, E. and Ilson, R., 1986. The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Brown, H.D (2000). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Longman: Pearson Education. Celce-Murcia, M. and Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and Context in Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP Colin, Mclntosh, Ben Francis and Richard Poole (2019).

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Table of Contents

international trade, economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and food. Other transactions involve services, such as travel services and payments for foreign patents ( see service industry). International trade transactions are facilitated by international financial payments, in which the private banking system and the central banks of the trading nations play important roles.

International trade and the accompanying financial transactions are generally conducted for the purpose of providing a nation with commodities it lacks in exchange for those that it produces in abundance; such transactions, functioning with other economic policies, tend to improve a nation's standard of living. Much of the modern history of international relations concerns efforts to promote freer trade between nations. This article provides a historical overview of the structure of international trade and of the leading institutions that were developed to promote such trade.

Historical overview

The barter of goods or services among different peoples is an age-old practice, probably as old as human history. International trade, however, refers specifically to an exchange between members of different nations, and accounts and explanations of such trade begin (despite fragmentary earlier discussion) only with the rise of the modern nation-state at the close of the European Middle Ages. As political thinkers and philosophers began to examine the nature and function of the nation, trade with other countries became a particular topic of their inquiry. It is, accordingly, no surprise to find one of the earliest attempts to describe the function of international trade within that highly nationalistic body of thought now known as mercantilism.

Mercantilist analysis, which reached the peak of its influence upon European thought in the 16th and 17th centuries, focused directly upon the welfare of the nation. It insisted that the acquisition of wealth, particularly wealth in the form of gold, was of paramount importance for national policy. Mercantilists took the virtues of gold almost as an article of faith; consequently, they never sought to explain adequately why the pursuit of gold deserved such a high priority in their economic plans.

Mercantilism was based on the conviction that national interests are inevitably in conflict-that one nation can increase its trade only at the expense of other nations. Thus, governments were led to impose price and wage controls, foster national industries, promote exports of finished goods and imports of raw materials, while at the same time limiting the exports of raw materials and the imports of finished goods. The state endeavoured to provide its citizens with a monopoly of the resources and trade outlets of its colonies.

The trade policy dictated by mercantilist philosophy was accordingly simple: encourage exports, discourage imports, and take the proceeds of the resulting export surplus in gold. Mercantilists' ideas often were intellectually shallow, and indeed their trade policy may have been little more than a rationalization of the interests of a rising merchant class that wanted wider markets-hence the emphasis on expanding exports-coupled with protection against competition in the form of imported goods.

A typical illustration of the mercantilist spirit is the English Navigation Act of 1651, which reserved for the home country the right to trade with its colonies and prohibited the import of goods of non-European origin unless transported in ships flying the English flag. This law lingered until 1849. A similar policy was followed in France.

A strong reaction against mercantilist attitudes began to take shape toward the middle of the 18th century. In France, the economists known as Physiocrats demanded liberty of production and trade. In England, economist Adam Smith demonstrated in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776) the advantages of removing trade restrictions. Economists and businessmen voiced their opposition to excessively high and often prohibitive customs duties and urged the negotiation of trade agreements with foreign powers. This change in attitudes led to the signing of a number of agreements embodying the new liberal ideas about trade, among them the Anglo-French Treaty of 1786, which ended what had been an economic war between the two countries.

After Adam Smith, the basic tenets of mercantilism were no longer considered defensible. This did not, however, mean that nations abandoned all mercantilist policies. Restrictive economic policies were now justified by the claim that, up to a certain point, the government should keep foreign merchandise off the domestic market in order to shelter national production from outside competition. To this end, customs levies were introduced in increasing number, replacing outright bans on imports, which became less and less frequent.

In the middle of the 19th century, a protective customs policy effectively sheltered many national economies from outside competition. The French tariff of 1860, for example, charged extremely high rates on British products: 60 percent on pig iron; 40 to 50 percent on machinery; and 600 to 800 percent on woolen blankets. Transport costs between the two countries provided further protection.

A triumph for liberal ideas was the Anglo-French trade agreement of 1860, which provided that French protective duties were to be reduced to a maximum of 25 percent within five years, with free entry of all French products except wines into Britain. This agreement was followed by other European trade pacts.

Resurgence of protectionism

A reaction in favour of protection spread throughout the Western world in the latter part of the 19th century. Germany adopted a systematically protectionist policy and was soon followed by most other nations. Shortly after 1860, during the Civil War, the United States raised its duties sharply; the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 was ultraprotectionist. The United Kingdom was the only country to remain faithful to the principles of free trade.

But the protectionism of the last quarter of the 19th century was mild by comparison with the mercantilist policies that had been common in the 17th century and were to be revived between the two world wars. Extensive economic liberty prevailed by 1913. Quantitative restrictions were unheard of, and customs duties were low and stable. Currencies were freely convertible into gold, which in effect was a common international money. Balance-of-payments problems were few. People who wished to settle and work in a country could go where they wished with few restrictions; they could open businesses, enter trade, or export capital freely. Equal opportunity to compete was the general rule, the sole exception being the existence of limited customs preferences between certain countries, most usually between a home country and its colonies. Trade was freer throughout the Western world in 1913 than it was in Europe in 1970.

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international trade | Definition, History, Benefits, Theory, & Types

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international trade, economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and food. Other transactions involve services, such as travel services and payments for foreign patents (see service industry).

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https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62060542

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The video game prescribed by doctors to treat ADHD

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While many parents worry that their children spend too much time playing computer games, Kelcey Sihanourath is pleased to see her son Owain pick up his tablet. Now aged 13, he was diagnosed with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in pre-school.

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″플라스틱 생수병으로 신발 제작”…美 업사이클링 트렌드 확산

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[더구루=홍성환 기자] 전 세계적으로 착한 소비 문화가 확산하면서 ‘업사이클링‘이 주목받는다. 업사이클링은 기존에 버려지는 제품을 단순히 재활용하는 차원을 넘어서 디자인을 가미하는 등 새로운 가치를 창출해 새로운 제품으로 재탄생시키는 것을 의미한다. 19일 코트라 미국 로스앤젤레스무역관의 ‘미국 시장이 열광하는 업사이클링 트렌드’ 보고서에 따르면 식품·제조

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If you're the kind of person who hates throwing anything away, we are right there with you. 2021 is a year where sustainability should be at the front of mind, which means there's no better time to turn your unwanted items into gorgeous DIY projects. From reusing old wine corks to creating beautiful table-settings to transforming mason jars into rustic chandeliers, these ideas ensure that nothing goes to waste. After all, one person's trash is another's treasure, right?

For reusing mason jars, wine bottles, and other food or beverage containers, be sure to keep sustainability practices in mind when cleaning them. You can do this by using plant-based and compostable products like Clorox Compostable Cleaning Wipes and making sure you don't overdo it on the water while washing and rinsing them out.

Once those vessels are ready, it's time to let the creativity flow! Keep reading to get inspired by these DIY ideas for ordinary household objects now.

- Additional reporting by Lauren Harano and Emily Co

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185 Upcycling Ideas That Will Turn Your Trash Into Treasures

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If you're the kind of person who hates throwing anything away, we are right there with you. 2021 is a year where sustainability should be at the front of mind, which means there's no better time to turn your unwanted items into gorgeous DIY projects.

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https://www.huffpost.com/entry/russia-rape-weapon-of-war-ukraine_n_62617db5e4b0e900dcd34011

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Since the war in Ukraine began, reports of sexual violence perpetrated by Russian fighters slowly trickled out of occupied areas. Then, as Russian forces retreated from these regions at the beginning of the month, likely to refocus ground offensive elsewhere, official reports of sexual assault and rape have flooded in. The widespread accounts paint a horrifying picture of how Russian fighters are weaponizing sexual violence and adding to the terror of wartime.

The testimonies coming from Ukrainians include gang rapes, assaults taking place at gunpoint, rapes committed in front of victims' children, as well as torture and mutilation. There have been several reports of Ukrainian women who were raped and then murdered by Russian forces.

One Ukrainian woman described on camera how multiple Russian fighters raped her after they rolled into her village with tanks. Another reported that two Russian soldiers murdered her husband on their front lawn and then repeatedly raped her in her basement with her 4-year-old son sobbing in a room down the hall. A group of 15 Ukrainian soldiers , all women, had their heads shaved and were forced to undress and squat for hours while in Russian detention. A dead Ukrainian woman was found in a cellar, shot in the head and naked except for a fur coat, with a used condom and condom wrappers around her.

In one of the most abhorrent testimonies, 25 girls and women, ranging from 14 to 24 years old, were locked in a basement and gang-raped repeatedly in Bucha, a city near the capital of Kyiv. Nine of the victims are now pregnant. "Russian soldiers told them they would rape them to the point where they wouldn't want sexual contact with any man, to prevent them from having Ukrainian children," said Ukraine's ombudsman for human rights Lyudmyla Denisova.

World leaders have condemned Russia and its president, Vladimir Putin, for the atrocities in Ukraine. President Joe Biden recently called Putin a war criminal, describing the actions of the Russian military as " major war crimes ." U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said earlier this month that the horrors in Bucha were "not the random act of a rogue unit" but a "deliberate campaign to kill, to torture, to rape, to commit atrocities."

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy pleaded for the world to act in a powerful speech to the United Nations Security Council earlier this month.

"Women were raped and killed in front of their children. Their tongues were pulled out only because the aggressor did not hear what they wanted to hear from them," he said after visiting Bucha, which has seen some of the most horrific violence. "Where is the security that the Security Council needs to guarantee? It's not there. Where is the peace?"

Rape has been used as a weapon of war for thousands of years, but it's not found in every conflict, according to Dara Kay Cohen , a professor of public policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and author of " Rape During Civil War ." For the past decade, Cohen's work has focused on international relations, civil war and the dynamics of gender and violence in conflicts.

The Russia-Ukraine war, however, seems to be ripe for the abuse of sexual violence, Cohen told HuffPost. Ukrainian men ages 18 to 60 were not allowed to leave the country because they will likely be drafted to fight, so the majority of people fleeing the country are women with children and unaccompanied minors. On the other side, about a quarter of the Russian military is made up of conscripts and there have been many reports that a large number of Russian soldiers don't believe in the cause they're fighting for. All of this could lead to a perfect storm of sexual violence in conflict.

Anadolu Agency via Getty Images

HuffPost spoke with Cohen about how sexual violence is weaponized in conflicts and why armed groups sometimes commit these types of crimes - and what this means in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war. (This interview was edited for brevity and clarity.)

How is sexual violence weaponized in conflict zones?

There are a huge number of ways that rape is used in wartime. Feminist scholars have argued for a long time about the ways that rape can be used as a form of torture, as a form of humiliation, as a signal that the men of one group can humiliate the men of an enemy group with the message that they can't protect their women from this terrible violence. It's been used as a tool of genocide, it's been used in the context of ethnic wars and non-ethnic wars.

But one important point is that rape in wartime is not ubiquitous - it does not happen in every conflict. Even within the context of the same conflict, some armed groups commit sexual violence and other groups do not.

One of the keys to understanding why rape happens in wartime is really focusing [on the armed groups themselves] rather than on the region of the world, the country, the level of democracy, etc. All those things might be contributing factors, but what I've argued in my research is that the most important part is understanding the armed group that's committing the sexual violence.

What are some indicators that lead you to believe one armed group will commit a higher level of sexual violence than another?

One red flag is to look at recent history with these very same military forces. We know ... that Russian forces and Russian-backed groups in recent years have committed sexual violence in places like Chechnya, Crimea and in eastern Ukraine. There is a history, a recent history, of this type of violence committed with these same groups.

Another red flag is about the composition of the armed groups themselves, the fact that there is conscription. Scholars of civilian victimization and wartime atrocities have found that armed groups that have committed substantial resources to political education use restraint when interacting with civilian populations.

Put simply, fighters who know what they're fighting for or fighters who believe in the cause tend to not abuse civilians to the same extent. We know in Ukraine right now, some Russian fighters have no idea what they're fighting for and may not believe in the cause very strongly.

One of the areas of concern for me and some of my colleagues has been because of what we know about the composition of the Russian forces. Not only are there conscripts, but there also are reports of forced recruitment - literal kidnapping. In other contexts, we have observed those conditions to cause an uptick in sexual violence. Armed groups that recruit their fighters through force are more likely to commit sexual violence.

There are also foreign fighters joining the fight in the Ukrainian conflict. That's another correlate with increased atrocities including increased reports of sexual violence. When there are foreign fighters introduced into someone else's war, we might expect that these groups suffer from low cohesion. And sexual violence is one consequence of that.

"Fighters who believe in the cause tend to not abuse civilians to the same extent. We know in Ukraine right now, some Russian fighters have no idea what they're fighting for and may not believe in the cause very strongly."

So sexual violence can be a sort of bonding mechanism for fighters in an armed group with low cohesion?

That's correct. There's a pretty large uptick in reports of multiple perpetrator rape or gang rape, specifically, in the context of wartime. Gang rape is a relatively rare form of sexual violence in peacetime, even in places where rape is quite common. Something like 70% to 80% of reported rape in conflict zones can be gang rape.

One of the key factors I found in my research is looking at the function of gang rape, the purpose of gang rape from the perspective of the perpetrating group. I found that gang rape helps armed groups that suffer from low cohesion to essentially overcome that problem. It's a way of signaling virility and masculinity, which can create social bonds between members of armed groups - particularly members of armed groups that have been forcibly recruited.

That sounds relevant to our conversation about the war in Ukraine since about a quarter of the Russian army is made up of conscripts and there have been reports of foreign fighters joining the fight on both sides.

There's a couple of important factors to keep in mind. One is that the people who commit multiple perpetrator rape are, I guess for lack of a better word, more normal or less pathological than people who tend to commit rapes on their own.

Many of the contexts I have studied, such as civil wars, these are just ordinary people. These are not criminals. These are not people with a thirst for violence in any way. They're farmers, they're students, they're regular people that have been scooped up by armed groups and beaten and forced to join. It is those same ordinary people who go on to commit these acts of mass rape.

There's a set of studies authored by [Joseph] Vandello on this concept called "precarious manhood." Vandello and his colleagues argued that if masculinity is threatened, then one way of recovering from the blow of that threat is to perform a physical act, often a violent physical act. In my book, I argue that the act of being forcibly recruited is a major blow to one's masculinity and one way of recovering that is to perform the ultimate act of physical, hyper-masculine violence: an act of sexualized violence.

There have been reports of Russian soldiers using sexual violence as a tool of genocide in Ukraine. Can you talk to me about that?

There is evidence that sexual violence has occurred during genocide, although it doesn't occur during all genocides. We have some examples where sexual contact with the enemy other during a genocide is completely prohibited. It's not that sexual violence did not occur during the Holocaust, but there were not reports of mass rape or anything close to the levels we knew to happen in other genocides like Rwanda or Bosnia. In the case of the Holocaust, there was a pollution taboo between Jews and Nazis. And, actually, that pollution taboo may have protected folks from being sexually violated.

One working hypothesis one of my colleagues [Yale professor] Elisabeth Wood proposed is that rape is actually more likely to occur during a genocide when there was a great deal of intermarriage before the genocide: when there's close cultural ties between the groups, which seems to be the case in Ukraine and Russia.

In the context of genocide, scholars often study what was said to victims and survivors to try to understand the motivations for rape.

One of the most concerning reports I believe came out of Bucha where a group of women were [reportedly] held in a basement and raped repeatedly. There were 25 women and girls, and now nine are pregnant. Reports have suggested that the perpetrators told those women things like, "You'll be raped until no Ukrainian man will want you" or "You'll be raped so much that we'll erase the next generation." That was the implicit - if not explicit - message. Those are all very concerning signs of the genocidal use of sexual violence during conflict.

When we discuss rape in wartime, often we only discuss women as victims. Are the majority of victims of sexual violence in conflict zones women? Are there victims of other genders in these situations?

That's a really important question. We know from reports that the majority of victims of sexual violence across conflict contexts are women and girls, but that does not mean that men and boys aren't also victims of sexual violence. For a long time, scholars approached research on sexual violence assuming that perpetrators are men and victims are women. So, if you wanted to study the question of sexual violence and conflict, you needed to go talk to women. Period. Over time, as we have learned more about how diverse the pools of perpetrators and the pools of victims and survivors are, we've gotten much better at asking questions.

On a global scale, there are surprisingly large numbers of men and boys who are victimized by sexual violence in contexts of conflict. Really folks of all genders, although there's diminishingly small evidence because we have a very incomplete evidence base when it comes to LGBTQ+ folks as victims of sexual violence.

In some contexts, sexual violence is even more highly stigmatized for men and boys, particularly if the perpetrators are also men. In some contexts, homosexuality is illegal or punishable by death. So, the ability to come forward and report those crimes is really restricted. It's also the case that in some contexts, rape might be culturally defined as an act of violence that can only happen to women, so even if a man experiences rape it's not defined as an act of rape.

What do we know about what happens to victims in the aftermath of conflict?

We know that surviving sexual violence in a conflict is traumatizing. It can have devastating consequences on survivors' psychological health, on their relationships with their family members, on their relationships with their communities. It can be a terrible and terrifying form of violence to survive.

We also know that often it's not the only thing that a survivor has experienced in conflict. There is a danger in ... assuming it's the worst thing ... that can happen to a woman in wartime, because that ends up reifying these very patriarchal ideas about women's sexual purity. It might be the worst thing on the individual level, but we shouldn't always assume it's the worst thing. There's a real concern about creating a hierarchy of harms, as it's called, and treating sexual violence like it is the ultimate harm that one can suffer.

Although women are disproportionately represented among victims of sexual violence, it's not the case that all women experience sexual violence during conflict, even during mass rape wars. It's still a relatively rare form of violence compared to forced displacement and other forms of violence that are likely to be much more widespread during conflict.

Related... Related...

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Russia Is Using Rape As A Weapon Of War Against Ukraine

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Since the war in Ukraine began, reports of sexual violence perpetrated by Russian fighters slowly trickled out of occupied areas. Then, as Russian forces retreated from these regions at the beginning of the month, likely to refocus ground offensive elsewhere, official reports of sexual assault and rape have flooded in.

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https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001688650

미술을 하면서 드는 생각은, 어떻게 하면 다른 사람들에게 미술을 친숙하게 느끼도록 할 수 있을까이다. 고전미술은 비교적 사람들에게 익숙하지만 현대미술은 조잡하고 난해하다는 평가를 많이 받기에 미술을 어색하다고 느끼는 사람들이 있다. 어떤 사람에게는 그저 캔버스 한 점, 종이 한 장에 불과할지도 모르지만 나는 그림을 감상하면서 오는 식견의 확장이 우리의 생활을 더욱 풍요롭게 만들어준다고 믿는다. 물론 그림이 거창하고 제대로된 유화나 명화같은것만을 작품이라고 하지 않는다. 그저 본인이 그리고 싶은 것을 그리고 그것에 대해 만족하고 자신에 대해 한 번 더 생각해 볼 기회가 생긴다면 충분하다. 나는 미술 심리상담사가 목표인데, 미술로 사람들에게 쉬이 접근하여 심리적인 문제를 해결해주는 것이 매력적이라고 느껴진다. 많은 사람들이 꺼릴 수 있는 심리와 정신 분야의 문제를 미술로 사람들에게 친숙하게 다가간다면 우리 사회를 조금이나마 바꿀 수 있게 될 것이라고 믿는다.

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종합일간지 미술기사 분석을 통해 언론이라는 매체가 동시대의 미술 현상을 어떻게 담아내고 있는지와 이러한 매체를 통해 보도되는 미술정보의 특성은 무엇인지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 한국사회의 동시대로 일컬어질 수 있는 1981년부터 2010년에 해당하는 종합일간지 분석 결과, 미술기사의 양적인 증가가 확인되었다. 종합일간지 미술기사는 주로 문화면에 일반보도형태로 보도되며,객관적 사실에 간단한 해설과 비평의 형식으로 구성되었다. 시기별로 전시의 형태, 개인전 주체소속, 미술관들의 역할 변화 등을 살펴본 결과 동시대 미술의 변화와 특성이 미술기사를 통해 반영되고 있었다. 한편 미술기사가 보도하는 미술정보의 특성에 관한 분석결과 미술기사의 형식적, 내용적 측면의 문제점들이 발견되었다. 우선 미술기사는 '유명 미술가의 전시회 소식을 간단한 작품설명과 함께 긍정적 시각에서 내보내는 홍보성 보도기사'의 형식을 취하고 있었다. 미술기사 중 절반이 전시 및 작가관련 기사이고 취재원의 수와 유형도 시기별로 큰 변화 없이 나타났다. 기사의 형식적 특성과 내용, 논조 등에서는 미술기사의 심층성 부족이 확인되었다. 고정적이고 획일화되어 있는 미술기사는 대중의 미술에 대한 고정관념을 고착화시켜 새로운 미술개념의전달과 수용에 부정적으로 작용하게 된다. 미술기사의 양적 증가가 진정한 동시대 미술의 대중화에 기여하기 위해서는 미술기사의 형식적 측면의 유연성과 내용적 측면의 심층성이 강화되어야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 문화부 전문기자 제도의 활성화와 취재원으로서의 미술비평의 역할 증대가 요구된다. 아울러 미술계도 매체를 통한 대중과의 소통의 중요성을 인식하여 미술기사를통해 제공되는 미술정보의 양적, 질적 측면을 보완하기 위한 관심과 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 특히 동시대 미술의 동향에 민감하게 반응해야 하는 미술교육의 경우 언론을 통해 보도되는 미술관련 정보의 특성을 인지하고 이를 교육 현장 및 미술교육이론에 활용하는 적극적인 자세가필요할 것이다. 또한 언론을 통해 미술교육을 보다 정확히 알리고 이해시키기 위한 노력을 바탕으로 미술교육의 사회적 위상 정립에도 힘써야 할 것이다.

In this study aspects of the art popularization in the Korean society were observed based on the analysis of articles in the newspapers: the expression of the art popularization in itself and the characteristics of the art information reported by itself. The art articles reported by the press are analyzed as follows: The number of articles has been increased from 1981 to 2010. The almost articles were reported in the cultural area and consisted of objective facts, simple explanation, and mild criticism. Based on time period,however, some meaningful changes were partially observed in the view of the type of exhibitions, the subject of exhibitions, role of gallery, etc. The art articles reported famous artist-exhibitions and simple explanations of their works with positive points of view. Many articles have been just focused only on artists themselves with similar trend of the source and the types. It led the lack of depth of the characteristics, contents, and criticism in the articles. The articles can make the fixed idea of the arts and paly a negative role for the transportation and acceptance of new concepts of the arts. There are two keys for the quantitative expansion of the art articles to contribute the popularization of the contemporary art: the improvement of the flexibility on their types and the enhancement of the depth of the contents. In the view of the press, more professional reporters and sources are required for the cultural area. In the view of the art society,the interaction with the public and the active participation are needed to provide and to improve the both qualitative and quantitative art information. The art education, which reacts with the trend of the contemporary art, needs the active attitude to recognize the characteristics of the art information reported and to apply that in its field. The current status of the art education should be reported in the press interactively. The collaboration between fields of the art education and the press can enhance the social contribution with the contemporary art.

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종합일간지 미술기사 분석으로 본 한국사회의 미술 대중화

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Aspects of the Art Popularization in the Korean Society Based on the Art Articles in the Newspapers - Art Article in Newspapers;Popularization of Art

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Most people with covid-19 are still infectious after five days

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Most people with covid-19 are still infectious after five days

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이 기사를 읽은 뒤, 코로나에 걸린 사람 중 3분의 2는 5일이 지난 뒤에도 여전히 전염성이 있고, 4분의 1은 7일이 지난 뒤에도 여전히 전염성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 신속 항원 검사는 코로나 초기 발병 단계인 사람들이 검사했을 때, 3분의 1은 잘못된 결과가 나온다는 연구 결과도 있다는 것도 알게 되었다. 코로나에 대해 더욱 경각심을 갖고, 이런 사실을 주변 사람들에게도 알려야겠다.

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A comprehensive study has revealed that two-thirds of people with covid-19 are still infectious five days after symptoms begin, calling into question self-isolation advice

Two-thirds of people with covid-19 are still infectious five days after their symptoms begin, according to the most comprehensive study yet of people catching the virus in real life.

The research also found that lateral flow tests - also called rapid antigen tests - give incorrect negative results about a third of the time when people are in the first days of developing covid-19, although they are much more accurate for detecting when people stop being infectious at the end of their illness.

Seran Hakki at Imperial College London and her colleagues studied people before, during and after they developed covid-19 between September 2020 and October 2021. They did this by asking those who had been in close contact with known cases to carry out frequent nasal and throat swabs and keep daily symptom diaries.

The swabs were tested by PCR and lateral flow devices, and any PCR-positive samples were subjected to a further assay that calculated how much infectious virus was in the mucus - the person's "viral load", which is seen as a key measure of infectiousness. This was done by incubating different dilutions of the mucus in a dish with cells vulnerable to infection.

Of more than 700 contacts of cases, 42 people had the beginning and end of their infectious period revealed by the tests. "We captured the moment they developed infection until they ceased to be infectious," says Hakki.

About one in five of these people were found to be infectious, according to the viral load assay, before any symptoms began. Lateral flow tests gave an accurate positive result 67 per cent of the time early on in the illness. Negative lateral flow results shouldn't be trusted if people have symptoms, says Hakki.

Towards the end of people's illness, two-thirds were still infectious five days after their symptoms began, although they did have lower levels of infectious virus in their nasal and throat mucus. A quarter were still infectious after seven days. In later stages of the illness as people's viral loads fell, lateral flow tests correctly gave positive results for 92 per cent of people who were infectious.

Advice in many countries, including the UK, is that most people can stop self-isolating after five days, although they should avoid meeting people who are more vulnerable to covid-19 for 10 days. Those under 18 are advised to self-isolate for only three days in England and Scotland.

"This shows beyond a shadow of a doubt that people are releasing infectious virus for far longer than is stated on current guidance," says Stephen Griffin, a virologist at the University of Leeds in the UK, who wasn't involved in the study.

However, the results may be slightly different for the BA.5 omicron variant that is currently prevalent, says Hakki. The study was carried out when people in the UK were being infected by the original coronavirus strain or the alpha or delta variants. A previous study found that omicron is linked with lower viral loads.

Adam Kleczkowski at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, UK, says asking people to isolate for longer would stop more transmission of covid-19, but would also have downsides in terms of keeping people away from work and school. "I personally think [five days] is a reasonable trade-off," he says.

Susan Hopkins at the UK Health Security Agency says the guidance remains under review. "We know that most transmission in adults occurs three days before the onset of symptoms to five days after, and the infectiousness for omicron peaks within a shorter time frame than previous variants," she says.

Journal reference: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00226-0

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Most people with covid-19 are still infectious after five days

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A comprehensive study has revealed that two-thirds of people with covid-19 are still infectious five days after symptoms begin, calling into question self-isolation advice Two-thirds of people with covid-19 are still infectious five days after their symptoms begin, according to the most comprehensive study yet of people catching the virus in real life.

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https://www.accountancyage.com/2022/08/01/what-does-the-future-of-accounting-look-like/?amp=1

내용
회계사 미래 전망에 대한 내용이다.
ai로 인해 지불 처리와 같은여전히 시간이 많이 걸리고 수동적이기 때문에 엉망이 쉽운 작업들이 자동화 도구가 시장에 출시됨에 따라 실시간 데이터를 통해 기업은 더 정확하고 실시간으로 볼 수 있을 것이라고 이야기한다.
회계사에 미래 전망은 회계의 새로운 시대가 제공하는 기회를 잡는 것이 그들에게 달려있다고 말하고 있다. 시대가 제공하는 기회란 ai와의 협력을 말한다.

느낌점
많은 사람들이 가까운 미래에 사라질 직업이라며 이야기를 해서 나의 꿈이 사라지지 않을까 하며 불안한 마음이 들었었다. 이번 활동을 통해 회계 업무를 ai와 어떻게 협력을 해야 회계사라는 직업이 사라지지 않고 좋은 영향을 끼치며 계속해서 이어나갈 수 있을지 생각하는 기회가 되었다.

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What does the future of accounting look like? - Accountancy Age

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In a poll of 136 accountants, when asked how confident they felt about the future in their roles, 30.1% said they were “not at all confident”

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https://www.everydayhealth.com/pain-management/0316/does-caffeine-really-boost-painkiller-effectiveness.aspx

코크레인 도서관에서 7200명 이상의 환자들과 관련된 19개의 연구를 검토했다. 모든 연구에서 아세트아미노펜이나 이부프로펜과 같은 진통제 1회 복용의 효과를 카페인이 첨가된 같은 용량과 비교했다. 연구원들은 카페인과 함께 알약을 먹은 사람들 중 5에서 10퍼센트 이상이 좋은 수준의 통증 완화를 경험했다는 것을 발견했다.
하지만 카페인을 진통제와 함께 사용했을 때 왜 효과가 더 잘 나타나는지는 모른다. 한가지 가설을 들어 "카페인이 혈류로 더 빨리 들어가거나 혈액에서 지통제를 제거하는 속도를 늦추거나 통증을 완화하는 기분 증진 효과를 발휘할 수 있다"고 말했다.

공부를 하면서 잠을 깨기 위해서만 사용했던 카페인이 내가 좋아하고 관심있는 약, 진통제의 효과 증진에 힘을 더한다는 것을 알게 되었다. 각성에 관련하는 카페인과 진통완화에 관련하는 진통제가 서로 다른 역할을 하면서 긴밀한 관계를 주고 받는다는 것이 신기했다. 이 기사를 보며 진통제와 카페인의 매력을 느끼게 되었고 새로운 지식을 알게 되고 습득하는 것에 재미를 느꼈다. 이번 활동을 통해 앞으로도 약에 대해 더 많이 공부하겠다라고 다짐하였다.

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FRIDAY, Mar. 16, 2012 -Whether they're getting it in coffee, tea, colas, or chocolate, there's no doubt that people love their caffeine. This popular stimulant affects the central nervous system, which is why it helps keep you alert and energetic. Caffeine is also an ingredient in many over-the-counter and prescription pain medications - but does it really work to ease aches?

To answer this question, reviewed 19 studies involving more than 7,200 patients taking medications to relieve a variety of pain conditions, including postpartum pain and headache. All the studies compared the effects of taking a single dose of a pain reliever like acetaminophen or ibuprofen versus the same dose with added caffeine. The researchers found that 5 to 10 percent more of the people who took pills with caffeine experienced a good level of pain relief.

So now we know that the addition of caffeine can fight pain better than a painkiller alone - but we still don't know why. Sheena Derry, one of the authors of the current study, told Health Behavior News Service that the stimulant could help painkillers enter the bloodstream more quickly or slow their clearance from the blood, or it could exert a mood-boosting effect that eases pain. "Although the size of the effect is small, it is probably clinically useful," she added.

Other studies have also found a pain-relieving effect from caffeine. In a 2011 article from the Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, healthy college-aged adults were asked to perform a grip task that involved holding a heavy metal weight. The participants who chewed a piece of caffeinated gum beforehand reported less pain than those who chewed a piece of placebo gum. Another report found that caffeine can reduce headache duration and intensities after lower back punctures, such as a spinal tap.

But too much caffeine can also cause stomach pain, acid reflux, and other problems, so it's important to be aware of how much you're getting. Experts say that up to 300 milligrams a day is safe - that's the amount in three 8-ounce cups of coffee. According to the Cleveland Clinic, the amount of caffeine added to pain medications ranges from 100 milligrams for some prescription drugs to about 32 milligrams. If you're unsure how much caffeine is in your pain drug, check the label or ask your doctor or pharmacist.

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Does Caffeine Really Boost Painkiller Effectiveness? - Pain Management Center - Everyday Health

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FRIDAY, Mar. 16, 2012 -Whether they're getting it in coffee, tea, colas, or chocolate, there's no doubt that people love their caffeine. This popular stimulant affects the central nervous system, which is why it helps keep you alert and energetic.

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It is a bookcase made using an old piano. Although it is not an upcycling design that can be easily followed, it has been transformed into a unique interior item with creative ideas.

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4차 산업혁명의 핵심에 신소재 혁명이

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4차 산업혁명의 핵심에 신소재 혁명이 있다는 내용이었다. 소재 기술은 다가올 미래 산업 경쟁력의 핵심으로 손꼽히고 첨단 소재를 누가 먼저 개발하느냐에 승패가 갈리고 패권의 방향이 갈린다. 유럽은 산업구조가 안정돼 있어 기업이 급성장 할 여지가 적은데 이러한 상황에서 신소재 개발을 통해 혁신으로 돌파구를 뚫은 독일의 '오토복 헬스케어'가 등장했다고 한다. 카본 소재 등 가볍고 튼튼한 보조기용 신소재를 개발한 것이 이유이다. 한국 역시 첨단기술 개발을 통해 산업 활로를 열어야 한다는 주장이 나오고있다고 한다. 또 미래유망기술에 대해 소개하고 있다. 환경분야의 친환경 바이오플라스틱 기술, 바이오 분야의 인체 감각을 대체하는 기기용 소재, 3D프린팅 인공장기 기술 등등이다. 환경 분에서 유망 기술로 뽑힌 친환경 바이오플라스틱은 '미세플라스틱' 문제 해결 기대주이다. 이 분야에서 가장 주목 받는 건 셀룰로오스나노섬유라 불리는 신소재로, 목재펄프를 처리해 만들 수 있고 시간이 지나면 썪어 없어진다고 한다. 현재 플라스틱 못지않게 편리하개 사용할 수 있으면서 환경 문제로 대부분을 해결할 수 있어 기대를 모으고 있으나, 제조 공정에서 황산 염산 등이 쓰여 개선이 필요하다는 평가도 받고있다고 한다.
세상은 혁명을 거쳐왔고 그 중심엔 소재가 있었다고 생각한다. 앞으로의 혁명에도 신소재 개발이 주목을 받을 것이고 유망기술도 넘쳐날 정도로 많아 신소재의 가능성은 무한하고 다양하다고 생각한다. 하지만 환경, 비효율성 등 따져보고 고려해야할 부분이 많아 복잡한 분야라고 생각했다. 하지만 이러한 고려점에서도 독자적인 신소재를 개발해내보고싶다.

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시간이 지나면 썩어 없어지는 플라스틱, 살아 있는 세포를 척척 쌓아 인공장기를 만들어내는 생체 3D프린터, 단 5분만 충전하면 1000㎞를 달릴 수 있는 전기자동차. 언젠가 현실에 등장할 것으로 기대되지만 아직은 꿈처럼 느껴지는 기술이다. 모두 핵심 기반이 되는 소재를 개발하지 못했다는 공통점도 갖고 있다.

오토복 헬스케어는 신소재 기술로 장애인이 걸을 수 있게 도와주는 장비(오른쪽), 물리적으로 까다로운 작업을 하는 사람의 건강을 지켜주는 장비 등을 개발해 주목받고 있다.

소재 기술은 다가올 미래 산업 경쟁력의 핵심으로 손꼽힌다. 첨단 소재를 누가 먼저 개발하느냐에 승패가 갈리고 패권의 향방이 갈린다. 과학·산업계 전반에서 최근 '신소재 개발전쟁'이 한창인 이유는 극명하다.

특히 우리나라에서 소재 기술이 각광받는 이유는 산업구조를 보면 알 수 있다. 유럽에선 신생 유니콘, 즉 기업 가치 10억 달러(약 1조1300억 원) 이상인 비상장 기업 탄생 건수가 상대적으로 적다. 스타트업 정보업체 CB인사이츠에 따르면 지난해 유럽의 신생 유니콘은 14개. 중국이 97개(중국 후룬연구소 발표)를 배출한 것과 비교하면 초라해 보일 정도다.

그러나 내용을 살펴보면 이야기가 조금 달라진다. 신흥국가 유니콘은 정보기술(IT)에 기반을 둔 서비스업종에서 주로 등장하고 있다. 산업화가 아직 진행 중인 중국은 인구수가 많고 국토가 넓어 아이디어를 간단히 기술로 구현하기만 해도 기업이 큰 폭으로 성장하는 게 가능하다. 반면 유럽은 산업구조가 안정돼 있어 기업이 급성장할 여지가 적다. 이 상황에서 첨단 신소재를 개발하고 이를 통한 혁신으로 돌파구를 뚫는 기업이 유니콘으로 성장하는 경우가 많다. 독일 '오토복 헬스케어'가 한 사례다.

오토복 헬스케어는 1919년 창업 당시 제1차 세계대전 퇴역군인을 대상으로 의수나 의족 등 보조기를 판매했다. 그런데 설립 98년을 맞은 2017년 새롭게 유니콘이 됐다. 연간 2000만 유로(약 25억5000만 원)를 연구개발에 투자해 카본 소재 등 가볍고 튼튼한 보조기용 신소재를 개발한 덕분이다. 이 소재를 이용해 장애인이 입고 움직일 수 있는 웨어러블 로봇(일명 아이언맨 로봇) 개발에 나서면서 산업계 '신흥강자'로 떠오른 것이다.

이런 사례는 한국 산업계에 시사점을 준다. 최근 한국에서는 우아한형제들, 배달의민족 등 스마트폰을 기반으로 한 서비스 업체가 유니콘으로 성장했다. 그러나 국내 내수시장 여건이나 산업 기반 구조를 볼 때 중국만큼 유니콘 기업이 급증하기는 어려운 게 현실이다. 지난해 국내 신생 유니콘 수가 4개에 그친 게 이를 잘 보여준다. 반면 인구나 국토 크기가 한국과 비슷해 우리와 자주 비교되는 영국은 지난해에만 유니콘 16개를 배출했다. 한국 역시 제조업에 근간을 둔 첨단기술 개발을 통해 산업 활로를 열어야 한다는 주장이 나오는 이유다.

다행히 그 연결고리를 담당할 한국만의 '신소재 기술' 혁신에 정부와 과학기술계도 관심을 돌리고 있다. '4차 산업혁명'의 필수 조건으로 신소재 혁명을 꼽는 목소리도 힘을 얻고 있다.

미래 신소재 10대 기술

3D프린터로 만든 인공장기(왼쪽)와 삼성디스플레이가 개발한 스트레처블 유기발광다이오드(OLED). [shutterstock, 뉴스1]

임현 한국과학기술기획평가원(KISTEP) 선임연구위원팀은 2월 말 '2019년 10대 미래유망기술' 을 선정 발표했다. 이 작업에는 국내 정부출연연구기관 등 50여 개 연구기관 관계자들이 공동으로 참여했는데, △환경 분야 ①친환경 바이오플라스틱 기술 △바이오 분야 ②인체 감각을 대체하는 기기용 소재 ③3D 프린팅 인공장기 기술 △에너지 분야 ④불이 안 나는 고성능 고체전해질 ⑤고속 충·방전이 가능한 배터리 ⑥무겁지 않은 초경량 수송체 기술 ⑦초고온 극한 환경을 견디는 차세대 핵융합 소재 △전기전자 분야 ⑧스트레처블(늘어나는) 디스플레이 ⑨자율적으로 수명을 제어하는 화학소재 ⑩완전 직물형 웨어러블 소자 등이 선정됐다.

환경 분야에서 유망 기술로 꼽힌 친환경 바이오플라스틱은 '미세플라스틱' 문제 해결 기대주다. 이 분야에서 현재 가장 주목받는 건 셀룰로오스나노섬유(CNF)라 불리는 신소재로, 목재펄프를 처리해 만들 수 있고 시간이 지나면 썩어 없어진다. 현재 플라스틱 제품 못지않게 편리하게 사용할 수 있으면서 환경문제를 대부분 해결할 수 있어 기대를 모으고 있으나, 제조 공정에서 황산, 염산 등이 쓰여 개선이 필요하다는 평가를 받는다.

바이오 분야에선 영화 속에서나 볼 수 있던 '인체 감각을 대체하는 소재' 개발이 주목받고 있다. 이 기술이 실용화되면 의족이나 의수에 인공피부를 입혀 실제 손발과 거의 차이가 없는 촉각을 구현하는 고성능 의수, 의족 개발이 가능해질 전망이다.

피부에 반창고처럼 붙이는 스마트 기기?

3월 8일 오전 전라북도·전주시와 효성첨단소재(주)가 탄소섬유소재 생산 설비 증설을 위한 투자 협약식을 열었다. [뉴스1]

3D 프린팅 인공장기는 살아 있는 세포를 원하는 형태로 차곡차곡 쌓아 인공장기로 만들 수 있는 기술을 일컫는다. 이 과정에서 세포를 지지하고 영양을 공급할 미세한 지지체의 개발이 필수적이다. 현재 각국 연구진이 젤라틴, 키토산, 콜라겐, 히알루론산 등의 생화학 물질을 동원해 서로 섞어보거나, 그 분자구조를 채용해 새로운 물질을 개발하는 등 다방면으로 노력하고 있다. 이 신소재 개발에 성공하면 인공장기, 인공생체조직 제작이 가능해져 의료기술 분야에 혁명이 일어날 것으로 기대된다.

에너지 분야에서는 안전성이 뛰어나고 효율이 높은 차세대 배터리 기술이 관심을 끌고 있다. '불이 안 나는 고성능 고체전해질' 기술이 실용화할 경우 배터리 폭발 등의 사고가 원천적으로 사라진다. 안전성이 확보된 만큼 배터리 용량도 늘릴 수 있다.

또 머잖아 드론, 자율주행 자동차, 항공기 등이 보편화할 것이므로, 다양한 이동체에 적용할 수 있는 가볍고 튼튼한 소재 개발 역시 유망할 것으로 전망됐다. 이 분야에서는 탄소복합섬유의 성질을 크게 개선한 새로운 '열가소성복합소재(CFRTP)' 등이 각광받을 것으로 예측된다.

이 밖에 차세대 에너지원이 될 것으로 기대되는 '핵융합 발전'에 필요한 고성능 내열소재 개발도 미래 사회에 필요한 핵심 기술로 꼽혔다. 핵융합 기술은 원자력발전과 달리 폭3월 8일 오전 전라북도·전주시와 효성첨단소재(주)가 탄소섬유소재 생산 설비 증설을 위한 투자 협약식을 열었다.발 위험이 없고, 효율은 5배에 달해 미래 청정에너지로 각광받는다. 향후 30년 이내에 실용화할 것으로 기대된다. 다만 발전 과정에서 섭씨 1억 도 이상의 고온이 발생한다. 진공용기 속에서 반응시키므로 소재가 실제로 섭씨 1억 도를 견딜 필요는 없지만 복사되는 열을 막으려면 최소한 섭씨 수십만 도 이상의 열을 견딜 수 있는 내열소재 개발이 필수적이다.

전자 분야에선 최근 인기를 끌고 있는 폴더블(접는) 디스플레이를 넘어선 스트레처블(늘어나는) 디스플레이가 등장할 것으로 전망됐다. 이 소재가 개발되면 피부에 반창고처럼 붙일 수 있는 차세대 스마트 기기 제작도 가능해질 것으로 기대된다.

임현 KISTEP 선임연구위원은 "여러 분야 학자들과 미래 사회 변화를 예측하고, 이에 필요한 핵심 기술이 무엇인지 정의하는 과정에서 자연스럽게 '소재 기술'이 산업의 흐름을 주도할 것이라는 결론에 도달했다. 이에 따라 10대 유망 기술을 발표하며 신소재 분야에 집중했다"고 밝혔다.

'소재 산업'의 중요성을 강조하고 나선 건 KISTEP만이 아니다. 한국무역협회 국제무역연구원은 2월 13일 '올해 우리 기업이 주목해야 할 5대 신산업'으로 사이버보안, 스마트 헬스케어, 에너지 신산업, 친환경 신소재, 커넥티드카 등을 선정했다. 표현상 차이가 있지만 헬스케어, 에너지 등 분야도 신소재 개발과 따로 생각하기 어렵다는 점을 감안하면 사실상 소재 기술의 중요성에 무게를 둔 것으로 보인다. 국제무역연구원 측은 "친환경 소재에 대한 소비자 요구가 커지면서 자연분해가 가능한 생분해 플라스틱 및 경량 소재 관련 산업이 활성화될 전망"이라고 밝혔다.

소재 분야 기술 확보 필요성을 느낀 지방자치단체가 관련 분야 전문 기업과 공동으로 전문 사업단을 구성한 사례도 눈에 들어온다. 전라북도와 전주시는 3월 8일 효성첨단소재와 탄소섬유소재 생산 설비 증설을 위한 투자협약을 체결했다. 탄소섬유는 철보다 4배 더 가볍고, 10배 더 강해 '꿈의 신소재'로 불린다. 연료용 CNG 고압용기, 자동차용 구조재, 풍력 및 우주항공용 소재와 스포츠레저용 제품 등 철이 사용되는 모든 곳에 대체재로 활용할 수 있다.

과학계·산업계 소재 연구 잰걸음

최근 정부출연연구기관도 경쟁적으로 신소재 기술 개발에 힘을 쏟고 있다. 한국표준과학연구원(표준연)은 2017년부터 '극한연구' 활성화 방안을 마련하고 관련 사업단을 꾸리려고 준비하고 있다. 극한의 고열을 견딜 수 있는 특수소재, 수만 기압 이상의 압력을 견뎌낼 수 있는 특수실험시설, 절대영도(영하 273.15도)에 가까운 초저온 냉각용 소재 등 일상에서는 도저히 존재할 수 없는 첨단 소재 개발 및 관련 과학기술 연구에 도전하는 분야다. 이근우 표준연 융합물성측정센터 책임연구원은 "현재 국내 극한연구는 해외 선진국의 1차 연구 성과를 가져와 응용하는 경우가 대부분"이라며 "독자적 연구 역량을 확보하기 위해 노력하고 있다"고 밝혔다.

한국생명공학연구원은 1월 합성생물학을 통해 혁신 소재 원천기술을 개발하는 '합성생물학전문연구단'을 설립했다. '한국생산기술연구원'은 각 부서마다 소재 관련 연구팀을 전담 배치하고 있다. 전기차 관련 연구진을 위해 'EV(전기배터리) 부품소재그룹'을, 바이오 소재 연구자들을 위해서는 '청정화학응용소재그룹'을 별도 운영하는 식이다.

첨단 소재만 전문적으로 다루는 연구기관도 우리나라에 존재한다. 경남 창원에 있는 '재료연구소(재료연)'다. 그동안 한국기계연구원 부설이던 재료연은 올해 독립 연구기관인 '재료연구원' 승격을 준비하고 있다. 재료연이 발간한 '소재기술백서'에 따르면 한국은 2011년 이후 소재 분야 연구개발비를 연평균 7.2% 정도씩 증액했다. 이는 전체 기술 분야 투자액(5.2%)보다 30% 이상 높은 수준이다. 그간의 투자와 노력이 첨단산업국가로 발전하는 기반이 될지 지켜볼 일이다.

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4차 산업혁명의 핵심, '소재기술'의 세계

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시간이 지나면 썩어 없어지는 플라스틱, 살아 있는 세포를 척척 쌓아 인공장기를 만들어내는 생체 3D프린터, 단 5분만 충전하면 1000㎞를 달릴 수 있는 전기자동차. 언젠가 현실에 등장할 것으로 기대되지만 아직은 꿈처럼 느껴지는 기술이다. 모두 핵심 기반이 되는 소재를 개발하지 못했다는 공통점도 갖고 있다.

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사람마다 유전자 구조가 달라 약이 효

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사람마다 유전자 구조가 달라 약이 효과적으로 반응하지 않는 경우도 있는데 앞으로는 개개인의 유전자 코드를 인식하여 효과적으로 만든다는 것이다 어릴 때 약을 처방받았지만 그것이 치명적 손상을 일으켜 후유증을 가지고 있는 제인씨는 약리유전학을 적극 추천한다며 미리 막을 수 있으면 도움이 될것이라 하였다. 약리유전학은 의학과 미래의 혁명을 가져다줄 신기술이다.
(느낀점) 지금은 유사한 증상을 가지고 있는 사람들이 같은 약을 먹고 치료를 받지만 기술이 발전함에 따라 유전적으로 맞지 않아 부작용을 일으키는 경우가 보고되고 있어 개개인이 맞추어 진행되는 치료와 약물이 앞으로는 일상이 된다는것이 신기하다 유전적 매커니즘을 분석하여 혁명을 가져다준 학문을 나도 배워보고 경험해 보고 싶다 또한 발전할 의학과 생명 유전 공학 기술이 기대되며 앞으로 어떤 영향을 줄 지 궁금해진다

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Health and science correspondent

We have the technology to start a new era in medicine by precisely matching drugs to people's genetic code, a major report says.

Some drugs are completely ineffective or become deadly because of subtle differences in how our bodies function.

The British Pharmacological Society and the Royal College of Physicians say a genetic test can predict how well drugs work in your body.

The tests could be available on the NHS next year.

Your genetic code or DNA is an instruction manual for how your body operates. The field of matching drugs to your DNA is known as pharmacogenomics.

It would have helped Jane Burns, from Liverpool, who lost two-thirds of her skin when she reacted badly to a new epilepsy drug.

She was put on to carbamazepine when she was 19. Two weeks later, she developed a rash and her parents took her to A&E when she had a raging fever and began hallucinating.

The skin damage started the next morning. Jane told the BBC: "I remember waking up and I was just covered in blisters, it was like something out of a horror film, it was like I'd been on fire."

Her epilepsy medicine caused Stevens-Johnson syndrome, which affects the skin and is far more likely to happen in people who are born with specific mutations in their genetic code.

Mrs Burns says she was "extremely, extremely lucky" and said she supports pharmacogenomic tests.

"If it saves your life, then it's a fantastic thing."

Nearly everyone is affected

Jane's experience may sound rare, but Prof Mark Caulfield, the president-elect of the British Pharmacological Society, said "99.5% of us have at least one change in our genome that, if we come across the wrong medicine, it will either not work or it will actually cause harm."

More than five million people in the UK get no pain relief from codeine. Their genetic code does not contain the instructions for making the enzyme that breaks codeine down into morphine and without it, the drug's a dud.

The genetic code of one in 500 people puts them at higher risk of losing their hearing if they take antibiotic gentamicin

Pharmacogenomics is already used for some medicines. In the past, 5-7% of people would have a bad reaction to the HIV drug abacavir and some died. Testing people's DNA before prescribing the drug means the risk is now zero.

Scientists have looked at the 100 most prescribed drugs in the UK. Their report says we already have the technology to roll out genetic testing to guide the use of 40 of them.

The genetic analysis would cost about £100 and could be done using either a sample of blood or saliva.

Initially, the vision is to perform the test when one of the 40 drugs is prescribed. In the long term, the ambition is to test well ahead of time - possibly at birth if genetic testing of newborns goes ahead, or as part of a routine check-up in your 50s.

Precision

"We need to move away from 'one drug and one dose fits all' to a more personalised approach, where patients are given the right drug at the right dose to improve the effectiveness and safety of medicines," said Prof Sir Munir Pirmohamed, from the University of Liverpool.

"What we're doing is really going to a new era of medicine, because we're all individuals and we all vary in the way we respond to drugs."

He said that as we age and are prescribed more and more drugs, there's a 70% chance that by the age of 70 you will be on at least one drug that is influenced by your genetic make-up.

Lord David Prior, the chairman of NHS England, said: "This will revolutionise medicine."

He said pharmacogenomics "is the future" and "it can now help us to deliver a new, modern personalised healthcare system fit for 2022".

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Matching drugs to DNA is 'new era of medicine'

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Testing can predict if drugs will work, fail or become deadly, depending on differences in our make-up.

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관심있는 분야에 관한 영어로 된 기사나 글을 찾아 내용을 요약하고 느낀 점을 남겨주세요.

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Getty Images / Getty Images

Preschool might seem like nothing more than child's play - a riot of high-spirited kids engaged in finger painting, blockbuilding and games.

But a new study of Boston Public Schools' (BPS) free pre-kindergarten program - which relies on a predetermined curriculum and actively coaches teachers - found that participation significantly boosts kindergarten readiness. Children tracked by researchers at Harvard University made moderate to large gains in language, literacy and math over the course of the preschool year, and they showed improvement on emotional development and executive function - skills such as paying attention and memory - even though the curriculum targeted only cognitive skills.

Their gains were "above and beyond the effects of just getting older," says lead author Christina Weiland, incoming assistant professor at the University of Michigan's School of Education. She was at Harvard when she led the study, which was published in the journal Child Development. "When you compare Boston's program to seven other programs that have had an impact on academic evaluations, Boston's program had the largest effects on vocabulary and math."

( MORE: How Would Preschool for All Work: Is It All About Play or ABCs?)

What made the difference? Everything from teacher instruction to teacher pay. Nationally, preschool teachers are typically paid poorly. But Boston treats its public preschool teachers the same as its kindergarten teachers: they receive the same same pay and are required to meet the same educational criteria as educators.

The curriculum itself is also unique; it followed specific guidelines that taught academic skills through a play-based approach, which most educators agree is the appropriate way to structure preschool. And teachers benefited from the advice of "master" teachers who were available to help them troubleshoot.

Weiland and co-author Hiro Yoshikawa studied two groups of more than 2,000 preschoolers; half attended pre-kindergarten in 2008-2009, the year before they began kindergarten, and the younger, remaining half attended a year later when they reached the required age. In Boston, public preschool is available is open to any child, regardless of income; Massachusetts is one of eight or so states that don't use income limits when determining eligibility. As a result, the children came from various racial and socioeconomic backgrounds, a useful factor in such a study since such programs tends to benefit poorer students, although in Boston's case, all children showed improvement, regardless of their ethnicity or family's income level. In the study, Latino students in particular saw especially strong gains. "If you have classmates you have stronger vocabulary skills, research has showed that there is a peer effect," says Weiland. "Kids with stronger skills can also help motivate teachers."

( MORE: Toddlers' Early Language Skills May Influence Later Anger Management)

The Boston program could serve as a model for the type of preschool education that President Obama recently called for in the public school system. In the recent Healthland article describing the plan for universal preschool, which would include kids in families making less than 200% of the poverty level - $40,000 for a family of three - people who spend a lot of time thinking about what makes a quality preschool stressed play over rote learning:

Early-childhood experts say that play is the best way for little ones to learn. But, points out Barbara Willer, deputy executive director of the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), comparing play-based preschool to a more academic approach is a "false dichotomy." Good preschool teachers incorporate both, but in such a way that kids aren't anchored to a desk. "When you have teachers who understand child development, you find that play is a major component of the day," says Willer. "But play is very carefully organized so that teachers are very intentional."

What may look like a play grocery store to the untrained eye can offer children an opportunity to draw up shopping lists and identify letters on the labels of cereal boxes. Teachers can lead the class in constructing graphs (a way to understand numbers) about who likes Raisin Bran and who prefers Cheerios and hone math skills as they classify products by size and shape. "Behind the play is a very careful plan on the part of the teacher in terms of specific curriculum goals," says Willer.

With such encouraging findings, as well as political interest in the idea, the challenge for universal preschool now becomes one of funding. Boston's program shows that providing toddlers with a head start on learning, not just academic but social and emotional skills as well, could be an important way to help them succeed - if officials can find a way to pay teachers and invest in the classrooms needed to make the programs available to every child.

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Is Quality Pre-Kindergarten the Key to a Better Vocabulary? | TIME.com

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Preschool might seem like nothing more than child's play -- a riot of high-spirited kids engaged in finger painting, blockbuilding and games. But a new study of Boston Public Schools' (BPS) free pre-kindergarten program - which relies on a predetermined curriculum and actively coaches teacher...

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Blue Abstract Tips About Climate Change Instagram Post

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인스타 게시물

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초록색 자연 신학기 교실 문 포스터

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베이지색 배경 제로웨이스트 챌린지 포스터

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카톡 프로필입니당~^^

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https://www.medicine.news/2022-11-11-turmeric-component-ar-turmerone-supports-brain-regeneration.html#

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One of the most versatile healing spices in the world, turmeric has over 800 health benefits and is just as effective as 14 different kinds of drugs but without their adverse effects.

Turmeric has been of great interest in recent years, especially its active component curcumin, which gives it a rich golden hue. However, curcumin alone is not enough to explain the medicinal capabilities of this spice as a whole.

A study has found that another important component of turmeric, called aromatic turmerone (ar-turmerone), can be a promising candidate to support regeneration of the brain. The study by German researchers evaluated the effects of this compound on neural stem cells (NSCs), which is a subgroup of brain cells that are capable of continuous self-renewal required for brain repair.

The researchers found that when brain cells were exposed to ar-turmerone, neural stem cells increased in number, and the newly formed neural stem cells also increased the number of fully differentiated neuronal cells, which means regeneration was taking place. This effect was also observed in rats injected with ar-turmerone.

Ar-turmerone is known to reduce inflammatory response caused by activated microglia, which is associated with neurodegeneration seen in Parkinson's disease. With this, ar-turmerone derivatives may offer new ways of treating the disease.

Parkinson's is also a degenerative disease caused by the selective death of neurons, resulting in decreased dopamine production. While treatments such as dopamine supplements are available, there is no way to inhibit dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Previous studies also reported that the inflammatory response caused by the activation of microglia is observed in the midbrain of Parkinson's disease patients. Thus, researchers find ar-turmerone to be a major component of turmeric that could exhibit anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects on the microglia.

Due to the ability of ar-turmerone to increase proliferation and mobilization of NSCs, the ability of turmeric to treat a variety of neurodegenerative diseases is huge. Alzheimer's, dementia and other neurological disease are driven in part by neurodegenerative activity in the brain and central nervous system.

While it is still in its early stages, the potential for turmeric to mitigate or reverse some of the effects of neurodegenerative diseases is promising.

Other health benefits of turmeric

Turmeric also helps the body fight foreign agents and plays a role in repairing damages. Curcumin found in turmeric is as effective as other over-the-counter drugs in bringing down inflammation to the point of reducing the pain that people suffering from arthritis can feel in their joints.

This superfood also gained popularity for its antioxidant properties, and it is believed to have antioxidant properties so powerful that it can protect the liver from getting damaged by toxins. The antioxidant properties of turmeric provide protection against the damage that can be done to the body by unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals).

The components of turmeric also have the ability to increase the secretion of bile and the production of liver enzymes, giving the spice a liver-protective effect against the toxins in the body. Moreover, animal studies showed that turmeric can lower blood cholesterol levels and prevent the coagulation of blood platelets. (Related: Comparing the effects of turmeric and turmeric-containing herbal tablets on skin barrier function.)

Indian spices like turmeric are also known to help with weight loss. It can help balance the stress hormones, which cause sudden weight gain, by reducing the formation of fat tissue. (Related: Understanding the phytochemical power of turmeric.)

Turmeric is commonly used in culinary dishes, but it can also be used as a colorant and preservative. It is safe in recommended doses, but it should not be taken in high doses by people with gallstones to avoid hindering the flow of the bile - a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Watch this video about 10 turmeric health benefits.

This video is from Natural Cures channel on Brighteon.com.

More related stories:

Health Ranger launches kid-friendly Turmeric Gummy Bears made with 100% USA-grown Turmeric.

How to unlock the healing potential of turmeric.

Turmeric is nutritional "gold" for your brain.

Researchers are stunned at the tremendous anticancer potential of turmeric.

Use turmeric milk to fight against inflammation.
Sources include: TheEpochTimes.com ParkinsonsNewsToday.com Guardian.ng TimesOfIndia.IndiaTimes.com InspiredHealth.co.uk Brighteon.com

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Study: Turmeric component ar-turmerone can support brain regeneration

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
One of the most versatile healing spices in the world, turmeric has over 800 health benefits and is just as effective as 14 different kinds of drugs but without their adverse effects. Turmeric has been of great interest in recent years, especially its active component curcumin, which gives it a rich golden hue.