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Author, teacher and reformer Dorothea Lynde Dix.

Dix studied and worked as a nurse prior to her research on the mentally ill and prisoners. Dix created  new institutions across the United States and in Europe.

Born 1802 in Maine and died 1887, Dix was an advocate of the Asylum movement, founding and expanding more than 20 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill.She was believed to have mental issues of her own but these were never proven

Dix created a a movement to improve conditions for the imprisoned and insane. Dix lead national and international movements that challenged the idea that people with mental disturbances could not be helped.

1. https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/dorothea-lynde-dix
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470530/

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A book published my Philippe Panel.

Published in 1801 Pinel, described as the modern foather of psychiatry during his time writes "A Treatise on Insanity"

This artifact is from the 19th century and published in France in 1801.

As mental health issues became prevalent, This book had an enormous influence on French and Anglo-American psychiatrists during the 19th century. Pinel called for  more humanitarian asylum practices, and his work led to a variety of classifications of mental disorders. HE documented his experiences and experiments using humans as social animals.

1. https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/a-treatise-on-insanity-philippe-pinel-1806ad.htm
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Pinel#Publications

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Massachusetts establishes the first "State Lunatic Hospital" for the mentally ill

This particular artifact is also know as Danvers State Hospital and it was established in 1832 in Danvers Massachusetts.

Despite the majority of the property being demolished in 2007, it first opened in 1878, on  isolated land in rural Massachusetts and known to be self-contained. Instituitons like these often fell on the extremes on a spectrum. Form being very good to terribly bad, with the common goal of helping those with mental illnesses these institutions sometimes made the situation worse. These locations are where patients would receive a variety of inhumane treatments such as mechanical restraints, body shocking showers and even electrical shocks.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danvers_State_Hospital
2. https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/victorian-mental-asylum

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Des Maladies Mentales is inwon to be the first modern work about mental disorders by French psychiatrist Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol .

This artifact is from the year 1838 France.

Esquirol began studying intellectual deficiencies. While there was not much differentiation between mental deficiency and insanity a lot of Eqsuirols work surrounded this theme. He investigate the inhuman treatment of inmates in insane asylums focusing on hallucinations and illusions that the inmates experienced, looking across the span of their development as a way to treat the disorders he found.

1. https://www.intelltheory.com/esquirol.shtml
2. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Etienne-Dominique-Esquirol

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The Napoleonic Code is officially the Civil Code of the French is the French civil code established under the French in 1838 France.

Focusing on the law of 1838, it allowed the creation of asylums. Making sure to  protect the society and the patients from their environment. Especially those that were which  incompatible and hurtful to their recovery. History has proved that these asylums have in fact become places of exclusion. As a result we see a separation from hospitals and asylums which in turn done always give the patients the proper care due to lack of staff and funding. This lead to a decrease in quality of care for patients with mental health issues during the 19th century.

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6753687/

2.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Napoleonic-Code

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James McKeen Cattell born in the year 1860 and American psychologist, developed "mental tests" which served to measure mental processes.

These studies were conducted at the university of Pennsylvania during 1890.

With the belief that theses tests were measuring intelligence, Between 1883 and 1886, Cattell looked at reaction times and differences in his students using a variety of sensation to make differences and look at human memory.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell#Mental_tests

2. https://www.europeanmedical.info/cognitive-therapy/cattell-and-mental-tests.html

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Computational neuroscience and Mental illnesses 

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Computational neuroscience and Mental illnesses 

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Biophysical Psychiatry

As of 2019 computational neuroscience can be used to help map out mental illnesses among patients.

With this  research, regarding the pathophysiology of heritable mental disorders while trying to study mental illnesses can make modeling easier given our current technology and knowledge about the basic genetic and functional properties.

The artifact is still being researched by the university of oslo, Norway.  This artifact is having the way for AI and various softwares to model our diseases and map out cures. This is a long way from straight jackets and electric shocks to cure mental illnesses.

1. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00534/full#h1