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GROUP NUMBER 5

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SK025 EXP 4: REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBON

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NAME : NOOR SHAFINAZ ADILA BINTI ISMAIL

MATRIC NO : MS2417120953

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2.﻿﻿﻿Write the mechanism of cyclobutane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight.
State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

Function of sunlight:

Sunlight (specifically UV light) provides the energy required to break the Br-Br bond in bromine, initiating the reaction by generating bromine radicals. Without UV light, the reaction would not proceed because bromine molecules would remain intact.

This reaction is a classic example of how UV light facilitates free radical reactions.

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NAME : NURUL IWANI BINTI ABDUL JAMIL

MATRIC NO : MS2417120120

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NAME: CHEW SIN MEI

MATRIC NO: MS2417121683

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Write the mechanism of cyclopentane with chlorine in the presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

Cyclopentane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight through a free radical substitution mechanism, where sunlight initiates the reaction by breaking the chlorine molecule into reactive radicals.

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           Addition Reactions (Alkenes and Alkynes)

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Polymerization: Alkenes like ethene undergo addition reactions to form polymers like polyethylene, which is widely used in packaging materials, plastic bags, and containers.

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                         Substitution Reactions

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Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Benzene derivatives are synthesized for use in dyes, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.

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1. What is the purpose of bromine test ( Br2 in CH2CL2 )

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1. What is the purpose of bromine test ( Br2 in CH2CL2 )

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To differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon

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2. What is the function of potassium permanganate ? 

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2. What is the function of potassium permanganate ? 

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As oxidising agent

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3. Which of the following is not the safety precautions of the experiment?

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3. Which of the following is not the safety precautions of the experiment?

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Place cyclohexane and cyclohexene in the ice bath

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4. What is the positive result for the reactionof alkene with cold alkaline solution of potassium permanganate , KMnO4 ?

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4. What is the positive result for the reactionof alkene with cold alkaline solution of potassium permanganate , KMnO4 ?

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Purple solution id decolourised

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5. What is the type of reaction between cyclohexane and bromine in dichloromethane ?

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5. What is the type of reaction between cyclohexane and bromine in dichloromethane ?

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Free radical substitution reaction

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IDENTIFY TWO PRECAUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE REALIBILITY OF THE EXPERIMENT OF THE RESULTS

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IDENTIFY TWO PRECAUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE REALIBILITY OF THE EXPERIMENT OF THE RESULTS

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1. Use Calibrated Instruments: Ensure all measuring devices are properly calibrated before use to reduce errors in readings.

2. Maintain Controlled Conditions: Conduct the experiment in a controlled environment (constant temperature, pressure) to minimize external influences.

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SK025 Exp 4 Reactions of Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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LIST TWO POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR FOR THIS EXPERIMENT

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LIST TWO POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR FOR THIS EXPERIMENT

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1. Measurement Errors: Inaccurate measurements of reactants or products due to improper calibration of measuring instruments (e.g.measuring cylinders, or balances).

2. Environmental Factors: Fluctuations in temperature, pressure, or humidity affecting the reaction rate or equilibrium during the experiment.

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COMPARE AND CONTRAST ALKANES AND ALKENES ( 10 MARKS )

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COMPARE AND CONTRAST ALKANES AND ALKENES ( 10 MARKS )

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2. ﻿﻿﻿Place 1 mL of cyclohexane in test tubes A and B, 1 mL of cyclohexene in test tubes C and D, and 1 mL of toluene in test tubes E and F.

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3. add 4 to 5 drops 4% bromine in dichloromethane into each test tube

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(A) reaction with bromine in dichloroethane

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(A) reaction with bromine in dichloroethane

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1. label dry , clean text tubes A to F

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4. Keep test tubes A, C and E in a dark place, and test tubes B, D and F in the sunlight. Leave them for 15 minutes.

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(B) oxidation with cold alkaline solution og KMnO4

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(B) oxidation with cold alkaline solution og KMnO4

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1. label dry, clean test tube, G,H and I

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2. ﻿Place 1 mL each of cyclohexane, cyclohexene and toluene in test tubes G, H and I, respectively.

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3. ﻿﻿﻿Add a few drops of alkaline KMnO4 solution into each test tube. and shake.

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1. Cyclohexane and toluene undergo free radical substitution reactions with bromine in darkness in the presence of sunlight.

2. Cyclohexene undergo electrophilic addition reactions with bromine in both light and dark conditions, with or without the presence of a sunlight.

3. Cyclohexene can be oxidized by alkaline potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), whereas cyclohexane and toluene cannot be oxidized.

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under sunlight

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(B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO4 (Baeyer's Test)

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(B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO4 (Baeyer's Test)

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(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

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(A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

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in the dark

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1. Write the mechanism of cyclohexane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight.State the function of sunlight in this reaction .

Sunlight (UV light) provides the energy needed to initiate the reaction by breaking the Br-Br bond via homolytic cleavage. This step is crucial because it generates the reactive bromine radicals that drive the chain reaction.Without sunlight or UV light, the reaction does not occur because the Br-Br bond requires significant energy to break.