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What were the main post-war social changes which affected Civil Rights?

Great Migration- the great migration saw many Black Americans move from rural towns into urban cities such as Chicago, New York City, Pittsburgh to evade harsh social condition such as segregation and   violence from the kkk.

Many Black organisation and leaders campaigned against segregation and to have fair access to employment, education, and voting rights. for example A. Philip Randolph threatened the then sitting president Roosevelt that he would organise a mass protest in Washington, in order to pressure the US. Goverment into providing fair workers rights.

The middle of the 1940s also saw Black Soldiers gain equal rights in the army. for example the GI. Bill of Rights, which was passed in 1944 saw access to free  education for Black soldiers.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?
- The Brown case of 1954 marked a turning point in the history of race relations in the United States. It also set the legal precedent, that would be used to overturn laws enforcing segregation in other public spaces/facilities. such as the Little Rock Case in 1957.

What forms did southern resistance to civil rights take?

Violence/pressure
-many violent racist groups such as the -kkk often lynched many black people, especially political leaders and anyone in support of the civil rights

Voting repression
- Groups such as the KKK would often stand in front of voting placing with guns often threatening black voters from voting.  which then hindered many black people from voting.

Policies
- many racist organisations such as the Dixiecrats and White Citizens Counsel, sought to oppose the civil rights acts by trying to put through policies such as the "southern manifesto" which imposed segragation. as much as 19 senators and 82 representatives signed the manifesto.

were there any improvements for black people in this period?
yes
- many Black Americans during this period fought heavily for social reform throughout the united stated and many policies were put in place, such as the Fair Employment Practice Committee which was set up by President Roosevelt, in order to investigate complaints of job discrimination based on race or national origin.

many political leaders were also elected into congress during this time period, such as Adam Clayton Powell,  William L. Dawson, and many more.

Despite opposition from many groups, the Black American vote rose from 2% in 1940 to 12% in 1947.

President Truman issued an executive order in 1948 that put an end to segregation of the armed forces

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What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights?

USA underwent beneficial changes after WW2, such as economic growth, politics, social development and urbanisation. Millions of Black everyday Americans turned in activists and participants as they were aggravated with progress of integration since the civil war, this became to be known as the civil right movement.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

The ground-breaking case of Brown v. Board of Education was a pivotal point for civil right as it challenged the constitution that segregation laws based on race alone was unconstitutional and it would be a violation of the fourteenth amendments equal protection clause.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?

Former southern confederate soldiers formed the Ku Klux Klan

Groups of senators and congressmen in 1956 signed the “Southern Manifesto” which allowed resistance to racial integration by lawful means

There were white only diners in Kansas, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Tennessee

Jim Crow laws segregated black people from the community

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

Sports became desegregated after the introduction of Jackie Robinson, who became the first African American baseball player in major league baseball playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.

Major Hollywood studios made films raising issues of race. Films such as To kill a mocking bird and in the heat of night.

Thurgood Marshall became the America’s first black supreme court justice in 1967

Martin Luther King, Jr. stepped forth as a leading national figure who recommended peaceful protests.

President Johnstone put through congress voting rights and the civil rights act in 1964

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Brett 😊

What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights?

•       As tensions flared between The USA and USSR during the cold war, the fear of the growth of communism intensified, which had negative consequences for the black population. People lived under the pretence that civil rights groups had ties to communist groups and this would lead to social divides due to increased suspicion of foul play.

•       Following the war, America saw mass migration to Northern cities such as Chicago where the foundations of black communities were built. This led to a greater contentment and harmony among the black population as they began to feel more secure within their role in society. This was known as the ‘Great Migration’.

•       As the conflict against fascist, Adolf Hitler, was coming to an end in Europe, hypocrisies in American society were becoming more and more apparent in regard to segregation and class differentials dependent on race. This would lead to an increased amount of protests on racial equality in the USA.

•       Organisations such as the NAACP began to grow in numbers with greater focus being taken upon racial inequality.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

•       The case brought to light and afforded recognition of the psychological impact of segregation on children, such as an imbedded inferiority complex.

•       Warren conceded to Marshalls argument that segregation was unacceptable and was of great detriment to the black population. This would lead the further strengthening and legitimisation of judicial rights of black people in the USA.

•       Led to amendments in laws regarding segregation in the public and professional sectors.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?

•       The southern states had an upheaval in protests regarding their rights to implement their own policy regarding Racial status.

•       Jim Crow laws remained active in some states until the Civil Rights Act was decreed by Johnson in 1964 abolishing segregation of this nature.

•       The KKK saw a spike in support during a resurgence against civil rights in southern states.

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

•       Following the end of the war, the armed forces were finally desegregated in 1948.

•       Black communities in the North went through an economic boom due to an increase in the demand of black labour.

•       Between 1940 and 1947, Black voting registration grew by a whole 10% from 2% to 12%.

•       In 1954, segregation in schools was lawfully eradicated.

•       Following threats from Randolph, Truman signed executive order 8802 in 1941 banning discriminatory employment practices by Federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work. The order also established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

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What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights?
- Many black people were fighting for a change over different social issues, such as education where there was an unequal pay between black teachers and white. White teachers got paid considerably more than black teachers and had better facilities.
- Many black people migrated from the north to the south which is known as the 'Great Migration.
- Black people also organised peaceful protests to express their outrage and show their unity.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?
-It raised issues that there was problems of segregation within education and schools and that it had to change and was in fact  a violation of the 14th Amendment.
-- The court overturned the "separate but equal" act which was established in the 1896 Plessy Ferguson case.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?
- The KKK were still active
- The Jim Crow laws were in place in the South.
-  1956- Signing of the 'Southern Manifesto'

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?
The Civil Rights Movement was a step in the right direction but it would be take a long time before improvements were in effect.
- Martin Luther King fought for black peoples rights and made sure they got the justice and equality they deserved.
- Discrimination still occurred at this time and horrific persecutions took place as shown in the Emmet Till case, a 14 year old black boy who was falsely accused and lynched.
-However there was an increase of black voters from 2% to 12% in 1947.

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What were the main post-war social changes which affected Civil Rights?

- The post-war economic boom provided increased employment for black people, mostly in the north where the main industrial centres were and where de facto racism was least present, contributing further to the ongoing Great Migration.

- Black WW2 veterans returned to the US after fighting racist tyranny abroad with a heightened sense of the hypocrisy and injustice of American racist policies and culture, especially when compared to the more tolerant social environments they experienced in Europe.

- With the advent of the Cold War came an intensification of the ‘Red Scare’, increasing suspicion toward Civil Rights groups due to their perceived association with communism and communist sympathisers, resulting in internal purges such as the NAACP’s In 1945.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

- It was the first successful legal challenge to educational segregation to take place in the supreme court, overturning Plessy v Fergusson (separate but equal) and so creating a legal precedent, set by the highest judicial office, which would facilitate future legal challenges to racist policies.

- The ruling included Chief Justices, such as Earl Warren, agreeing with assessments of segregation as unfair and detrimental to black people, providing greater political and judicial legitimacy to the arguments put forth by the NAACP and other civil rights groups, namely that black schools were not ‘equal’ to white schools, but were demonstrably inferior.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?

- Formation of the ‘Dixiecrats’ - Southern offshoot of the Democrats that disagreed with the party’s anti-segregationist line.

- Revitalisation of the KKK - increased acts of terrorism toward black people and civil rights activists in the South.

- Desegregation was circumvented in some Southern states through manipulation of school entry requirements and providing funding to schools punitively defunded by the federal government for remaining segregated.

- Signing of the ‘Southern Manifesto’ (1956) by 101 Deep South congressmen which asserted that the Brown ruling was constitutional and must be resisted.

- Little Rock 1957 - Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas ordered the State National Guard to prevent newly admitted black students from attending Little Rock’s Central High school. Black students were abused, intimidated and attacked.

- White citizens councils were formed to oppose desegregation.

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

- Military was desegregated in 1948 by Truman.

- Increased employment and prosperity due to economic boom.

- Brown ruling started the process of desegregation and, especially after media publication of the Little Rock incident and similar events, helped galvanize Americans into supporting the Civil Rights movement.

- Adam Clayton Powell became first ever black congressman.

- FEPC provided increased employment for black people, but with varying efficacy depending on area.
- Increase in black voter registration  from 2% to 12% by 1947

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What were the main post- war social changes that effected the Civil Rights ?

Following ww2 many black vesterans coming back from the war that saw litte recognition for black peoples efforts causing more awareness of their Civil Rights. Movements like the NAACP and Core gaining more members. A Phillip Randolph brought changes when in 1941 he threatened a march on Washington, causing President Roosevelt to set up the Organisation called The Commitee in fair employment (FEPC).
Boycotts began and sit in segregated restaurants and desegregation on interstate Transport.

Why was the Browns Case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

The Brown Report of 1954 was an important breakthrough, as it ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools was uncostitional. It violated the 14th Amendment , and was one of the cornerstones of the Civil Rights Movement .

What forms did Southern Resistance to Civil Rights take ?

The South started to put together a campaign called the Southern Manifesto. This was in opposition to racial integration of public places. It was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the South . They accused the surpreme court of clear abuse of judical power. they wanted to bring  reversed of this decision .

Were there any improvement for Black people in this period ?

The Civil Rights Movement had at this time started down a path on the right direction . However it would be along time before real improvement would be shown, but it brought about people like Martin Luther King.  But events like Emmet Till in 1955 a 14 year old boy shows the cruel  persecution and hate Discrimination to its full, still continued within this time .

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What were the main Post-War social changes which affected civil rights?
Despite segregation during the war, there were attempts from organisations such as the NAACP and the CORE to issue desegregation in dejure by the government. The threat made by the black labor leader A. Philip Randolph(1941)to lead a 'mass march' in Washington with hope to gain equal employment rights, received a reaction from President Franklin Roosevelt. He placed an order to ban discrimination by announcing the FEPC whose jobs were to receive and investigate discriminative complaints in employment. Unfortunately the FEPC expired but was appealled by Anna Arnold Hedgeman to allow the FEPC to be made permanent. On December 5th 1946 President Truman issued an executive order further forming a 15 member presidents committee of civil rights. A report was later published on October 29 1947 titled 'To Secure These Rights'. This included an Anti-lynching law as well as abolishing Poll tax, military desegregation, fair housing laws, fair education, healthcare and employment laws. In addition he made the FEPC permanent which later evolved into the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (civil rights act 1964). CORE had conducted a sit-in at a Chicago restaurant, from 1949-1953 they began obstructing picket lines and sit ins to break segregation at lunch counters and diners. CORE additionally began the VEP in 1962 where their focus went to voting registration
Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?(Brown V. The Board of Education)
The Brown case was important as the NAACP took legal strategies and fought for desegregation in schools Desegregation in schools were granted on May 17th 1954 allowing African Americans to formally study with the white race. This gave black people the motivation to know that they had received their rights which were passed by the courts, and could now potentially excel further with education being fair.
What forms did Southern resistance to civil rights take?
Despite the Brown case being successful for black people , it had caused dismay for organisations such as the KKK as well as the Jim Crow laws being introduced. In September 1955 a black man named Mose Wright fought for justice of his kidnapped and murdered 14 year old nephew Emmett Till who came to visit Till faced these consequences after greeting a white girl in a local shop, unaware that it would lead to two men entering his home and demanding for him and murdering him. The case wasn't regarded and segregation in the court of law was also present. However a few months later the men admitted to the crimes to an interviewer for a cash pay out proving it was an intentional act.
Were there any improvements for black people in this period?
Yes, there were improvements maybe not the intended but steps had been made to achieve equality and civil rights by fighting against segregation in employment and education. With the motivation after learning their potentials during the war; more and more black people were becoming civil activists (Martin Luther King JR) and joining protests to achieve their goal. The ability they had to continue regardless of the segregation still happening in defacto, allowed for the government's to ease. This caused Southern resistance from anti communists and extremists, however opened new opportunities for the black race residing in the South.

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What were the main post war social changes which affected civil rights?
The 'great migration' occurred, where lots of black people migrated to the northern states from the south.
There was lots black people fighting for change over lots of different topics, such as education, in which white teachers got significantly higher pay and better facilities to work with.
black people had gotten used to a different way of being treated in the army and fought for it to be the same in cities.

Why was the brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?
It came to the conclusion that segregation within schools was unconstitutional and needed to be changed.
Talk of the issues developed within children and adults caused by segregation , such as lack of self esteem.
The court also overturned the 'separate but equal' act established in the 1896 Plessy Ferguson case.

What forms did southern resistance to civil right take?
Organisations such as the KKK became more active and prominent again.
Jim Crow laws were very much still in effect.
95% of black people where still employed by white men, leading to low voting registrations.

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?
The supreme court announced that segregation within schools was illegal due to the 'brown' case in 1954.
president Truman announced ordered desegregation with the armed forces in 1948 and aimed to give fair employment chances to black people within the civil sectors.
'African American firsts' were broken - Jackie Robinson  broke the colour barrier in American league baseball.

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Devanshi                            What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights? 

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Devanshi                            What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights? 

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-  Post-war era, the USA saw a rise in economic prosperity.  Public policies like the GI Bill of Rights passed in 1944 which provided money for veterans to attend college, to buy homes and farms etc. It aided many white-Americans and largely excluded groups such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, American women became more aggressive to win and practice their full freedoms and civil rights guaranteed by the Declaration of independence and U.S constitution.
The NAACP were forced to purge their ranks in 1945 due to suspicion around its association with communist sympathisers.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?
- Triumph for the The NAACP's legal challenge of Plessy v Fergusson, overturning a constitutional sanction on racial segregation.
Earl warren accepted Marshall's argument that segregation was unacceptable and a verdict in the Browns' favour.
The violation of the 14th Amendment was noted.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?
- White Citizens Councils was created to oppose de-segregation ( around 250,000 by 1956).
- The KKK was re-vitalised.

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

-In 1948, Truman issued an executive order to end discrimination in the armed forces.
-Images of black children being harassed by white adults in Little rock and the media coverage helped influence white opinion throughout USA.
-Central high was integrated in 1960 and the little rock high school in 1972 was fully integrated.
-By 1957, 12 percent of the 6300 school districts in the south was integrated.
-Registration of black voter increased from 2% to 12% by 1947.

Sources:
https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/post-war-united-states-1945-1968/overview/.
https://moodle.lec.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/1020126/mod_resource/content/0/4%20Post%20War%20changes%20and%20civil%20rights%20flipped%20NEW.pptx
https://moodle.lec.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/967917/mod_resource/content/1/Brown%20v%20Board%20of%20Education%20of%20Topeka.pdf.

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What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights?

Black soldiers served in a segregated U.S military, fighting against regimes that were built on discrimination and persecution. They returned with a new hunger for equality which injected new purpose and determination into the civil rights movement.

The war brought economic growth, especially to the Northern cities. This increase in employment opportunity, as well as escape from Jim Crow laws that ruled the Southern states, resulted in the Great Migration of black people moving to the North where there was more freedom and less danger associated with joining civil rights organisations, such as the NAACP.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

Brown v Board of Education ruled that segregation in education was unconstitutional.  Not only did this overturn the precedent set in Plessy v Ferguson 1896, and the long-standing doctrine of ‘separate but equal’, but it set a whole new one. In Cooper v Aaron 1958, the Supreme Court affirmed this new stance by ruling that any law that sought to keep schools separated was unconstitutional.

The success of the NAACP’s lawyers, such as Thurgood Marshall, in the Brown case was a triumph for the organisation that increased its publicity and its following.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?

Organisations that fought to oppress black people became more prominent; The KKK was revitalised and continued to use intimidation and violence to quash progress of the civil rights movement, while newly formed white citizens councils used economic and political influence to control the actions of black people, as well as white people in positions of power.

Legal steps were taken to prevent the implementation of the Brown ruling in the South. The National Guard was utilised by Governor Faubus in Little Rock, and the Southern manifesto was drafted, stating it was ‘a clear abuse of judicial power’ to impose a federal ruling on the states. By 1956, it has been signed by 101 Southern politicians.

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

In 1948, President Truman issued two executive orders; the first ordered desegregation of the armed forces and the second guaranteed fair employment practices in the civil service.

While these orders were not always supported by the general public or federal agencies, they set a new precedent for equality - even at the highest level of government, in turn inciting grassroots initiatives and giving the civil rights movement hope of legal progress and social reform.

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What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights?

Increases of membership in organisations like the NAACP after the war due to increased awareness of discrimination

The great migration saw millions of black Americans move from rural areas in the South to urban areas/cities in the North.

Black people organising peaceful protests to demonstrate their unity and outrage of their inequality.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

Raised issues of developmental issues in children caused by segregation – low self-esteem, feelings of inferiority.

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court condoned segregation in schools, and as a whole, and enforced integration as stated in the 14th amendment.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?

Southern politicians signed the Southern Manifesto

Voter suppression for black people

KKK still very active and powerful

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

Black people in the North benefitted financially due to the increasing need for black labour

Executive Order 8802, prohibiting discrimination in the work force was established

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What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights?

-       A lot of black people migrated towards the northern states from the southern this is known as the ‘Great Migration’

-       The NAACP were forced to purge their ranks as they were accused of harbouring communists.

-       Black people were fighting for change in many different areas. One example being education. Black teachers were paid almost half the wages as white teachers.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

-       It declared school segregation as unconstitutional.

-       The court overturned the longstanding ‘separate but equal’ doctrine which was established over 50 years earlier.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?

-       The Deep South still kept Jim Crow.

-       The KKK was still quite active.

-       Areas in which black people who were still employed by white people, black voter registrations were very low.

-       The Southern States defended their right to make their own policies.

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

-       President Roosevelt issued an Executive Order 8802 in 1941 after Randolph threatened to have a protest in Washington. This opened national defence jobs and other government jobs to all American citizens regardless if they were black or white.

-       The Supreme Court ruled segregation in schools illegal in 1954 due to the ‘Brown’ case.

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What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights?
Black people were victimized by the same sort of racist views that had animated America’s enemies during WW2. This made zero sense and it created a powerful moral imperative for domestic change. The blatant injustice motivated blacks and unprejudiced whites to fight discrimination. Many blacks moved to large cities to find jobs using skills they’d learned in the military. Others became civil rights activists and lent their powerful voices to organizations such as the NAACP, CORE, the Regional Council of Negro Leadership and the Deacons for Defence and Justice.
•Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education marked a turning point in the history of race relations in the United States. On May 17, 1954, the Court stripped away constitutional sanctions for segregation by race, and made equal opportunity in education the law of the land.
What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?

-      Jim Crow Laws

-      Ku Klux Klan

-      The Southern Manifesto (1956)
Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802 which prohibited, “discrimination in the employment of workers in defence industries and in Government because of race, creed, colour, or national origin.
In 1948, their efforts paid off when President Truman issued an executive order to desegregate the military.
The NAACP won important Supreme Court victories and mobilized a mass lobby of organizations to press Congress to pass civil rights legislation.
African Americans achieved notable firsts—Jackie Robinson broke the colour barrier in major league baseball.

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Post WW2 Civil Rights Answers- Manpreet Singh
The main affect post war social change to Civil Rights was on education as Thurgood Marshall, chief counsel of the NAACP fought for the right for Linda Brown to attend a white school in Topeka, Kansas and their argument was that the Plessy Ferguson 1896 (separate but equal) ruling was unconstitutional. They won the case and the supreme court ruled that racial segregation in public schools were unconstitutional and violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment of the constitution. Another affect was on voter registration of black people in the US which went from 2% in 1940 up to 12% in 1947, showing that more black people were voting and potentially having an effect on Civil Right change through the political system of the US. Adam Clayton was elected to the House of Representatives and served New York from 1945-70 and was the first black American elected into congress. Generally black people benefitted from post war mood of prosperity in particular in the North.
The Brown case of 1954 was significant because it was a ruling from the supreme court that meant that public schools had to desegregate or they would be breaking the law. It was a challenge on the Plessy Ferguson ruling (separate but equal) which helped white Americans especially in the South to segregate the races, and restrict the improvement and quality of life for black people in the US. This case would help slowly bring integration across the US and help the Civil Rights movement because better education for black children potentially meant better career opportunities and lives, also this case was famous nationally bringing more attention towards the Civil Rights movement.
Regardless of the ruling by the Supreme court, there was resistance predominantly in the South to desegregating schools. Little Rock 1957 is a prime example of resistance as Oval Faubus the mayor at the time used white racism to win re-election, so he used the Arkansas National Guard to keep black students out white schools. Melba Pattillo one of the nine first black students in Central High School to intergrade in Arkansas wrote of her experience, being spat-on, tripped, punched, kicked and pushed down stairs, acid thrown at her and almost knifed. Black children who attended these schools were abused by white classmates. Faubus even closed schools that attempted to desegregate. Another form of resistance came from the signing of ‘The Southern Manifesto’ by 101 of the 128 congressmen of the South. This document was to fight against the Brown ruling, which Southern communities which included a newly formed group the White Citizens Council which gained 250,000 members agreed with and resisted integration through protest and violence. In the deep- South they manipulated the ruling of Brown by having entry requirements for black children and private funding for white only schools.
There were several improvements for black people in the time through education, employment and voting. However, the resistance from the South, the lack of support from federal and local authorities to implement the new rules meant that it would take far longer for integration and better quality of life for black Americans to take place, but cases like Little Rock 1957 helped black people realise they needed to do more then rely upon the court system.

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Some of the main social changes were the numbers of Black People in Northern Cities such as Chicago, the Black People in these areas created their own communities which were safer as they were surrounded by their own people

Black Soldiers fighting in WW2 were fighting Nazism and White Supremacy in Europe when they suffered the same in their own country and German POWs being able to eat in resteraunts that Black People themselves couldn't eat in, for many this created a disillusionment with the war in others it instilled a need for change

The Brown case was important because it highlighted that the segregation of the races was unconstitutional and was the first such case to make it through the Supreme Court becoming a precedent for other cases to follow

The Armed Forces began to de-segregate with the Navy being the first (though admittedly out of necessity rather than any moral notions)

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What were the main post-War social changes which affected Civil Rights?

The ‘great migration’ centralised a large black population in major urban areas in the northern states such as Chicago, millions of ordinary people became civil rights activists by joining or supporting the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) for example.

Many black people began to stage sit ins to demonstrate against racist treatment in states like Kansas Oklahoma and Tennessee staged sit-ins at lunch counters that refused them equal service with whites. Black and white people challenged segregation by riding together on buses from Washington.

The fight against Facism in Europe brought to light the contradiction of segregation and racial discrimination on the home front.

A. Philip Randolph threatened a mass march on Washington in 1941 over hiring practices discriminating against black people in WW2.

James L. Farmer founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and, in 1943, used nonviolent direct action tactics to integrate a Chicago restaurant.

Why was the Brown case of 1954 such an important legal breakthrough?

In 1954 many states had segregated school systems for white and black students.

The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown vs the Board of Education marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. On May 17, 1954, the Court removed any constitutional sanctions for segregation by race, and made equal opportunity in education the law.

By overturning the “separate but equal” doctrine, the Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education had set the legal precedent that would be used to overturn laws enforcing segregation in other public facilities.

However, the Supreme Court failed to specify exactly how schools would be desegregated.

What forms did Southern resistance to Civil Rights take?

The most obvious violent resistance to the Civil Right’s movement was the intimidation exerted by the KKK (Ku Klux Klan). They used tactics from lynching, burning crosses on the porches of black families to lobbying and ingratiating themselves with police and local politicians so they could operate with impunity in the Southern states.

States used their legislative power to draft laws that dictated the conduct of black people, this was possible due to a lack of federal support. These are collectively known as ‘Black Codes’, which were the forbearers of Jim Crow laws. Black Codes recognised had Civil Rights, but attempted to prevent racial mixing such as interracial cohabitation and marriage.

Were there any improvements for black people in this period?

President Truman appointed a commission to investigate racial conditions for black people titled ‘To Secure These Rights’, he later issued an executive order abolishing segregation in the military as a concession while segregation in civilian life continued for nearly two decades.

The NAACP directly challenged the supreme court boosting morale, while several firsts were achieved by black people such as Jackie Robinson breaking the ‘colour barrier’ in major league baseball.

In 1948 Truman issued two executive orders. Executive Order 9980 instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. Executive Order 9981 directed the armed forces to provide “equality of treatment and opportunity for all personnel”.

In 1949 the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) helped to form the first National Emergency Civil Rights Mobilization. Many delegates directly pressured congress to pass bills benefiting the black community.

There were significant set backs in the form of two prominent leaders of the civil rights movement being murdered by the end of the 1960s (Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.)

Sources used:

https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/world-war-ii-and-post-war.html

https://www.neh.gov/news/post-war-progress-civil-rights-and-the-end-segregation

https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/index.html

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka#section_2

https://study.com/academy/lesson/resistance-to-african-american-civil-rights-during-reconstruction.html

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* fear of communism forced org’s like NAACP to purge their ranks.

The ruling of plessy vs ferguson remained the main focus.

Others included education, voter registration, states rights and employment.

* the brown case was important in that it helped to end the precedent set by plessy vs ferguson (1896)

It also played a huge role in highlighting key civil rights issues.

* examples of southern resistance included the forming white citizens councils to oppose desegregation.

The KKK was revitalised

The southern manifesto was drafted. Signatories included many southern politicians, committing to fight the implementation of brown.

* the post WW2 mood of prosperity resulted in better employment in the north.

Voter registration increased to 12% in 1947

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* fear of communism forced org’s like NAACP to purge their ranks.

The ruling of plessy vs ferguson remained the main focus.

Others included education, voter registration, states rights and employment.

* the brown case was important in that it helped to end the precedent set by plessy vs ferguson (1896)

It also played a huge role in highlighting key civil rights issues.

* examples of southern resistance included the forming white citizens councils to oppose desegregation.

The KKK was revitalised

The southern manifesto was drafted. Signatories included many southern politicians, committing to fight the implementation of brown.

* the post WW2 mood of prosperity resulted in better employment in the north.

Voter registration increased to 12% in 1947