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Crowded areas with poor sanitation are frequent breeding grounds for disease.  Vectors are the hosts that transfer pathogens to another organism.  Human construction such as dams provide a popular environment for vectors.  Cross-species transfer is another way that infectious disease is spread.  Cross-species transfer is the infection of an organism by an organism from a different species (malaria).  If industrialization and habitat destruction continues, this will force more diverse species into each other’s areas that they are not meant to inhabit, and thus create more cross-species infection.  Antibiotics are a common way to treat other viruses.  However, with the development of antibiotics, virus strains have also evolved and become more resistant to them. Mosquitoes have also evolved, but malaria is found in more tropical areas.  This raises concerns about global warming, as mosquitoes might find more places around the planet to breed, thus carrying the malaria virus even farther.

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Disease can be transferred through air, water, or secondary hosts if the virus is contagious.  Pathogens are the actual organisms/viruses that carry the disease and allow it to be transferred.  Infectious diseases are most commonly waterborne- 75% of all infectious diseases, such as cholera, are transferred this way.  Infectious diseases usually stem from feces-polluted water consumed by humans.  It is the main cause of infant mortality.  Other infectious diseases on the rise include ebola, West Nile, Zika, and HIV.  These are transferred through open wounds or mucus membranes from one organism to another.  Our solution to these viruses is the utilization of vaccines.  The problem is that viruses can evolve quickly, putting the effectiveness of vaccines on a time restriction.

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Industry and vehicular usage are common sources of human-created pollution.  Both of these involve significant carbon dioxide emissions that are linked to premature deaths caused by asthma and heart disease.  Scientists are also beginning to speculate that such pollution contributes to conditions such as Alzheimer's.  The use of pesticides is also a pollutant.  Pesticides wash away and infiltrate nearby waters, obscuring the acidity and making it unsafe for consumption.  Excess phosphorous and nitrogen is also harmful to aquatic life. Chemical uses are also dangerous to humans. Ingestion can kill, and interaction with products such as lead paint can cause brain damage and learning disabilities. Additionally, poor waste disposal can just as easily harm us. Toxins in water may not be properly cleaned, or our methods of eliminating one pollution might create MORE pollution (incineration).

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Pollution spans farther than the cause-and-effect relationship of carbon emissions into the atmosphere.  Illness is commonly caused by pollution, whether it be directly (like lung cancer) or infectious disease (cholera).  In terms of natural pollution, there are things like dust and soot that are dangerous to humans in excessive amounts.  Dust can instigate forest fires that produce pollutants that cause bronchitis.  Natural rocks also possess heavy metals such as arsenic that, if consumed in large quantities, can cause nerve damage. Erosion followed by polluted runoff is a likely way that humans end up interacting with arsenic.