# data[].attributes.headline
the more policy differences there are between candidates, the more likely voters can "control public policy"

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the more policy differences there are between candidates, the more likely voters can "control public policy"

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issue of permanent campaign (w/ voter fatigue)

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issue of permanent campaign (w/ voter fatigue)

# data[].attributes.body
candidates tire from campaigning all of the time too

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US has entrepreneurial political system, meaning anyone can make it to the white house essentially

# data[].attributes.subject
US has entrepreneurial political system, meaning anyone can make it to the white house essentially

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there isn't necessarily a pool of elite only to choose from

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elections socialize and institutionalize political activity

# data[].attributes.subject
elections socialize and institutionalize political activity

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better to have election than a bunch of riots and revolutions
**leaders are peacefully replaced (since 1800, jefferson<3)

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candidate must have broad appeal
promotes federalism
discourages voter fraud
maintains two party system (good or bad...?)

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electoral college on affecting campaign strategy

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electoral college on affecting campaign strategy

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more time and resources $ spent on swing states (ads, visits)
prez will take running mate--VP--from swing state

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red states (repub), blue states (dem), swing states

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red states (repub), blue states (dem), swing states

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b/c of the electoral college, the prez election is more like 51 elections in one... EW TOO MANY GET THEM OFF OF ME

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b/c of the electoral college, the prez election is more like 51 elections in one... EW TOO MANY GET THEM OFF OF ME

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less populous states are over-represented
since winner take all system and the large states are solid blue or red states, candidates only focus on battleground states

all time and effort goes to swing states... how infair

they do this because these states could go either red or blue; these are the ones that decide the electoral college outcome

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each state has as many electoral votes and they have senators + representatives

winner take all system: majority winner in each state receives all of that state's electoral votes

need 270 electoral votes to win

those who cast electoral votes are not political figures but those invested in politics, chosen by the state's parties

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electoral college was originally founded because the fathers of the country wanted it to be controlled by the elite

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electoral college was originally founded because the fathers of the country wanted it to be controlled by the elite

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and they said they didn't like a monarch.... yeah okay sure

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our crazy frickin registration process JUST HAVE THE GOVT AUTOMATICALLY REGISTER ALL OF US CITIZENS geez

election day is just that, one day!

there are so many elections; voter fatigue --> voters get sick of effort to go vote

winner take all system... no proportional votes so why should anyone vote for a third party anyway

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voter id laws make it difficult for those without IDs--blacks, hispanics, the poor, those in college-- to vote. it becomes a looong process for them

these groups usually vote dem, so this could bar them from voting

CONSPIRACY: this is the first year wisco had voter ID laws and the first time in a while we went fully red for an election... hmmmm

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people have suggested we make election day on the weekend or make it a national holiday so most don't have to work or be in school so they may vote without those restrictions of tough voting hours

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people have suggested we make election day on the weekend or make it a national holiday so most don't have to work or be in school so they may vote without those restrictions of tough voting hours

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didn't want it to be on sunday
people still worked monday through saturday then
travel time to election location took a long time; include travel time of monday to get to day of tuesday

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2012 election was all about winning over the mid class

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2012 election was all about winning over the mid class

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Obama succeeded at that

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conservatives recently have been loved or hated

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conservatives recently have been loved or hated

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they are quite far right
not moderate beings

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1. voters have sense of own policy position
2. voters know candidate's stance on policy
3. voter can note differences between candidates' policies
4. voter matches up with candidate w/ policies that best match their opinions
all steps of policy voting occur 68% of the time

*** it's easy for voters to vote based on policy today

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integrity
reliability
competence

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1950s = party ID could predict voting outcomes
1960s/70s = media and importance of personal image of candidates skewed party ID as a predictor
today: its more an individual choice, and its so easy to evaluate candidates now if you just try

younger, independents, ya know, the type

called floating voters

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CONTRARY: political scientists know that's not why voters voted that way for that air-headed politicians

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CONTRARY: political scientists know that's not why voters voted that way for that air-headed politicians

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instead
1. due to their party ID
2. due to voter's evaluation of candidates
3. a match-up between the voter and candidates opinions

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politicians believe they have a mandate to carry out their policies once they like have a mini victory

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politicians believe they have a mandate to carry out their policies once they like have a mini victory

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get off your high horse mate

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elderly, well educated, married, government workers

not a lot of younger people or not college edu., not too many single peeps, race and gender are quite fair in proportion to one another

if you were to look at gender and race specifically:

women vote slightly more than men

blacks and hispanics have a slightly less voter turnout

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goal = prevent voter fraud

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dem states have easy voting registration and it can be online

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dem states have easy voting registration and it can be online

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goal = increase voter participation

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1992

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low voter turnout
people not motivated to go get registered
process differs for each state

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1. policy differences: people feel they match up well with one candidate over the other so they go vote for them

2. political efficacy[image]: people who think participation really does matter and every vote matters and can make a change

3. civic duty: people who vote in order to support a democratic government, excercizing their right

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1789: white land owning males
jeffersonian sometime: white males
1865: males

15th amendment

1920: males and females

19th amendment

1960s: actually both genders and all races
1971: virtually everyone 18+

26th amendment

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selective perception
party ID is consistent
if its an incumbent v. challenger, incumbent has advantage anyway

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3 types of effects that campaigns have on voters

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3 types of effects that campaigns have on voters

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1. reinforcement

1. of voter's preferences for candidate already

2. activation

1. get masses to vote who usually don't

2. get donations

3. conversion

1. rare

2. get people to convert to your party

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independent expenditure-only groups = Super PACs = another loophole

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independent expenditure-only groups = Super PACs = another loophole

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as long as they don't explicity support a candidate and are only saying their own views, they can get and give as much money as they want

release ads on their own accord
protected by freedom of speech, technically

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can receive unlimited contributions but can't spend more than half their funds on politics
DON'T HAVE TO REPORT EXPENDITURES TO FEC unless the money goes to a POLITICAL AD

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527 groups came about b/c of case Citizen's United v. FEC

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527 groups came about b/c of case Citizen's United v. FEC

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those darn citizens united always wanting to bring more money back into politics

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don't have contribution restrictions b/c they TECHNICALLY don't seek election of a particular candidate
STILL HAVE TO REPORT AND REGISTER to FEC (and IRS)

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use of taxpayer money is kinda relevant..???? not really

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use of taxpayer money is kinda relevant..???? not really

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not enough people do it, not enough money involved, almost nonexistent because it wouldnt allow enough money to be spent!
money money money

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3 members from each party, 4 votes required for action
regulate/oversee contributions and expenditures of parties

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raises money from individuals, as much as they want, support campaigns indirectly
STILL HAVE TO REPORT AND REGISTER to FEC

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b/c of act of 1974, congress could now limit individual contributions per election to candidates 

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b/c of act of 1974, congress could now limit individual contributions per election to candidates 

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limit matches inflation... but there IS a limit for how much money 1 person can donate
limit from a group/corp is obviously higher but there still is a limit

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required disclosure of who has contributed money to campaigns and how that money is to be spent or how it has been spent by the party

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campaign reform came about after Watergate and scandal of a bunch on money going into Nixon's residency

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campaign reform came about after Watergate and scandal of a bunch on money going into Nixon's residency

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money was buying public policy really
even with reforms through the years, there are always loopholes found

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1 = through campaign contributions
2 = donate to independent expenditures that'll help the party in return

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primary election to get nominated to run
general election to get to win

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getting a campaign manager
press secretary
fund-raiser guy
campaign counsel --> lawyers
campaign staff (for the everyday tasks)
media and campaign consultants
research staff and policy advisors -- super smart peeps
plan logistics for scheduling and travel
pollster - opinion and feedback
establish website

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campaigns need to be organized as effectively as possible

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campaigns need to be organized as effectively as possible

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huge business
$$$
bash the other candidates, give out info about own stance on issues
sell the image not the content

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1. how candidates use their ad budget
2. how candidates use free attention the media gives them

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Obama first candidate to have campaign office dedicated to high tech work like twitter and facebook

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convention send off is a big deal where candidate is officially announced as nominated, acceptance speeches, regard speeches by others, and a celebration

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convention send off is a big deal where candidate is officially announced as nominated, acceptance speeches, regard speeches by others, and a celebration

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party platforms are created at conventions before big sendoff
if any disagreements w/ platform, they are taken care of on the side... sketchy!!!

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criticisms of primaries and caucuses (cons)

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criticisms of primaries and caucuses (cons)

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disproportionate (media) attention goes to early ones --> frontloading
difficult for current politicians to run because it becomes full time job/life to campaign
expensive af
participation is low and hardly proportional for delegates
system gives too much power to media

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Dems require all primaries to be open and use proportional representation for delegates while repubs don;t require that and have a mix of proportional representation, which congress districts won, and winner takes all system for delegates

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Dems require all primaries to be open and use proportional representation for delegates while repubs don;t require that and have a mix of proportional representation, which congress districts won, and winner takes all system for delegates

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1st primary in New Hampshire (usually most important)

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1st primary in New Hampshire (usually most important)

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less commitment and involvement than caucus
campaign image is big
high media attention

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1st caucus and most important usually = Iowa

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1st caucus and most important usually = Iowa

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requires committment and all delegates attend open meeting
high media attention -- a lot of $ spent here
make it or break it point

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invisible primaries = time to get as many endorsements as possible

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invisible primaries = time to get as many endorsements as possible

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get them from dependable and powerful people
get as many as possible because campaigning is expensive as heck $$$

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before any strategies start to get delegates' votes... invisible primaries occur

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before any strategies start to get delegates' votes... invisible primaries occur

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get the party image set and the image of the candidate
make everything clean and shiny and squeaky clean and good
PERSONALITY

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this is a game for the elite... or a game to get the elite on your side

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this is a game for the elite... or a game to get the elite on your side

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superdelegates = the delegates who have been at the convention for a while
THEIR VOTES COUNT AND CAN SWING THE ELECTION but usually dont

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1968 police riot in chi about anti war turned into fight about misrepresentation in the state's conventions for the democrats

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1968 police riot in chi about anti war turned into fight about misrepresentation in the state's conventions for the democrats

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wanted fair representation of delegates
mcgovern fraser commission formed to get this better rep
started w. just dems then affect repubs as well

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national party conventions is where the nominees are revealed

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national party conventions is where the nominees are revealed

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never really a surprise anymore bc america is ALWAYS campaigning even if it isn't election time

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those wanting to be nominated battle to get delegates votes of same party

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those wanting to be nominated battle to get delegates votes of same party

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do so through primaries and caucuses
even during invisible primary

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nominations require money, momemtum, and media attention

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nominations require money, momemtum, and media attention

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good campaign strategies, lots of time and money
know how to play the game (experienced)
hardworking and willing to give SO MANY SPEECHES

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phase one of campaigning = nomination game

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phase one of campaigning = nomination game

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https://quizlet.com/_2nf6el

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maine and nebraska have proportional rep for electoral college, not winner take all system