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Cost-effectiveness of a school-based obesity prevention program. - PubMed - NCBI

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In many Western settings, a large proportion of children and adolescents do not meet recommended physical activity guidelines and, typically, those who are more physically active have lower levels of body fat than those who are less active. Active behaviours have been displaced by more sedentary pursuits which have contributed to reductions in physical activity energy expenditure. Without appropriate activity engagement there is an increased likelihood that children will live less healthy lives than their parents. Owing to the high risk of overweight adolescents becoming obese adults, the engagement of children and adolescents in physical activity and sport is a fundamental goal of obesity prevention.

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Wages were inversely related to BMI and obesity in a nationally representative sample of more than 6,000 adults – meaning, those with low wages had increased BMI as well as increased chance of being obese (Kim & Leigh, 2010).

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A problem that is difficult or impossible to solve – generally because of inconclusive or contradictory evidence/opinion.
Often what is required to solve the problem is difficult to recognize.
It is ‘wicked’ not because it is evil, but because it has a tendency to resist to a resolution.
Or, by solving one aspect of the problem, other problems may becreated.

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In 2012, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese

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Major health risks

Shorter Life Expectancy

Compared to people of normal weight, obese people have a 50% to 100% increased risk of dying prematurely

Obese people have more risk for:

Diabetes (type 2)

Joint problems (e.g., arthritis)

High blood pressure

Heart disease

Gallbladder problems

Certain types of cancer (breast, uterine, colon)

Digestive disorders (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GORD)

Breathing difficulties (e.g., sleep apnea, asthma)

Psychological problems such as depression

Problems with fertility and pregnancy

Urinary Incontinence

Risks to psychological and social well-being

Negative self-image

Social isolation

Discrimination

Difficulties with day-to-day living

Normal tasks become harder when you are obese, as movement is more difficult

You tend to tire more quickly and you find yourself short of breath

Public transport seats, telephone booths, and cars may be too small for you

You may find it difficult to maintain personal hygiene

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The American Obesity Association reports that obese individuals have a 50-100% increased risk of death as compared to normal weight individuals, with 300,000 to 587,000 deaths each. This substantial increase in health risks has made obesity the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States.

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Children become overweight and obese for a variety of reasons. The most common causes are genetic factors, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, or a combination of these factors. Only in rare cases is being overweight caused by a medical condition such as a hormonal problem. A physical exam and some blood tests can rule out the possibility of a medical condition as the cause for obesity.
Although weight problems run in families, not all children with a family history of obesity will be overweight. Children whose parents or brothers or sisters are overweight may be at an increased risk of becoming overweight themselves, but this can be linked to shared family behaviors such as eating and activity habits.

A child's total diet and activity level play an important role in determining a child's weight. Today, many children spend a lot time being inactive. For example, the average child spends approximately four hours each day watching television. As computers and video games become increasingly popular, the number of hours of inactivity may increase.

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Obesity is a serious, chronic disease and not a simple condition. Obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass.

Obesity is an excess of total body fat, which results from caloric intake that exceeds energy usage. A measurement used to assess health risks of obesity is Body Mass Index (BMI).

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In addition to the day-to-day health problems, many people may also experience psychological problems such as:

low self-esteem

low confidence levels

feeling isolated in society.

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Day to day symptoms of obesity include:

breathlessness

increased sweating

snoring

difficulty sleeping

inability to cope with sudden physical activity

feeling very tired every day

back and joint pains.

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About a third (26 to 41%) of obese preschool children were obese as adults, and about half (42 to 63%) of obese school-age children were obese as adults. For all studies and across all ages, the risk of adult obesity was at least twice as high for obese children as for nonobese children.

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Overweight and childhood obesity are terms you might hear when children have an excessive or abnormal amount of body fat that presents a risk to their health.

This can happen when the energy children get from food and drinks is greater than the energy they burn up through physical activity, growing and other body processes. This extra energy gets stored as fat.

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Many factors can put children at a higher risk of becoming overweight and obese. These factors include:

unhealthy food and drink choices

unhealthy family habits

lack of physical activity

family genetic history

other environmental factors.

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Areas that could be changed to improve child obesity include

food manufacturing and processing

food marketing and advertising

social and town planning

public transport and method of travel to school

food and physical education in schools

family food and physical activity environment.

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Some people’s bodies use less energy so they are more prone to becoming over weight or obese.

The body’s rate of energy usage is partly determined by family genetics. Also being undernourished during early infancy, or before birth can affect the way the body uses energy and increases the risk of becoming overweight or obese.

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Obesity can cause physical, social and emotional health problems in childhood and adolescence. Weight related health problems in children include:

stress on the bones and joints, particularly in the hips, legs and ankles

fatty liver

snoring and sleep apnoea (stopping breathing while asleep)

high blood pressure

high blood fats

type 2 diabetes

stigmatisation, low self-esteem

behaviour problems.

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Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance

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Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance

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Type 2 diabetes is rapidly becoming a disease of children and adolescents. In case reports limited to the 1990s, type 2 diabetes accounted for 8 to 45 percent of all new childhood cases of diabetes—in contrast with fewer than 4 percent before the 1990s (Fagot-Campagna et al., 2000). (PG 44)

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Obesity in 1995 compared to 2007

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- The obesity rate for children increased from 5% in 1995 to 8% in 2007–08 with the proportion overweight remaining around 17% over this time period. This shows a shift towards the higher and heavier end of the body mass index.

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-In 2007–08, one-quarter of all Australian children, or around 600,000 children aged 5–17 years, were overweight or obese, up four percentage points from 1995 (21%).