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Infography Essay by Edbert (5), Elizabeth (6), Janice (10), Sherryl (26)

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Infography Essay by Edbert (5), Elizabeth (6), Janice (10), Sherryl (26)

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Infograph by Edbert (5), Elizabeth (6), Janice (10), Sherryl (26)

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Infograph by Edbert (5), Elizabeth (6), Janice (10), Sherryl (26)

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Infograph and Essay by Rusyda, Sabrina, Nabilla, Long Sheng, Sean

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Infograph and Essay by Rusyda, Sabrina, Nabilla, Long Sheng, Sean

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https://magic.piktochart.com/output/14824530-coastal-erosion-new-use-this

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Infograph and essay by Audree,Michelle and Erin

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Infograph and essay by Audree,Michelle and Erin

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https://magic.piktochart.com/output/14703750-geography-infograph-20

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Infograph and Essay by Jia Juan, Zi Xin, Ke Ann, Vivien 

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Infograph and Essay by Jia Juan, Zi Xin, Ke Ann, Vivien 

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https://magic.piktochart.com/output/14817624-infograph

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Essay by Voon Yi, Irfan, Sheryl, Xing Qing 3/5

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Essay by Voon Yi, Irfan, Sheryl, Xing Qing 3/5

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Hi 3/5 and 3/6, Instructions for your Infograph are found in this set of powerpoint slides.
Your June holiday homework includes:
1. Infograph and 500 word summary ( to be uploaded onto this link: Due 1st week of July)
2. St Nicholas' Girls' school SA2 2015 Paper 1 (Complete the rest of the Questions: GI is already done)
3. PRSS SA1 paper 2016 (Complete all questions).

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Xin Ge (35) 3/5
Jamie (9) 3/6
Bo Wen(13) 3/6
Shian Yin (30) 3/6

Advantages:

Nourishment restores and widens the recreational beach.

Structures behind beach are protected as long as the added sand remains.

When erosion continues, beach nourishment does not leave hazards on the beach or in the surf zone.

Example of advantage of sand nourishment at Gold Coast
In May 2009 a significant east coast low storm hit the Gold Coast region. The maximum wind gust recorded was 117 km/h from the south east on 20 May 2009. The minimum pressure reading was 1008.3 hecto Pascal on 21 May 2009. Figures 1 and 2 demonstrate the benefits of sand nourishment at Main Beach and Narrowneck in maintaining a healthy beach during severe storms. Previous beach nourishment campaigns assisted in minimising damage to shoreward properties and protected ecological communities on the dunes.

Disadvantages:

Beach nourishment sand often  erodes faster than the natural sand on the beach.

Nourished beaches erode two or three times faster than natural beaches. Erosion rates can differ widely.

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Longsheng
sabrina
sean
nabilla

1. Mangroves grow in the upper inter-tidal zone and are found predominantly in the warm coastal areas from the tropics to some warm temperate regions, where they can form extensive forests. Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems, especially in areas where freshwater from rivers or rainfall enhances growth. They provide critical coastal protection from waves and storms, habitat or nursery areas for fish and shellfish and support the lives and livelihoods of millions of people world-wide through the provision of food, timber and fuelwood.Mangroves grow in the upper inter-tidal zone and are found predominantly in the warm coastal areas from the tropics to some warm temperate regions, where they can form extensive forests.

2. Advantages of planting mangroves
growing of mangroves can contribute to the overall health of the coastal area by providing food, shelter and environmental protection for marine organisms, nest dwellers and even humans living near seashores.

Their roots acts as block and provide environmental protection for some various marine organism such as fish and seashells. They also provide food for various marine species such as oyster, shrimp, tarpon, jack, and snook. Not only the marine organisms benefit in mangroves, but their branches also serve as nesting areas for some types of coastal birds.

Mangroves produce from their trunks have mid-air root that become fixed in the mud and form a tangled arrangement; this serves as a support for the tree and as a means of ventilating the root system. Because of the Mangrove’s strong woody roots, it cat also act as a buffer of strong winds and waves during intense tropical storms and hurricanes. It holds the soil and protects the shoreline during heavy periods of rainfall, stabilizing the shoreline remains, and reducing soil erosion.

2. limitations of planting mangroves
young mangroves are fragile, thus mangrove planting requires the cooperation of the local people living in the area.

it does not offer immediate protection and it needs time for young mangroves to grow and stabilize the soil in coastal areas

thrives only in tropical climate

local people have to be mindful to not let animals enter and graze on the mangrove plantations.

3.Mangroves in Kannur, India.A red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle.
beautiful viewBundar, Thatta, Pakistan

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Name the coastal management method your group is assigned. <3

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Name the coastal management method your group is assigned. <3

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1. Explain what it is and how it protects the coast.
2. Evaluate its benefits and limitations.
3. Provide a place specific example of where it is implemented.

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Nicholas
Chun Wei
Khee Hean
Boon Khiam

What it is:
Offshore seawalls that are generally located anywhere from 100m to 600m away from shore, parallel to the coast and in deep water. Used to protect a harbour or a stretch of coastline. Usually made of concrete or rocks such as granite. Built to be strong to take the full force of the waves. Waves break against it before reaching the coast creating a zone of still water behind it and encourages deposition.

Pros and cons:
Pros:

Reduce intensity of wave actions, thereby reducing erosion of shore and a safer shore.

Cons:

Sediments may gather at the breakwaters and form unwanted spits and tombolos through longshore drift. As such, lesser sediments deposited on shore itself, starving the beach.

Expensive to build

Areas that are unprotected will still be eroded.

Example:
Central Breakwater in Tokyo Bay.

Infograph by Khee Hean and Boon Khiam:

https://magic.piktochart.com/output/14710987-coastal-protection

OPEN LINK

Infograph by NIcholas and Chun Wei:

https://magic.piktochart.com/output/14552546-geography-coastal-erosion

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Members:
Voon Yi (4)
Irfan (15)
Sheryl (31)

What it is:
It it used to armor shorelines, stream beds, bridge abutments, pilings and other shoreline structures against scour and water or ice erosion. It is made from a variety of rock types,commonly granite or limestone, and occasionally concrete rubble from building and paving demolition. It can be used on any waterway or water containment where there is potential water erosion.
The rocks are dumped on top of eachother leaving gaps between them that allow water through. This disperses the energy of the waves and reduces their erosional power. They can be very effective.

- The boulders must be large, strong and resistant to erosion. Granite and basalt are often used. Small or weak rocks would not be able to withstand the impact from the waves and would quickly be eroded.

Advantages:

Absorb the energy of waves.

Allows the build up of a beach.

Can be very cheap.

Effective for many years.

Disadvantages:

Visually unattractive.

Can make the beach inaccesible

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Infograph by Voon Yi, Irfan, Sheryl, Xing Qing 3/5

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Infograph by Voon Yi, Irfan, Sheryl, Xing Qing 3/5

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1. Wooden or concrete barriers built  at right angles to the beach.It traps sand which the waves have moved along the beach(longshore drift) and prevents the sand from being moved too far along the coast.Groynes are often used with sea walls.
2. Benefits
- cheaper than sea walls
- reduce amount of sediment downcoast
- builds a beach that brings in tourism (good for economy)

Limitations
- short lifespan
- only build beach at small scale
- expensive
- They starve beaches further down the coast of sediment which can result in                    coastal erosion, this could destroy buildings or private land, which also causes                housing prices to plummet in the region making it difficult for affected                              homeowners to move out.
3. Examples
- East Coast Beach in SIngapore

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1. Coral reefs, often called carbonate material beaches are built by coral polyps as they secrete layers of calcium carbonate beneath their bodies. Growing corals can be challenging as they have specific living conditions.
- Coral reefs grow best in warm water (70–85° F or 21–29° C).
- Corals prefer clear and shallow water, where lots of sunlight filters through to their symbiotic algae.
- Corals need salt water to survive, so they grow poorly near river openings or coastal areas with excessive runoff.

2.
Benefits:
Corals are forms of coastal protection that are visually-pleasing and can enhance the scenery of the natural environment . Moreover, it is cost-effective, efficient in such a way that it can absorb 97 % of the wave energy, which is responsible for coastal erosion, it is also self-repairable and adaptable in protecting the coastline from rising sea levels.

Limitations:
Growing or restoring corals can be expensive, and likely to be effective in only very limited circumstances. Where chronic stressors, such as pollution, have contributed to reef degradation, active restoration methods are unlikely to meet expectations. The process of growing and restoring corals may be a long one. It can't be instantly restored or grown. Not all coasts are suitable for the growth of corals as they must meet the growing conditions of corals. Moreover, active coral reef restoration and growth has only been carried out with some success at scales of up to a few hectares only.

3. Success of Coral Growing and Conservation in Seychelles

The coral reefs around the main islands of the Seychelles that were almost completely destroyed by consistently high sea temperatures in during the El Niño of 1998, are showing slow but definite signs of new growth. The El Niño of 1998 has caused up to 95% of corals to bleach and die. In some areas, seaweed and algae overgrowth is also threatening to overtake the reefs entirely.

However now, half of the sites that were surveyed are now recovering very well, and by 2014 had similar coral cover to pre-bleaching levels (based on surveys in 1994). Sadly, the other half of the monitoring sites are not showing much sign of recovery at all, with continuing dominance of macroalgae and very little coral.

Seychellois Sylvanna Antha who is in charge of marine research and surveillance at the islands’ Marine Parks Authority has also been closely monitoring the corals and is of the same view as the international experts that indeed there is recovery of the Seychelles corals. “All the variety of corals are recovering but what we have observed is that some species grows faster than others,” Antha told SNA. “What we have also seen is that the new corals are proving to be more resistant when it comes to higher, they can better adapt to temperature that is higher than 31 degrees for a longer period of time.” According to Antha, the growth of the corals is also bringing back some fish species that had disappeared from the islands’ coral reefs like the butterfly fish.

A coral reef rescue project on Cousin Island, started in 2010 by Nature Seychelles, financially supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) uses a method called ‘reef gardening’ – taking bits of healthy corals from donor sites and raising them in underwater nurseries until they grow to required size, when they are ‘planted’ in degraded sites. The project has so far proved itself to be a success, but there are three other sites around Cousin that have shown signs of natural recovery as well, a huge relief to the researchers given the high levels of mortality and degradation seen in the first ten years.

In short, although some Seychelles reefs remain heavily degraded from the 1998 bleaching event, we are finding cause for optimism that many reefs have the ability to recover from these major bleaching events, and reducing local sources of stress to these reefs should offer them the best chance of continuing to bounce back from any future bleaching events.

An article published in Think Progress, researchers have postulated that government protection of herbivorous coral grazers such as parrotfish and sea urchins is the key to protecting the coral reefs of the Caribbean from becoming overgrown with seaweed. Coral grazers such as parrotfish spend up to 90 percent of their day eating algae off coral. The report states that overfishing has contributed to steep declines in Caribbean parrotfish populations over the last several decades, as has pollution and local tourism. The study found that some of the healthiest coral reefs were those that have taken steps to protect parrotfish.

Graham agrees that herbivorous fish are vital to control algal growth and give corals a better chance of recruiting and growing. He says that at one of the monitoring sites around Cousin Island, the macroalgae cover has been reduced, presumably by the abundant protected herbivorous fish in the reserve, and coral recruits are beginning to take hold on the reef. “Carefully managed herbivore fisheries can be enough to maintain this important ecosystem function,” he said, adding that species such as rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) were fast-growing enough to sustain some fishing and still maintain high enough numbers. It’s this type of natural recovery that Seychelles should be striving for in terms of the reefs bouncing back on larger scales, says Graham.

Minimising local impacts in the form of sedimentation, nutrient input and regulating fishing pressure will all be important for this. In terms of giving the reefs that are still dominated by macroalgae a helping hand, active removal of macroalgae in large patches may be a useful way to kick start natural regeneration.

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Audree
Michelle
Erin

1)
Seawalls are vertical or near vertical shore-parallel structures designed to prevent upland erosion and storm surge flooding. Seawalls are generally massive concrete structures emplaced along a considerable stretch of shoreline at urban beaches. The term "sea wall" is commonly used to describe a variety of shoreline armoring structures including revetments

2)
Benefits:
-It can be constructed from from any type of material- eg: from sand filled bags to reinforced concrete structures.
- It also can protect the shore from tidal waves and thus prevent erosion and flooding
- It protects human habitation and recreational activities from the sea waves
-  It greatly reduces the energy and erosion of the existing coastline

Limitations:
- Visual/aesthetic impacts - Seawalls are generally not attractive and can detract from a natural beach experience.
- It is expensive
- Economic issues - local, state or federal subsidies or construction to protect private property, or insurance coverage. Construction is performed on State or Municipal land. The public is typically not compensated for this loss of valuable property.
-Public access impacts - Seawalls built on eroding beaches will lead to the loss of access.
- They can only provide temporary protection before needing placement.
- Passive erosion - Wherever a hard structure is built along a shoreline undergoing long-term net erosion, the shoreline will eventually migrate landward to (and potentially beyond) the structure. The effect of this migration will be the gradual loss of beach in front of the seawall or revetment as the water deepens and the shoreface moves landward. While private structures may be temporarily saved, the public beach is lost. This process of passive erosion is a generally agreed-upon result of fixing the position of the shoreline on an otherwise eroding stretch of coast, and is independent of the type of seawall constructed. Passive erosion will eventually destroy the recreational beach area unless this area is continually replenished. Excessive passive erosion may impact the beach profile such that shallow areas required to create breaking waves for surfing are lost.

3)
On December 26, 2004, towering waves of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tsunami crashed against India's south-eastern coastline killing thousands. However, the former French colonial enclave of Pondicherry escaped unscathed. This was primarily due to French engineers who had constructed (and maintained) a massive stone seawall during the time when the city was a French colony. This 300-year-old seawall effectively kept Pondicherry's historic centre dry even though tsunami waves drove water 24 feet above the normal high-tide mark.

The barrier was initially completed in 1735 and over the years, the French continued to fortify the wall, piling huge boulders along its 1.25 mile (2 km) coastline to stop erosion from the waves pounding the harbour. At its highest, the barrier running along the water's edge reaches about 27 feet above sea level. The boulders, some weighing up to a ton, are weathered black and brown. The sea wall is inspected every year and whenever gaps appear or the stones sink into the sand, the government adds more boulders to keep it strong (Allsop, 2002).[24]

The Union Territory of Pondicherry recorded some 600 deaths from the huge tsunami waves that struck India's coast after the mammoth underwater earthquake (which measured 9.0 on the moment magnitude scale) off Indonesia, but most of those killed were fishermen who lived in villages beyond the artificial barrier which reinforces the effectiveness of seawalls.