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British and Irish ideas of Australian
colonies

                                                                                                                                                                          

He called it Australia Felix because of the
softness of the rich soil and the flowery plains and green hills which were
fanned by the breezes of early spring, Named it that that to distinguish it
from the parched deserts of the interior country.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

Push and pull factors:                                                                                                                            

Pull

Soft soil which was easy to
farm onBeautiful land. “I went on
shore to look at the land which appeared beautiful with scarcely any timber on.
Open fields with few trees,
ideal for farming. “I am sure I can see 50,000 of acres of land in one
direction, and not 50 trees”Un-owned land, “a land so
inviting and still without inhabitants!”                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           







3. Is there any evidence of European attitudes
to land relating to:
                                        Private
Ownership: Mitchell talks of the land
as being free of inhabitants and free for the taking. Farming was the first
thing that came to mind upon seeing the land. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 

 

 

                             

 

‘I went on shore to look at the land, which
appeared beautiful, with scarcely any timber on.’                                                                                                                                                                   

“I am sure I can see 50,000 of acres of land in
one direction, and not 50 trees”               

                                                                                                                                                                            “The scene was different from anything I had
ever witnessed, wither in New South Wales or elsewhere”-(sir Thomas Mitchell) 

 

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British and Irish ideas of Australian
colonies

                                                                                                                                                                          

He called it Australia Felix because of the
softness of the rich soil and the flowery plains and green hills which were
fanned by the breezes of early spring, Named it that that to distinguish it
from the parched deserts of the interior country.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

Push and pull factors:                                                                                                                            

Pull

Soft soil which was easy to
farm onBeautiful land. “I went on
shore to look at the land which appeared beautiful with scarcely any timber on.
Open fields with few trees,
ideal for farming. “I am sure I can see 50,000 of acres of land in one
direction, and not 50 trees”Un-owned land, “a land so
inviting and still without inhabitants!”                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           







3. Is there any evidence of European attitudes
to land relating to:
                                        Private
Ownership: Mitchell talks of the land
as being free of inhabitants and free for the taking. Farming was the first
thing that came to mind upon seeing the land. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

 

 

 

                             

 

‘I went on shore to look at the land, which
appeared beautiful, with scarcely any timber on.’                                                                                                                                                                   

“I am sure I can see 50,000 of acres of land in
one direction, and not 50 trees”               

                                                                                                                                                                            “The scene was different from anything I had
ever witnessed, wither in New South Wales or elsewhere”-(sir Thomas Mitchell) 

 

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Group Six-james, Fintan, Michael, Pandora

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A person in want of food is a thing not known… I have never seen a beggar in Melbourne- Penelope Selby 1840

We are sure of making a comfortable living for ourselves and put our children in the way of doing so- Penelope Selby 1840

‘excellent and very rich… I never saw anything equal to the land in my life’- Penelope Selby

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Emigration to Australia had become a favorable option as it was seen as a place of opportunity for the working class. Letters from successful immigrants were published in magazines and the availability of cheap land was heavily advertised. "The supporters of emigration to Australia painted a picture of an idealised Arcadian society..." - Richard White.

2. Describe each source's perspective on migration - what push and pull factors are articulated?

3.  Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership
Imperialism
Pastoralism
Terra Nullius
Social Darwinis
Social mobility
Conditions in England

"I do not wish to begin life in old England" - Sarah Davenport

"A country where the proprietary of soil is not confined to certain classes, or the food of man... consumed only by the rich." - J.C. Byrne, Twelve Year's Wanderings in the British Colonies from 1835 to 1847
"Potato crops for on year paid the whole original cost of the land, and also the expense of cultivation." - D.McKenzie, The Emigrants Guide or Ten Years' Practical Experience in Australia.
"Land cheap because plentiful... vastly lower in price than at home" - J.C. Byrne, Twelve Year's Wanderings in the British Colonies from 1835 to 1847

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Conditions in Ireland

Push factors

Ireland was starving because the potato famine for the second year in a row and  here was a corrupt system with land lords with landlords charging a large rent which they knew would not be able to be paid. Then, the landlords would seize the land and they would sell the crops to England, with little or none being given to the peasants.

"England were pleased to find so much food coming from ireland, though often wondering why the irish people should be so poorly fed at home." -  Alexander somerville, letters from Ireland during the famine of 1847 (1.29)

"...the people were ragged to a degree of wretchedness not seen in any other country; they were lodged with their pigs," -  Alexander somerville, letters from Ireland during the famine of 1847 (1.29)

"The pay they now receive is not enough to get them food, at present prices, to keep up their working strength." -  Alexander somerville, letters from Ireland during the famine of 1847 (1.29)

Pull factors
There were large opportunities where they could gain land and wealth. A lot of migrants from Ireland were teenagers from orphanages who were very effected by the famine and coming to Australia could grant more job oppotunities.

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"The supporters of emigration to Australia painted a picture of an idealised Arcadian society..." - Richard White

"I do not wish to begin life in old England" - Sarah Davenport

Australia was seen as a place of opportunity for the working class. Letters from successful immigrants were published in magazines and the availability of cheap land was heavily advertised.

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1. How does each source view conditions in England as an inspiration/deterrent for migration?
Imagining Australia: Wages were low in England, Aus could offer double the wages. There were little working opportunities for women, and little marriage oppurtunities. After the Anglo-French war, thousands of soldiers were left unemployed. Identifies a limited diet in England of bread and potatoes.                                                                    Source 1.16: If you're sick or old, travelling to Aus was a bad idea as you would probably not make a living. It was discouraged to travel if you were already living comfortably.
Source 1.18 Looks at a rigid, hierarchical conditions in England promoting a decision to deter from Australia
' British working class could have been expected to think poorly of Australia. New from colonies was almost uniformly bad'
'Colonies were seen as sources of wealth and power which the rich could exploit to boost their ascendancy in the class struggle'
Source 1.20 Identifies Bounty collectors kidnapping people to receive money.
'The solitude of life in the woods ill accords with an Englishmans ideas of comfort.'- G H Haydon

2. How do they differ in their portrayal of the PPD?
Imagining Australia: "My sisters will get good situations as governesses until married and you may live like a Queen (in Australia)"-Penelope Selby
"the supporters of emigration to Australia painted a picture of an idealised Arcadian society, a rural Utopia, an Eden before the fall"-Historia Richard White
The textbook portrays the PPD as a prosperous place to go and make money, get a fresh start. By 1840, Australia was supplying half of Britains needs. Australia was promoted as a healthy place. A corporate society no longer existed in Australia

3. What push and pull factors are articulated by each settler?
Alan Beever identifies colonial newspapers, circulars, journals, and private communications as push factors in England. The constant advertisement of Australia was a major reason. Some young men were sent to Australia for their own health due to Australia being promoted as a healthy place. Most cam with the ambition to make their fortune in the District.

4.  Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership:
Imperialism:
Pastoralism:
Terra Nullius:
Social Darwinism:
Social mobility:
Conditions in England:

5. Find three quotes from the document that illustrate European motivations for migrating. attitudes towards the land or push/pull factors.

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Catherine, Mira, Chelsea, & Declan - Middle Class Women/Distressed Gentlewomen

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Catherine, Mira, Chelsea, & Declan - Middle Class Women/Distressed Gentlewomen

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The role of the middle class women in Victorian society was that of wife's and mothers (domesticated work). They were unable to take up paid employment without compromising their positions in society. Available jobs included teachers and governors, both of which were difficult to find. Social mobility was a large factor in the reasoning of why Australia was a desirable place to immigrate to, as this held a greater amount of opportunities for less fortunate families.

1. (Source: Penelope Selby, letter)
'...the advantage is beyond description and I would not hesitate to say none would regret leaving England...' In P. Selby's letter to her grandparents, she explains that the social mobility was present in Australia, and that as long as settlers were 'willing to work and put up with a few inconveniences and discomforts' they would be able to make a life for themselves in Melbourne.
Selby's opening lines of her letter state that she is 'comfortably settled about 25 miles from Melbourne on a station', and that her partner George has successfully began farming cattle. She states that the living expenses were 'very small'.

2. (Source: Penelope Selby, letter)
In Penelope Selby's letters to her family in England, she lists several push/pull factors of immigration to Australia.

In her letter to her grandparents, she discusses how she has experienced financial stability in Australia: 'the expense of living here being very small'.
she also discusses the wealth distibution and how it differs from England.
'I saw no begger when I was in England...'
'But to the poor industrious mechanic or laborer and his wife... the advantage is beyond description and I would not hesitate to say none would regret leaving England.'
In a letter to her mother, she discusses further opportunity for single women in Australia.
'My sisters will get good situations and governesses until married and you may live like a queen on your income' ' Courtships are always very short in this country, seen one week and married the next.'
She identifies the lack of opportunity in England by saying 'What have my sisters got to look forward to at home? Slavery all their lives to keep up an appearance..'
(Source 1.2- Penelope Selby letter, 1849)

3. (Source: Penelope Selby, letter)
Three quotes that illustrate European motivations for migrating are:
'To the poor industrious mechanic or labourer and his wife and family the advantage is beyond description and I would not hesitate to say none would regret leaving England.'
'A person in want of food is a person not known. I saw no beggar while I was in Melbourne.'
'How much better it is than staying at home with no prospect but that of bankruptcy and poverty staring us in the face.'

4.
Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership
Imperialism
Pastoralism
Terra Nullius
Social Darwinism
Social mobility
Conditions in England

5. (Source: Penelope Selby, letter & Sarah Davenport, letter)
Both in Sarah Davenport's letter, and in Penelope Selby's letter, there are obvious pull factors for both women and their families for why they felt settling in Australia would benefit their families. Although they were clearly born into different social classes, they both did not feel as though there was a great benefit in them staying in England. Selby and Davenport both mention the richness of the Australian land, and the

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Group 6: Emigration Becomes Respectable - The Impact of the Printed Word on Migration - Text pages 14=15 and sources 1.12 and 1.13 in Colonial Experience

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Group 6: Emigration Becomes Respectable - The Impact of the Printed Word on Migration - Text pages 14=15 and sources 1.12 and 1.13 in Colonial Experience

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1. From the text describe why emigration had become a favorable option and explain how the printed word 9literature/newspapers etc...) would have captured the public's imaginati0on

2. Describe each source's perspective on migration - what push and pull factors are articulated?

3.  Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership
Imperialism
Pastoralism
Terra Nullius
Social Darwinism
Social mobility
Conditions in England

4. Find three quotes from the document that illustrate European motivations for migrating. attitudes towards the land or push/pull factors.

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Group 5: Conditions in Ireland - Broome Sources 1.29-1.31 

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Group 5: Conditions in Ireland - Broome Sources 1.29-1.31 

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-1. How does each source view conditions in England as an inspiration/deterrent for migration?
-Name each source and date them separately for use in exams.

2. How do they differ in their portrayal of the PPD?

3. What push and pull factors are articulated by each settler?

4.  Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership
Imperialism
Pastoralism
Terra Nullius
Social Darwinism
Social mobility
Conditions in England

5. Find three quotes from the document that illustrate European motivations for migrating. attitudes towards the land or push/pull factors.

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Group 4: Conditions in England - Broome Colonial Experience Source 1.16, 1.18 and 1.20 - Text Pages 11-13

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Group 4: Conditions in England - Broome Colonial Experience Source 1.16, 1.18 and 1.20 - Text Pages 11-13

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TEXT: List different conditions describing the economic upheaval in 19th century England - why would these be a push factor for emigration?

1. How does each source view conditions in England as an inspiration/deterrent for migration?
-Name each source and date them separately for use in exams.

2. How do they differ in their portrayal of the PPD?

3. What push and pull factors are articulated by each settler?

4.  Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership
Imperialism
Pastoralism
Terra Nullius
Social Darwinism
Social mobility
Conditions in England

5. Find three quotes from the document that illustrate European motivations for migrating. attitudes towards the land or push/pull factors.

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Group 3: Thomas
Mitchell – British and Irish Ideas of Aus Colonies – Sources 1.12 and
1.4/1.5

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Group 3: Thomas
Mitchell – British and Irish Ideas of Aus Colonies – Sources 1.12 and
1.4/1.5

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1. Describe what Mitchell meant when he called the PPD Australia Felix?

2. List the push and pull factors articulated by Mitchell.

3. Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership
Imperialism
Pastoralism
Terra Nullius
Social Darwinism
Social mobility
Conditions in England

4. In sources 1.4/1.5 How does John Batman's report motivate John Dunmore and Charles Wedge to migrate.

5. What push and pull factors/attitudes to land are at work with them?

6. Find three quotes from the document that illustrate European motivations for migrating. attitudes towards the land or push/pull factors.

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Group 2: Middle Class Women/distressed Gentlewomen - The Selby Letter Handout and Source 1.2 from Textbook p. 9-11 AND the Sarah Davenport Letter Source 1.6 p. 15

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Group 2: Middle Class Women/distressed Gentlewomen - The Selby Letter Handout and Source 1.2 from Textbook p. 9-11 AND the Sarah Davenport Letter Source 1.6 p. 15

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TEXT: Describe the push factors that would have motivated middle class women AND distressed gentlewomen to migrate to Australia.
-should touch on:
The role of the Victorian woman in British society.
The importance of social mobility
The gender imbalance in the PPD
Aspirations of settler women.

1. What passages from this document show emigration as favorable

2. List the push and pull factors articulated by Selby - separate both sources

3. What are the ideas and values expressed in this document - use quotes to substantiate

4. Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership
Imperialism
Pastoralism
Terra Nullius
Social Darwinism
Social mobility
Conditions in England

5. How does Sarah Davenport's letter/experiences differ from Selby's in terms of her desire to migrate?

6 Find three quotes from the documents that illustrate European motivations for migrating. attitudes towards the land or push/pull factors.

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Group 1: Broome The Colonial Experience - Sources 1.1 and 1.2

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Group 1: Broome The Colonial Experience - Sources 1.1 and 1.2

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1. List reasons why the Henty's decided to migrate to the PPD District.

2. What made them decide to leave (push factors) Van Diemen's Land and when did they leave?

3. What hardships did they expect to face?

4. What hopes and motivations does he articulate?

5. Is there any evidence of European attitudes to land relating to:
Private Ownership
Imperialism
Pastoralism
Terra Nullius
Social Darwinism

6 Find two quotes from the document that illustrate European motivations for migrating. attitudes towards the land or push/pull factors.