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Izzy and Rob - we are hand writing our own notes first, haven't got round to typing yet. :) OK AS LONG AS YOU ARE GETTING THE MODERN 3 TYPES

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you are doing great, focus on the 3 types of modern V.E. as they are the way forward in a modern worl 

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you are doing great, focus on the 3 types of modern V.E. as they are the way forward in a modern worl 

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by Fin and Syd

Elizabeth Anscombe

Criticism 1: Action-based ethics is based on an obsolete, law-based worldview. This works for Natural Law or Divine Command theories, but not where God is rejected as sovereign law-giver. In the Enlightenment the Divine Law gets replaced by the moral law, and the result is “incoherent” without God.

Criticism 2: Action-based theories lack a theory of motivation. Rules are propelled to action by character. Rules are mainly negative “thou shalt not”.

Criticism 3: Action-based ethics ignores the spiritual dimension. Morality is reduced to judging actions. Spiritual qualities and goals are ignored, such as sympathy, gratitude, self-respect. Acting out of duty is actually inferior to acting out of virtue. Kant and Mill have difficulty explaining moral motivation. Moral feelings are vital for motivation.  Feelings come from training in the virtues.

Criticism 4: (Macintyre 1981) Action-based theories neglect the communal context. Macintyre argues that the Enlightenment elevated autonomy (self-rule) which ends in individualism. Morality is rooted in practices, traditions and forms of life: a moral tradition which provides a narrative structure. Out of primary loyalty to family, friends and community proper virtues flow. Moral psychology is important: a theory of how we learn and how we are motivated to be good. Only Virtue Ethics provides this.

Virtue Ethics:

Radical: Abandon rule based ethics and language. Good actions

come from a good heart. Alasdair Macintyre and Philippa Foot.

Subordinate: Rules come first. Virtues are just dispositions to obey certain rules. Geoffrey Warnock.

Complementary: Rules and virtues need each other. Virtues define the good life and provide the motive. Robert Louden.

Macintyre

We do have a telos (purpose), but that this isn't as simple as Aristotle's Eudaimonia (flourishing). We all engage in practices. Practices are activities which contain a particular idea of good within them.

Philippa Foot

Virtues are a skill, they develop with practice. Reason selects appropriate emotions for the particular situation.

Geoffrey Warnock

Virtues are dispositions to obey rules e.g. do not commit adultery = faithfulness. Moral virtues motivate right action and make it more likely. Special Forces are required to counteract selfishness, these are rewards and punishments and the “deeper force” of the virtues.

Warnock’s four virtues reinforcing rules:

Virtue -Rule

Nonmaleficence - do not harm others

Benevolence - help others

Fairness - give what deserve

Honesty- do not lie

Rules come first, virtues second.

Robert Louden

Virtue comes first, because it provides a “bigger conception” of life: every part of life is relevant, with a “long-term aspiration”: the goal of flourishing with ideals to aim for. But actions are also of (secondary) importance. Critics like Anscombe have exaggerated the difference between different theories.

Bentham, Mill and Kant employ the idea of virtue, though in a reductionist way

Bentham sees “prudence and benevolence as virtues to which all others are reducible” and sees “virtue as a disposition that maximises utility”

Kant has the “good will” as a central character trait or virtue, so “the moral worth of agents is prior to the moral worth of acts”

Though Kant does seem to reduce virtue to “strength or power of will, or mastery over one’s inclinations and constancy of purpose”.

Both Mill (to consider others’ interests) and Kant (to universalise actions) acknowledge sympathy as a key moral emotion.

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by Alex Levy.

Anscombe's criticism's of action based ethics focused on the lack of a lawgiver to dictate what actions are moral. She stated that in an atheist society that the word of God cant be moral guidance and so questioned

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by Connor Jennings and Alex Levy

Moral theories are assessed by DARM: Derivation, Application, Realism and Motivation

Ancient and medieval thought under this assessment focussed on an individuals character whereas modern thought looks at action based ethics, eg:emotivism and Utilitarianism.

Anscombe criticises these...

Derived from a theological tradition that they have abandoned. This act has rendered the theories incoherent and meaningless.

they lack a motivation for actions and are largely negative saying 'thou shalt not'

•“Deontological systems focus on an egoistic, minimal morality whose basic principles seem more preventative than positive”, Pojman(2007:157).

It ignores the spiritual qualities and goals of morality - acting out of duty is inferior to acting out of virtue.

Virtue provides moral feelings.

MacIntyre

enlightenment raised autonomy and individualism but morality is grounded in practices of family community.

Virtue helps moral psychology as it provides the "narrative structure" for development.

3 possibilities for virtue ethics:

1) radical - abandon rules, good actions come from a good heart

2) subordinate - rules come first, virtues are just dispositions to obey certain rules

3) complementary - rules and virtues need each other, virtues define the good life and provide the motive.

MacIntyre and Philippa Foot are radicals.

Geoffrey Warnock is subordinate

Robert Louden is complementary

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Well done for starting the challenge, keep going Mrs H

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Well done for starting the challenge, keep going Mrs H

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Chloe, Sophie and wejdan

Elizabeth Anscombe in 1958 published a paper called @modern moral Philosophy. Her main question was that if there is no god do we still have moral laws. A lawgiver is needed to distinguish between right and wrong.

She presented four criticisms of action based ethics:

1) action based ethics is based on as obsolete law based world view.

2) action- based theories lack a theory of motivation ( rules a propelled to action by character)

3) action based ethics ignores the spiritual dimension ( morality is reduced to judging actions- spiritual qualities and goals are ignored)

4) Action based theories neglect the communal content.

MacIntyre

Macintyre wants to restore the idea that morality should be seen in terms of human purpose and is for depending on community. MacIntyre opposes much of the individualism of today. Simply he focuses on moral problems in making the most of an entire human life.

Macintyre believed that virtue ethics has three possibilities:

1) Radical VE - which is abandon rule based ethics and language and let good actions come from a good heart.

2) Subordinate VE - rules come first and virtues are just dispositions to obey certain rules.

3) Complementary VE - rules and virtues need each other and virtues define the good life and provide the motive for human flourishment

He thinks that we have telos (purpose) however it is not as simple as eudaimonia. We engage in practises - these are activities that contain an idea of good. For example good in cricket is different from the good of raising a child. Different virtues are needed for these two different activities.

We have different roles which our modern selves have become separated from. These different roles are difficult to chose between a decision is made when we view our life as a story- called the narrative unity. Through this story this allows us to find our telos or purpose within the story. In other words we have many characteristics and personal traits however seeing our life as a whole we choose the on that will benefit us the most.

THIS IS CONFUSING

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3aKBwNHmQhLWFd3OTNYdFBMWGc&authuser=0