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Cara responding to Tess: I also noticed that in the article. It's interesting to see how it can evade detection allowing itself a longer incubation time. This makes it easier for people to get infected without knowing they have the virus.

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Cara responding to Ryann: I also think it is interesting how the article talked about the "cytokine storm" and how patients can develop new sicknesses along with having Covid.

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David: responding to Aiden- I think it is also good to explain what is in the vaccine and how it protects you because many people have the interpretation that the vaccine tracks your movements or turns you into a government mutation.

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David: responding to Eva- It is kind of threatening learning that there multiple strands of Covid-19 and it makes you wonder what the vaccine can protect you from.

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David: The article said that 80% of covid cases have either mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. The other 20% are severe and critical. It is found that covid is very similar to SARS and MERS. Finding covid in line with the two shows the presence of lymphopenia and cytokine storm having a major role in covid. Cytokine storm can cause an inflammatory-induced lung injury, which can cause other complications with the immune system.

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Response to Nathan: The graphs also show how widespread the infection is and why it is still important to stay safe and keep the viral spread low.

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Response to Abigal: It explains why different people have different experiences with the virus and why it severe, which I also thought was interesting.

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Aidan J: Reading the article makes actually taking the vaccine more interesting because it explains what is exactly going on in your body. I learned that the delivery system for the vaccine is just as important as the immune response vaccines take advantage of. So many people worry about what is being injected into their arm for the vaccine, but in reality it is pretty simplistic.

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Respondig to Eathan D- I think its really cool to learn about the way that covid is spread.  And exactly how too.

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Reply to eva waltzer- I think that its cool that there are som many varaations to the viruse but only three are dominant

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What I found that I thought was of interest was that by studying one type of epidemic and with the genomes being closely related they found that they could predict the pattern of the virus. This was from the section of the Introduction.

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Responding to Grace Muchmore- the fact that it was able to spread that quickly without anyone noting or knowing is horrifying.

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Responding to Kendall Hubbell- it is very worrisome that not much is known about Covid-19 and before your post I was under the impression that the incubation period was 1-2 days not 2-14 days this gives the virus more time to spread without anyone noticing it.

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In the section called ¨Emerging profiles of SARS-CoV-2 infection¨ what I found interesting is that SARS-CoV-2 infiltrated cells using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 which is expressed in most animals species it also supports cross-species and human to human transmission events.

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Written by Maria Hall- Responding to Olivia Huff. I totally agree, it's so interesting that even with our advanced technology that we still have so many things we don't know about. But it is inspiring how quickly we learn how to deal with things and to make a solution for it.

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Written by Maria Hall- Responding to Molly O'Keefe. I also found this fascinating. It's interesting to see the different reactions to COVID 19 so it's nice to see why it happens differently to some. Your response was well written and very knowledgeable.  I also liked how you connected it to class

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Eva W responding to Madelynne- I thought it was very interesting that 80% of COVID cases present with asymptomatic or mild symptoms. I knew this happened to some but I never knew it was this many.

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Eva Walzer- Reponding to Kemper E- I also was interested to learn about all the different strands of covid. It's something I've never heard about and I think its wild they  can cause another pandemic.

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Eva Walzer- After reading the articles I learned and found it interesting that there are so many different strands of covid and 3 main strands. I also found it interesting that certain strands of covid are more contagious then others. "SAR-CoV-2 is more contagious then MERS-CoV" I found this very interesting that there are different strands that can lead to another pandemic.

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By Olivia Huff - Responding to Kemper Egan - From this article, I am also beginning to learn about the different strands. I am glad this information was presented to me, because I haven't heard much about it. It's important to obtain knowledge on something that directly affects you and the rest of the world.

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By Olivia Huff - Responding to Kylie Poe - I also found this very interesting. I also like how you connected the information in the article to the information we are starting to learn about in class. It's incredible how we can have such advanced technology, that we can battle three different types of corona viruses.

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By Olivia Huff - As I read though the article, certain sections like "Host-Pathogen Interaction: Emerging Profiles of SARS-CoV-2" and "Immunopathology of COVID-19 Infection" frequently mentions information that I found very interesting. As the author of this article is discussing key features about COVID-19, they continuously say how we have limited information on many details about COVID-19. I find that very important. I understand that this was mentioned in very few parts of this article, but it is crucial to bring this to light due to the fact that misunderstandings and mistakes may occur. It is incredible to think about how we as a society have improved so immensely in the medical field, but there are still critical misunderstandings that happen. These sections of the article personally taught me that as smart and as amazing we are as humans, we can't immediately understand everything. Knowledge comes with hard work and much time.

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Responding to William: I also found that chart really interesting. It was cool to see the different strands and weird to think they all reside in Bats. I also am grateful that the strand with such a high reproductive number has a lower mortality rate.

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Responding to Kylie: I also think this would be a super-efficient way to handle all three strands. It would be really cool if somebody were to identify this, and hopefully soon before a new strand becomes prevalent.

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After reading the article, I came to understand the different strands, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and most recently, SARS-CoV-2. Of the three,  "SAR-CoV-2 is more contagious than MERS-CoV and may cause an epidemic-
ic or even a pandemic if the transmission is uncontrolled". This could be attributed to this particular strand's high reproductive number or (Ro).

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Responding to Tess B- I found it interesting how COVID-19 is able to invade immune detection at the beginning stage of the infection and that if the virus is successful then the person can die because of the infection.

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Responding to William G- I found it interesting to hear about how many different strands of CoV there were and how they have similar features but scientists can still tell the difference between them.

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In the "Immunopathology of COVID-19", I found it interesting that, "At present, the mortality rate of COVID-19 worldwide is approximately 2.4% which are caused by multi-organ failure especially in elderly people and people with underlying health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes." This shows why a certain category of people get infected and get it worse than others. In the "Adaptive Immune Response" I found it interesting when it said, "For T cell epitopes, it will help in designing a cross-reactive vaccine that protects against all three human coronaviruses in the future." This is interesting because we are learning about epitopes and how they recognized the antibodies and antigen receptors on lymphocytes which can be useful in the future. COVID-19 is still a problem and even with a vaccine, we can see we infected with it. There are many new things to learn and discover about COVID-19 that scientists are still looking for today.

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Responding to Ella- I agree with you, I believe that with all the research that has been done on past viruses that this vaccine will work. I hope this vaccine works so that everything can start to go back to normal.

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Responding to Faith- I found that interesting too, it definitely explains how this virus seemed to blow up over night. This also shows how important it is to wear a mask until everyone gets vaccinated.

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Response to Abby Holman: I also wonder why the antibody response was late but it may be attributed to old age and slower immune system since the mortality rates in elderly is higher than any other age group.  This really shows just how important the antibody response is to overcoming infections and foreign material

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Responding to Will-  I noticed the disparity between these strains and their mortality rates as well and thought it was interesting.  When I first looked at figure A, I didn't really notice how much more deadly the other strains were but then I looked at Figure B, and those mortality percentages were much higher than I originally thought they were

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I think it is interesting how coronaviruses are able to evade immune detection at the early stage of infection by "inhibiting the innate immune responses, especially type 1 interferon recognition and signaling," which is why they have a longer incubation time than the flu.  When these viruses are successful at doing this, there is a better chance that the person infected will die because there was one study that found people who died had a much lower type 1 interferon response than people who were able to recover.

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Responding to Kendall - I also found that interesting, wouldn't it just make sense to study the COVID-19 to SARS and MERS? It would make sense to study the mRNA and DNA and find the similarities between the two, but on the contrary, the covid virus is rapidly mutationing, so this must make it harder.

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One thing I found interesting in the article was Within two months of the SAR-CoV-2 outbreak, at least 7 companies quickly developing a vaccine by using mRNA and DNA. They gathered of important information for vaccine development and had help from international doctors. In development quickly move forward. Lesson-learned rom Zika, in order to speed up the available vaccine during going outbreak, preclinical studies of SAR-CoV-2 vaccine candidates may need to be performed in parallel with clinical trials.

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Something I found interesting was that in the future we could be able to create a one cross reactive vaccine that could protect against all three human corona viruses. "If overlapping epitopes among the three viruses can be identified, it will be beneficial for application in passive immunization using convalescent serum from recovered SARS or MERS patients." I liked this because we could save lots of resources by only using one vaccine to treat similar viruses, and it plays into what we are talking about in class surrounding adaptive immunity. The Th1 immune response plays an important role in adaptive immunity for viral infections. All the different cells work together by killing viral infected cells, creating antibodies, and limiting infections.

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Responding to Ryann: I didn't know this! This is a really goof thought and it is well orginized and easy to read!

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Responding to Ally Ginder: I totally agree! That's funny how we just learned this vocab!

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I found it interesting how in the "Immunology of COVID-19" section they said that each individual can spread COVID to around 2.2 other people! And how around 80% of all COVID cases are shown as asyptomatic! This is so crazy to think that we can breathe and automatically get someone sick! Overall such an interesting article.

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I found it interesting how different the strands of CoV were. On the top of page 3, there is a table that examines the differences. While the current strand of coronavirus that is causing the pandemic has a low mortality rate, the rate of infection and spread is much higher than the other strands. MERS CoV had much fewer cases, but the mortality rate was over 34 percent. It is interesting to me that while these strands have many similar features, they differ widely as to how they affect the human body. - This is posted twice I wasn't signed in first.

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I found it interesting how different the strands of CoV were. On the top of page 3, there is a table that examines the differences. While the current strand of coronavirus that is causing the pandemic has a low mortality rate, the rate of infection and spread is much higher than the other strands. MERS CoV had much fewer cases, but the mortality rate was over 34 percent. It is interesting to me that while these strands have many similar features, they differ widely as to how they affect the human body.

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Kat W: In the article "Immune Responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic". Something that I found it interesting was when it said, "To mount an antiviral response, innate immune cells need to recognize the invasion of the virus, often by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)." I found this interesting because it mentions innate immune cells which was one of our vocabulary words for this unit. I found this article very interesting because it mentions many things we are learning about in class, and it is also mentions things that are currently happening in the world.

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I found this article fascinating especially since our technology has come so far that we are able to study the different strains such as MERS-Cov and SARS-Cov to see what we can apply to COVID-19. In the passage "Adaptive Immune Responses: A Clue for Future Vaccine Development?" it states, "If overlapping epitopes among the three viruses can be identified, it will be beneficial for application in passive immunization using convalescent serum from recovered SARS or MERS patients. For T cell epitopes, it will help in designing cross reactive vaccine that protect against all three human corona-viruses in the future." The fact at the beginning of the pandemic it seemed like we would never understand this strain of COVID to now where we have a vaccine and could develop a vaccine that could fight all three strains is inspiring. Biotechnology is underappreciated and the fact we were able to take data from the other strains and research from the current strain to then find solutions and get multiple vaccines out fairly quickly just shows how much of a need there is for the furthering of biotechnology. Written by Maria Hall (it did not let me name myself)

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Responding to Kendall - I had no idea that we didnt even know what pathogen covid comes from! Well written responce

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Responding to Sarah - Thats very intresting I didn't know that an individual could spread it to 2.2 people. Your responce was well writen and easy to follow

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In the "Adaptive Immune Responses: A Clue for Future Vaccine Development" I thought it was intresting when it said, " For both types of coronavirus infections, delayed and weak antibody response are associated with severe outcome." I wonder what caused the antibody responce to be late.

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Responding to Laurel- Your response is well written and I also find it interesting how researchers found the similarities in our genomes with animals. I like how you included and explained what the graphs meant.

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Responding to Ally- I agree with you, I understand what the article is discussing when they talk about lymphocytes because of our vocab tests. I found it interesting that increased neutrophils and decreased lymphocytes connected to patient deaths.

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In the passage ¨Immunopathology of COVID-19¨ it was interesting that the COVID-19 can be asymptomatic between 2-14 days. ¨COVID-19 has a probable asymptomatic incubation period between 2 and 14 days
during which the virus can be transmitted. For this reason, the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has occurred with the basic R0 of 2.2-2.6, meaning that on average each individual has the potential to spread the infection to 2.2 other people.¨ This means about 80% of patients in the hospital with COVID-19 presented with asymptomatic or mild symptoms. About 20% remained critical, those patients are either older or have underlying conditions. Later on into the passage it explains that the majority of patients with COVID-19 developed lymphopenia and pneumonia. This connects to our studies on the immune system and responses in class.

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The first thing I found interesting was the fact that researchers were able to find that the "intermediate host candidate was thought to be pangolins," because of the similarities of the genome sequences from the animals and from humans infected with SARS-CoV-2. I found it really fascinating that researchers were able to discover what animal was the cause of the disease outbreak (Host-Pathogen Interaction section). I also found the graph on page two very interesting as well. The graph showed that the number of cases of SARS-CoV-2 was a lot higher than that of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (the numbers were: 75,725, 8,096, and 2,494 respectively). I though this was interesting because all cause similar infectious diseases, yet the number of cases are so different. In the Iimmunopathology section, I though it was interesting that, because how how contagious SARS-CoV-2 is, an infected person has, "the potential to spread the infection to 2.2 other people." This is due to the R0 of 2.2-2.6 that SARS-CoV-2 has. I also though the Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection section was fascinating because it mentioned a lot of the things that we have talked about it class. I found it especially interesting that "increased neutrophils and decreased lymphocytes also correlate with disease severity and death." I also found it interesting that SARS-CoV-2 infects macrophages and T Cells because both of those are so important in creating an effective immune response. I also found the description of the genome differences and similarities that SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV have interesting as well. Overall, I think that this article was both interesting and fascinating. I learned a lot of information!

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I found the section called "Immunopathology of COVID-19" very interesting. In the first paragraph, it states "the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is still under investigation" so the scientists don't even know what pathogenesis COVID-19 is made of and they still don't know what kind of pathogenesis SARS-CoV-2 is made of. COVID-19 has an asymptomatic incubation period between 2 and 14 days in which the virus can be transferred to another human. COVID-19 is transmitted through close contact, an individual can be infected when the infected individual coughs or sneezes in close contact. In This section, it compares COVID-19 to SARS and MERS, they all have very similar clinical presentations.

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On the second page, I was interested in the graphs. In the graphs I was surprised to look at how low the percentage of deaths are for Sars-CoV1 and 2 and also Mers-CoV. If you get any of these, then you have a high percentage of loving from Covid.

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Cara Hadland- Sections: "Immunopathology of Covid-19" and "Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms". I thought it was interesting how they talked about the asymptomatic incubation period. In two sections, the article talks about how Covid-19 has a probable asymptomatic incubation period between 2 and 11 days during which the virus can be transmitted. The incubation period is much longer, especially when compared to influenza (1-4 days) because it is able to effectively evade host immune detection in the early stages of infection. Whether you have yet to develop symptoms (presymptomatic) or will never develop symptoms (asymptomatic), you can still spread the virus to other people without knowing. This accounts for the rapid increase in Covid-19 cases.

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While reading "Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines:Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic" what caught my eye the most was how SAR-CoV-2 came up and how it spread so quickly. While reading the passage says  (27 out of 41 cases) had links to the Wuhan seafood market. They believe it was the animal that was normally traded but no specific animal associates with Covid yet. Then as i kept reading it states"A larger study with 425 patients also confirmed human-to-human transmission in which most of the patients (200 out of 277) who were diagnosed during January 1–22, 2020, had never been exposed to either the Wuhan market or been in close contact with individuals with respiratory symptoms. So human-to-human contact is the reason this disease is spreading too quickly. So it made me think did SAR-coV-2 actually come from this market in china.

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Responding to Madelynne-- I think you did great by explaining the study evidence and I thought it was really cool to know that 80% of COVID cases presented with asymptomatic or mild symptoms. I knew it was a large number of people, but I didn't know the exact percentage.

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Responding to Molly -- I also think it's cool to see the reasoning behind COVID's increased incubation time. I think you did a great job explaining your section of the article.

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By: Ally Ginder - In the Innate Immune Response section, I found it interesting that this Wuhan report said "in 41 patients, increased total neutrophils, (and) decreased total lymphocytes in patients of ICU vs. non-ICU care were found to be statistically different." In other words, They also detected that increased neutrophiles and decreased lymphocytes also correlate with severity and death. This means that patients in ICU care showed much higher levels of innate cytokines. This report suggested the high probability of the likelihood of involvement of highly pro-inflammatory condition in the specific disease severity. This study is showing that patients showing increased neutrophiles and a decreased amount of lymphocytes strongly connect to patient death. This was really cool to read because I feel like I understand what they are talking about because I recognize most of the keywords, thanks to the vocab tests and our notes in class. This information connected our recent classwork to the real world.

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Something that I found interesting in the "Immunopathology of COVID-19" section is the "cytokine storm." In the passage it says, "This so-called 'cytokine storm' can initiate viral sepsis and inflammatory-induced lung injury which lead to other complications including pneumonitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, shock, organ failure and potentially death. Further autopsy or biopsy studies are necessary to understand more details of this disease." This quote is showing us that people who have already been diagnosed with COVID-19 can develop new sicknesses, along with COVID. People who have been diagnosed with these certain diseases, have a higher mortality rate than others that don't. This is a continuous problem, because most research about COVID-19 has not been completed and there is still so much unknown about the disease.

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In the "Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms" section of the article, I thought it was interesting that "For adaptive immune evasion, antigen presentation via MHC class I and MHC class II was downregulated when the macrophages or dendritic cells were infected with MERS-CoV, which would markedly diminish T cells activation." This shows the reasoning behind why COVID has such an increased incubation time, and why some people have a difficult time fighting it off. It is interesting that the virus infects the cells that detect viruses, and thus stops the body from forming that first line of defense early on. COVID obviously causes a bigger problem with this ability and is one of the reasons that many people have died. This connects to our study on immune response in class.

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in the "Immunopathology of COVID-19" I found it interesting the range and variety of symptoms and as well as severity. it states "Based on hospitalized patient data, the majority of COVID-19 cases (about 80%) presented with asymptomatic or with mild symptoms while the remainder is severe or critical." which shows that while most don't, there are at least %20 of those infected (mostly elderly or immunocompromised) who experience severe symptoms, and given the rising and already very high infection rate, this %20 has become a considerable number now. another interesting variable is the range of symptoms, while it has the usual cough, fever sour throat, etc., there are also patients who developed pneumonia or lymphopenia. or even more unusual, while only a small percentage, experience intestinal symptoms, and elderly patients even experiencing organ failure. these variables show just how little we truly know of COVID-19, whether it is yet unseen symptoms or new mutated strains or severity in relation to a patient, all remains as of now unknown.

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in the "Immunopathology of COVID-19" I found it interesting the range and variety of symptoms and as well as severity. it states "potential to spread the infection to 2.2 other people.1,21
Based on hospitalized patient data, the majority of COVID-19 cases (about 80%) presented with asymptomatic or with
mild symptoms while the remainder is severe or critical." which shows that while most don't, there are at least %20 of those infected (mostly elderly or immunocompromised) who experience severe symptoms, and given the rising and already very high infection rate, this %20 has become a considerable number now. another interesting variable is the range of symptoms, while it has the usual cough, fever sour throat, etc., there are also patients who developed pneumonia or lymphopenia. or even more unusual, while only a small percentage, experience intestinal symptoms, and elderly patients even experiencing organ failure. these variables show just how little we truly know of COVID-19, whether it is yet unseen symptoms or new mutated strains or severity in relation to a patient, all remains as of now unknown.

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In the section "Prophylactic Vaccines: Is it possible?" I thought it was informative that, "Recent mRNA vaccine designs have improved stability and protein translation efficiency thus it could induce robust immune responses." This means that an mRNA vaccine could actually make the immune system stronger. This is relevant to not only our class, but the integration of science technology into everyday social life with the new COVID-19 vaccine. There are many skeptics on this new vaccine, but research based on the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV vaccines show that the COVID-19 vaccine has a high probability of working and strengthening the immune system to eradicate this coronavirus.

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In the "Immunopathology of COVID-19" Section of the article, I thought it was interesting that, "Most patients also developed lymphopenia and pneumonia with characteristic pulmonary ground glass opacity changes on chest CT." Meaning that even though some people were already suffering from the COVID- 19 virus, it led to them also contracting pneumonia or other serious diseases because their immune systems were already compromised trying to fight the infection of the corona virus. The doctors are able to tell that some covid patients in hospitals could also be getting other deadly viruses while in the hospital being treated. This is a problem for a multitude of reasons, but the main one being that the immune systems of these patients are already compromised, which makes fighting more than one viral infection very very difficult.

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In the "Adaptive Immune Responses: A Clue for Future Vaccine Development" section, I found it interesting when they mentioned, "Helper T cells orchestrate the overall adaptive response, while cytotoxic T cells are essential in killing of viral infected cells. Humoral immune response, especially production of neutralizing antibody, plays a protective role by limiting infection at later phase and prevents reinfection in the future" because not only did we just have a vocab test over many of those words (Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, etc...) but it's comparing what we're learning in class to what is happening in the real world.