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He was born a slave.  He had hopes to be educated, so he traveled from a small farm in Virginia to Hampton Institute in order to get an education. Later, he started working with white southerners and and Northern philanthropists to turn a broken down building into a school.  When Washington was to give a speech in 1895, after he became a national hero, he publicly accepted social segregation, but also states why it was important for a black man to get an education.  He also founded the Tuskegee Institute (“The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Jim Crow Stories . Booker T. Washington: PBS.”). #blackeducation

https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_people_booker.html

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“ De jure segregation is the legally allowed or enforced separation of groups of people” (Longley).
https://www.thoughtco.com/de-jure-segregation-definition-4692595

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Jim Crow laws were the laws that white Southerners had created to deprive African Americans of basic rights (Levy 11).

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https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws/
This image shows a colored person drinking from the water fountain designated for colored people.

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African Americans faced segregation in transportation.  Jim Crow Cars were created which referred to the idea that colored people would not be able to ride in the same cars, trains, or buses as whites.  Diane Nash, who was a civil rights activist said that traveling for blacks in the south was humiliating due to the segregation.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/freedom-riders-jim-crow-laws/

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“racial, ethnic, or other segregation resulting from societal differences between groups, as socioeconomic or political disparity, without institutionalized legislation intended to segregate” (dictionary.com)

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Jim Crow started as a character, by Thomas Dartmouth Rice, and ended up creating a stereotype for blacks (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”).
https://www.britannica.com/summary/Jim-Crow-Laws-Timeline

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https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/booker-t-washington

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This is the period between when slavery is abolished and when the Jim Crow laws come into play. The south came up with their own laws known as the black code laws, which limit where blacks could work and what they would receive for pay (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”). #blackcodelaws

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In the North, it was hard for African Americans to find a home in most of the neighborhoods. There were many neighborhoods in the North that were just for African Americans.

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“I looked for a seat away from them, but although the bus was almost empty, only the rear was reserved for us and there was nothing to do but move back with them” (Ellison 151).  This quote shows how IM was forced to sit in the back of the bus because that was the area that was reserved for colored people.

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https://64parishes.org/entry-image/white-and-jim-crow-railcars
This cartoon demonstrates how the blacks got the short end of the stick when it came to transportation because they were forced to sit in the back of the buses, in not great conditions.

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Segregation occurred in the workplace as well. Most African-Americans weren’t hired by white-owned businesses. If they were hired, they weren’t allowed to use the same equipment, doorways, stairs, or elevators. In some places they completely separated them into their own space, so there was no interaction between the African American workers and the white workers (Sharp 27).

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https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/african-american-workers-20thc.htm
This image shows how all of the African Americans were working together as postal workers.  They were unable to be clerks due to their skin color.

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African Americans faced segregation in the military. White officers would insult African Americans. They also had to live in their own quarters and were given weapons that were old and didn’t work as well (Sharp 35).

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Many white refer to the Blacks as Negro “problems” (Packard 83).

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“ ‘I was trying to tell you that I know many things about you-not you personally, but fellows like you’ “ (Ellison 187).  This quote displays how a white man interacted with Invisible Man.  He was being stereotypical about black men by saying that he knows things about him and his race.

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Roosevelt asked Booker T. Washington for dinner at the White House.  South Carolina’s senator, Benjamin’s “Pitchfork” Tillman was furious with the actions of Roosevelt and respond with “the action of President Roosevelt in entertaining that n***** will necessitate our killing a thousand n***** in the South before they will learn their place again” (Packard 80). #senatorsmad

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“White people had moved out of the neighborhood in the early 1900s, when African Americans from the South started heading north to Chicago” (Levy 39).

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The official start of the Jim Crow Laws, Hall v. DeCuir, which states “that states cannot prohibit segregation on common carriers such as railroads, streetcars, and riverboats.” This resulted in sitting separately in any of these carriers (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”).

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https://www.thoughtco.com/de-jure-segregation-definition-4692595
This image shows how people could be fined if they did not sit in the correct areas on buses.

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While there are not laws that promote segregation in schools, kids tend to go to schools located near their homes.  When white people moved out of the neighborhoods as colored people moved in, it led to mainly black communities.  This led to schools in which are primarily of color (Longley).  #defacto#notfair
https://www.thoughtco.com/de-facto-segregation-definition-4692596

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https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-return-of-school-segregation-in-eight-charts/
This is an image showing a school for African Americans.

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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/26/racial-segregation-on-us-inter-state-transport-to-end-archive-1955
White had separate waiting rooms to use public transportation, each waiting room led to the different sections they needed to sit.

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“Separate but equal”, Supreme Court rules that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”). #seperatebutequal

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Louisiana Separate Car Act of 1890, states that blacks and white must be in separate railroad cars, “equal but separate accommodation” (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”).

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This day in history was the main reason the Jim Crow Law era lasted so long.  Plessy v. Ferguson ruled against the black citizens, maintaining the Separate Car Act (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”).

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The Jim Crow Laws continued to spread over these 50 years. Many areas of life have be segregated including churches, schools, sports, businesses, hospitals, and parks. Miscegenation laws are created making it illegal for whites and blacks to marry cohabitate. (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”).

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Ku Klux Klan and Lynch mobs attacked blacks during their protests making it hard for them to protest of resist the Jim Crow laws (Jim Crow Laws Timeline”). #kukluxklan
https://www.britannica.com/summary/Jim-Crow-Laws-Timeline

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https://www.vox.com/2018/3/15/17124620/green-book-black-americans-travel-segregation
Many businesses only sold to white people.

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https://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030920/the-jim-crow-north.html
The lynch mobs would use anything they can to fight the Blacks, many of the blacks were outnumbers during these time as well.

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This is the start of the down fall of the Jim Crow Laws. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruled that “separate but equal” is unconstitutional, it states that it creates inequalities in education and  black children end up with psychological harm as well (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”). #seperatebutequal#not

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The end of the Jim Crow law era congress passed multiple laws to lessen discrimination and segregation (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”).

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights Act of 1965

Fair Housing Act of 1968

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Another court case was ruled unconstitutional, Loving v. Virginia 1967, which ruled that the miscegenation laws were unconstitutional which, along with the the laws passed, help end the Jim Crow laws . (“Jim Crow Laws Timeline”).

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White’s schools got more funding compared to black’s, on average for every one dollar that goes to white’s schools, fifty cents goes to black’s schools (“Living with Segregation”).
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/partners-living-segregation/

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Many African Americans were forced off their farm lands because they feared violence. African Americans would be threatened to leave their land. Once African Americans would flee their property, it was easy for white people to take ownership of the land. Not only was their violence over farm land, African Americans would face property damage. Their equipment would either be broken or stolen, their mules were poisoned, and their crops were destroyed (Sharp 57).

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“ ‘Let me get at that big n*****!’... ‘Let me at those black sonabitches!’... ‘I want to get at that gingered-colored n*****.  Tear him limb from limb’ “(Ellison 21).  This quote shows the disrespectful words that were yelled at the colored people who were forced to fight in front of a crowd.  The fight itself embarrassed the people of color and these harsh words being shouted out to them made it worse.

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Ida bought a first class train ticket, but because she was black she was ordered to go to the Jim Crow car (black’s car). When she refused because she bought the ticket, the conductor ejected her from the train, she then sued and won at first, but then it got reversed in an appeals court. Later in life, she was editor of a newspaper, “THE FREE SPEECH AND HEADLIGHT”.  She wrote about the violence against black, poor schools, and failure of blacks to fight for their rights. Because of this she was fired and started her own newspaper. When her friends were lynched, she wrote about it in her paper, and told people to leave Memphis. She wrote many articles about white violence and lynching, exposing herself to danger.  #refuse#violence#writer
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_people_wells.html

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“This really was Harlem, and now all the stories which I had heard of the city-within-a-city leaped alive in my mind. The vet had been right: For me this was not a city of realities, but of dreams; perhaps because I had always thought of my life as being confined to the South” (Ellison 159). This quote shows that the North had more opportunities for African Americans than the South did, due to the strict laws prohibiting African Americans from doing a variety of things.

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“Live with your mouth in the lion’s mouth.  I want you to overcome ‘me with yeses, undermine’ em with grins, agree ‘me to death...” (Ellison 16). This quote displays how African Americans were expected to conform to the white’s stereotypes and rules against them.

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“ ‘College for Negroes... took a hundred years to build?’ “(Ellison 140).  This quote shows how the college that the Invisible Man attended was for colored people only.  Also, the university took a long time to put in place due to segregation and strict laws prohibiting colored people from receiving an education.

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“I spoke even louder in spite of the pain. But still they talked and still they laughed, as though deaf with cotton in dirty ears” (Ellison 30). This quote shows how the white people would talk around and say rude things to the African Americans, as if they were not able to hear the insults.

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Segregation took place in many different public areas. Many laundromats around the South would decline African Americans clothes (Sharp 28). In some courthouses, African Americans would be given different bibles than white people to swear on. https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws

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https://yogiberramuseum.org/when-baseball-led-america/images/
This image shows a sign that most laundromats would have in the South.

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“And between the flashing of cars I could see the cop propping himself on his elbows like a drunk trying to get his head up, shaking it and thrusting forward—And somewhere between the dull roar of traffic and the subway vibrating underground I heard rapid explosions... and Clifton still facing the cop and suddenly crumpling (Ellison 436).  In this quote, the harsh treatments that African Americans receive was displayed.  The cop shot the colored man, instead of warning him or just arresting him.

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https://www.biography.com/activist/ida-b-wells

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“The white folk tell everybody what to think...” (Ellison 143).  This quote shows how white people try to force thoughts on the African Americans.  This leads to the African Americans having to conform to the white’s stereotypes and segregation put in place.