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After analyzing the significance of the different political factors that have influenced U.S. immigration policy to change, I can conclude that different political parties, increasing conservative and anti-immigrant views, and the lack of supporting the immigrants' needs have been the most influential political factors. Based on this, the solution to the current immigration policy is to change it by making it uniform for every government in the US (decrease conflicts), set a somewhat restrictive policy, but one that fits the needs of immigrants in order to decrease conflicts and improve the immigration process.

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This article connects to Falling Outside: Excavating the History of Central American Asylum Seekers, by both arguing that U.S. immigration policies have to fit the needs for asylum seekers. This connects back to the research question, by evaluating how the U.S. immmigration policies need to change in order to fit the asylum seeker’s needs.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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Discussing how conservative and anti-immigrant views lead to more restrictive immigration policies. This connects back to the research question because it addresses the reasons for such current restrictive immigrant policies. And connects to the next theme of how current policies need to better fit the needs of asylum seekers.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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Discussing how executive actions done under different presidents, from different political parties, have affected immigration policies. This connects back to the research question by relating to what ideals and how certain perspectives influence U.S. immigration policies. And connects to our next theme of how increasing levels of conservative ideals and nativism also influences current U.S. immigration policies.

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These sources explain how a large amount of American citizens believe that Latin American immigrants  are a significant and disproportionate source of crime in the United States which has increased a feeling of nativism within the United States. However, these studies found no link between violent crime and illegal immigration and a negative relationship between the number of illegal immigrants and most types of nonviolent crime. Thus, increasing immigration enforcement and deporting more illegal immigrants does not reduce the crime rate, which would occur if illegal immigrants were more crime prone than natives.

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This article connects to The Legal Landscape of U.S. Immigration: An Introduction, by both article’s talking about the importance of policies to support the immigrants, either through immigration integration or through legal protection like DACA. This connects back to the research question by evaluating how the U.S. immmigration policies need to change in order to fit the asylum seeker’s needs.

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This article connects to The Effectiveness of Immigration Policies, as both articles address the current issues of immigration policies and how it affects the migration flows in a negative manner. This ties back to the research question, by evaluating how the current immigration policies for asylum seekers are not helpful.

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Both of these sources explain the broad executive actions that have led to changes that reflect specific presidential preferences. For example, under Obama, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) offered protection from deportation to those who crossed the border as children with their parents without authorization. On the other hand, under Trump, executive actions made by Trump boosted immigration enforcement, banned persons of particular national origins from U.S. entry, and limited noncitizens’ access to asylum.

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This source connects to The Trump Administration in Latin America: Continuity and Change, because they both discuss how conservative and anti-immigrant views lead to more restrictive immigrtion policies. This connects back to the research question because it addresses the reasons for such current restrictives immigrant policies.

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This source connects to The Trump Administration in Latin America: Continuity and Change, because they both discuss how conservative and anti-immigrant views lead to more restrictive immigrtion policies. This connects back to the research question because it addresses the reasons for such current restrictives immigrant policies.

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These sources explain the negative consequences for both U.S. immigration policy and immigrants because of the current immigration issues, like the U.S.’s restrictive enforcement, failure of immigration reform, tensions between national, state, and local policies regarding undocumented immigration, and the total absence of federal policies addressing immigrant integration.

Analyzes cases of asylum which were designed to help a person who has left his or her country of citizenship due to that country’s failure to enforce minimal human-rights protections that citizenship is supposed to secure.

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This source connects to The Legal Landscape of U.S. Immigration: An Introduction, because both sources discuss how executive actions done under different presidents, from different political parties, have affected immigration policies. This connects back to the research question by relating to what ideals and how certain perspectives influence U.S. immigration policies.

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Research Question: What political factors have influenced current U.S. immigration policies to be more restrictive or change them? (POLITICAL)

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Research Question: What political factors have influenced current U.S. immigration policies to be more restrictive or change them? (POLITICAL)

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Source #2: Forward into History: Understanding Obama’s Latin American Policy

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Source #2: Forward into History: Understanding Obama’s Latin American Policy

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The author, Julia Buxton, discusses how the 2008 presidential campaign in the uNited States raised expectations that the election of the Democratic Party candidate, Obama, would lead to a great change in the direction and execution of U.S. foreign policy. Contrastingly, Obama’s Latin American policy was characterized by challenges faced by the United State on issues such as drugs, poverty, and immigration while deepening U.S. isolation and ideological distance from Latin American countries. This article talks about how Obama’s policy calls into question assumed distinctions between Democratic and Republican Party approaches while highlighting the limited space for policy reform in the U.S. political system.

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Source #4: U.S. Immigration Policy and the Language Characteristics of Immigrants

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Source #4: U.S. Immigration Policy and the Language Characteristics of Immigrants

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The author, Gillian Stevens, discusses how the United States contains sizable non-English language populations, which are largely a product of recent immigration. This is a consequence of not having an official policy concerning the English language or non-English languages at the federal level. First, the lack of official policy at the federal level means that the language characteristics of immigrants are largely a by-product of the nature of immigration streams to the United States. Second, the more negative responses toward the language characteristics of immigrants (and of minority language populations in general) become most apparent when immigration levels are high and the proportions of immigrants lacking fluency in English are also high. Third, the lack of an overarching policy about language skills of potential immigrants means that public and political responses to the language skills (or lack of them) of immigrants occur at local or state levels and are highly variable. General attitudes towards immigrants are the end product of a wide and complex array of factors. Decades of low levels of immigration have been marked by a general tolerance-and sometimes appreciation-of immigrants and their distinctive cultural attributes, whilce decades of increasing levels of immigration have often been marked by evidence of nativism. The influx of non-English speaking immigrants around the turn of the 20th century was followed by increasing levels of nativism and increasingly restrictive legislation affecting minority language populations. The more recent upturn in levels of immigration has re-awakened questions surrounding the role of English in the United States and the treatment of immigrant minority language populations.

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Source #1: The Legal Landscape of U.S. Immigration: An Introduction

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Source #1: The Legal Landscape of U.S. Immigration: An Introduction

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The authors, Katharine M. Donato and Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, talk about the broad executive actions that have led to changes that reflect specific presidential preferences. For example, under Obama, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) offered protection from deportation to those who crossed the border as children with their parents without authorization. On the other hand, under Trump, executive actions made by Trump boosted immigration enforcement, banned persons of particular national origins from U.S. entry, and limited noncitizens’ access to asylum.

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Source #5: Falling Outside: Excavating the History of Central American Asylum Seekers

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Source #5: Falling Outside: Excavating the History of Central American Asylum Seekers

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The author, Susan Bibler Coutin, talks about the legal advocacy for Central American asylum seekers in her scholarly article, Falling Outside: Excavating the History of Central American Asylum Seekers. In her article, Coutin goes into specifics of how this has been influential in the development of US asylum law in addressing immigrants’ needs. This article analyzes cases of asylum which were designed to help a person who has left his or her country of citizenship due to that country’s failure to enforce minimal human-rights protections that citizenship is supposed to secure. This scholarly article looks at three time periods where Central Americans were denied to come to the United States: the 1980s, 1990s, and the 2000s. In the 1980s, US administrations argued that Central Americans were economic immigrants; the 1990s, when civil wars in El Salvador and Guatemala came to an end; and the 2000s, when some Salvadoran youths in removal proceedings have argued that they faced persecution as perceived or actual gang members.

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Source #3: Illegal Immigrant Incarceration Rates, 2010-2018: Demographics and Policy Implications

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Source #3: Illegal Immigrant Incarceration Rates, 2010-2018: Demographics and Policy Implications

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The author, Landgrave, discusses how President Trump prioritized arresting and deporting illegal immigrants, due to his argument that they are a significant and disproportionate source of crime in the United States. This article attempts to estimate illegal imigration incarceration rates in the United States by using American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample form the U.S. Census. According to the study, immigrants are less likely to be incarcerated than native-born Americans relative to their share of the population. Separately, legal immigrants and illegal immigrants each are less likely to be incarcerated than native-bron Americans. According to Cato Institute, data from the Texas Department of Public Safety revealed that illegal immigrants had a criminal conviction rate about half that pf native-born Americans in Texas in 2015 and 2017. These studies found no link between voilent crime and illegal immigration and a negative rleationsjip between the number of illegal immigrants and most typs of nonvoielnt crime. Thus, increasing immigration enforcement and deporting more illegal immigrants does not reduce the crime rate, which would occur if illegal immigrants were more crime prone than natives.

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Source #6: The Illegality Trap: The Politics of Immigration & the Lens of Illegality

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Source #6: The Illegality Trap: The Politics of Immigration & the Lens of Illegality

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The authors, Michael Jones-Correa and Els de Graauw, discuss the negative consequences for both U.S. immigration policy and immigrants because of the current immigration issues. This article specifically talks about the U.S.’s restrictive enforcement, failure of immigration reform, tensions between national, state, and local policies regarding undocumented immigration, and the total absence of federal policies adressing immigrant integration. The author's hopes for this article are to shift the terms of the debate on immigration and create more discussions about the policies regarding immigration and immigration integration.

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How current policies need to better fit the needs of asylum seekers.

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How Conservative and anti-immigrant views lead to restrictive policies.

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Currently, in the US, immigration policies are restrictive, based on conservative/nativist beliefs, and don't fit the immigrants' needs. This problem is of great significance because it prevents many people from Latin American countries from migrating to the US. Throughout history, immigrants, especially undocumented immigrants from Latin America, have always been viewed as “rapists,” “violent criminals,” and “murderers” (Orozco, 2019). Therefore, a pattern arose dating back to the 1980s all the way to the present: the pattern of immigrants being turned away as a result of safety concerns (Coutin, 2011). Thus, because current US policies act more as a barrier for immigrants than as an aid, it is necessary to understand what factors, specifically what political factors, have influenced these policies that are currently in place.

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How different political parties have affected immigration policies.