# data[].attributes.body
During this time, education was not set up to accommodate bilingual students; instead, it was a period of linguistic tolerance.
Annotation 1
Baker, C., & Wright, W. E. (2021). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Multilingual Matters. Page 319

# data[].attributes.body
The United States Congress passed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830. A large number of Native Americans were forced to relocate to the west of the Mississippi River. History calls this event the Trail of Tears.
That area was knowns as “Indian Colonization Zone”  Congress prohibited Native Americans to be taught in their own languages causing them to be introduce to all English learning.

Annotation 2
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/may28/indian-removal-act/

"On May 28, 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, beginning the forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans in what became known as the Trail of Tears.

Not all members of Congress supported the Indian Removal Act. Tennessee Rep. Davey Crockett was a vocal opponent, for instance. Native Americans opposed removal from their ancestral lands, resulting in a long series of battles with local white settlers. But the forced relocation proved popular with voters. It freed more than 25 million acres of fertile, lucrative farmland to mostly white settlement in Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas.

More than 46,000 Native Americans were forced—sometimes by the U.S. military—to abandon their homes and relocate to “Indian Territory” that eventually became the state of Oklahoma. More than 4,000 died on the journey—of disease, starvation, and exposure to extreme weather.

Today, the Trail of Tears is a National Historic Trail stretching from Tennessee to Oklahoma. It specifically chronicles the removal of the Cherokee in 1838-1839, the largest contingent on the Trail of Tears."

# data[].attributes.body
In 1839, Ohio was one of the first states who accepted the bilingual education allowing the German-English instructions if parents wanted it.

In 1847, Louisiana followed the steps of Ohio and provided French and English instructions.

In 1850, New Mexico Territory was the first state to accept Spanish and English academic instructions.

Annotation 3
https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/history-of-bilingual-education

History of Bilingual Education

Bilingual education is not an invention of the 1960s. Contrary to popular misconception, earlier waves of immigrants often enrolled their children in bilingual or non-English-language schools — public and private.

In 1839, Ohio became the first state to adopt a bilingual education law, authorizing German-English instruction at parents’ request. Louisiana enacted an identical provision for French and English in 1847, and the New Mexico Territory did so for Spanish and English in 1850.

# data[].attributes.body
Native American Children were removed from their tribes and sent to distant boarding schools. The education was provided in English. The children were discipline in a military style which affected their emotional and physical stage.
Many children started to forget their native language.

Annotation 4
Baker, C., & Wright, W. E. (2021). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Multilingual Matters. Page 419

# data[].attributes.body
Annotation 5
Baker, C., & Wright, W. E. (2021). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Multilingual Matters. Page 320-324

# data[].attributes.body
Education in the 1900's was monolingual. Students would follow instructions given in English only.

# data[].attributes.body
Immigrants arrived from everywhere around the world to have a better life in the United States. "The American Dream"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The History of American Education 1900-1950- Part 1 of 3.rm

# data[].attributes.body
The Supreme Court eliminated the “separate but equal” that was placed in 1896. Although schools were equal, they should not to be separated due to a student’s color or race.

Summarized from: https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=87

# data[].attributes.body
The policy awarded grants to fund programs for students with limited English in schools. This was the first legislation that provided specialized education for these students in need.

Summarized from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bilingual-Education-Act

# data[].attributes.body
Roy Casteñeda claimed both of his children were being discriminated against due to the grouping system used by the Raymondville Independent School District. Castañeda also voiced concern in the lack of bilingual programs which could have been beneficial to his kid’s success.  The result of this case established an assessment in which bilingual programs were required to follow a 3 part assessment; “sound educational theory”, “implemented effectively, with adequate resources and personnel”, and It must be evaluated in overcoming language handicaps.

Summarized from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castañeda_v._Pickard

# data[].attributes.body
This policy ensured all students were able to attend school regardless of their immigration status.

Summarized from: https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/plyler-v-doe-public-education-immigrant-students

# data[].attributes.body
The legislation pushed standardized testing for students in grades 3rd-8th grade and again once in high school. The idea of this policy was to bring students to “proficient level”, even when it meant lowering standards.  The policy also ensured proper certification for teachers and ensuring teachers were fluent in both English and language of instruction.

Summarized from: https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04

# data[].attributes.body
Seal of biliteracy: To reward and recognize students who have been able to not only study, but also attain another language, the Seal of Biliteracy is given to them at their graduation. Many states have now implemented this.

Summarized from: https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/key-dates-in-bilingual-education