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Pasteurella multocida and Brucella abortus are intracellular and gram-negative bacteria that are important in ruminant industry. The infection by these bacteria can lead to economical loss.

Most of the countries nowadays have used vaccine to control the spread of these bacteria.

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- The type of vaccine used
- Different efficacy and immune response of the vaccines
- Detection and diagnosis method

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Vaccine

Pasteurella multocida have 3 types of vaccine:
- Whole-killed vaccine (ex: Alum-precipitated vaccine and Oil adjuvant vaccine = use in Malaysia)
- Recombinant Subunit vaccine
- Live-attenuated vaccine

Only whole-killed vaccine that are commonly used.

Brucella abortus have 4 types of vaccines:
- Live attenuated (ex: S19, RB51, 45/20, SR82)
- Subunit vaccine (ex: LPS, DNA, protein)
- Genetically engineered
- Vector-based ( use other bacteria)

Immune response

Pasteurella multocida: Whole-killed vaccines are more likely to induce humoral immunity
Brucella abortus: More dependent on cell-mediated response ; humoral immunity play some role too

Detection and Diagnosis method:

Pasteurella multocida:

- Direct examination: short bacilli, coccoid form, bipolar staining
- Bacterial culture: McConkey, blood agar
- Serology: IHA test, AGID

Brucella abortus:
- Direct examination: coccobacilli or short rods
- Bacterial culture: CITA medium, Farrel's
- Serology: Serum sample (CFT, Rose-bengal test), milk sample (ELISA, Brucella milk ring test)

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Haemonchus contortus is one of the strongylus also known as Barber's pole worms which can infect mainly in sheep and cattle abomasum via blood sucking. It can cause PGE to the host usually less than 6 months and more than 6 months if predispose to stress such as high stocking density and risk. The infected host will show symptoms such as emaciated, loss apetite and thin due to loss of protien and anemia.

Coccidiosis is an acute invasion and destruction of intestinal mucosa by protozoa. The common clinical signs are  diarrhea, fever, inappetence, weight loss, emaciation and death

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1) The type of vaccine used for Brucella abortus and Pasteurella multocida
2) Differences in functions of each vaccine

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Vaccine for brucella abortus
1) strain 19 -  Induce strong Th1 and antibody immune response
2) RB51 - Induce strong Th 1 immune response but not antibody. It also can induce infection in immunospressed human.
3)  DNA type -  Induce both cellular & humoral response
4) 45/20

Vaccine for Pasteurella multocida serotype B
1) Whole killed - Induce humoral more than CMI,  eg; Broth Bacterins, Aluminium Hydroxide gel, HSDA and HSAP
2) Live attenuated - Induce both cellular & humoral response
3) Subunit - Induce humoral more than CMI response