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Both Pasteurella multocida and Brucella abortus are an intracellular bacteria that causes concern in livestock ruminant industry. Infection by these viruses will causes severe economic loss in livestock industry.

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Haemonchus contortus is helminth that infects ruminants by sucking blood from the mucosal of the abomasum.
Eimeria spp. are intracellular protozoan that infects different parts of the GIT depending on their predilection site.

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Newcastle disease is a highly contagious disease that affects avians worldwide. Newcastle disease virus is enveloped single-stranded RNA virus.
Avian influenza virus has single-stranded segmented RNA.

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Both disease are caused by virus infection. For canine distemper, the dog must be having a pus-like discharge from their eye.
Vaccines are need for both infection.

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- The types of vaccine
- The recommended vaccine schedule
- What vaccine that induce immune responses
- Diagnosis method

# data[].attributes.body
- The types of vaccine
- The recommended vaccine schedule
- What vaccine that induce immune responses
- Diagnosis method

# data[].attributes.body
- The types of vaccine
- The recommended vaccine schedule
- What vaccine that induce immune responses
- Diagnosis method

# data[].attributes.body
- The types of vaccine
- The recommended vaccine schedule
- What vaccine that induce immune responses
- Diagnosis method

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Vaccines for Pasteurellosis are mainly killed vaccine that can induce strong immune response.
For Brucellosis, it is mostly live vaccine.

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Vaccination for Haemonchus contortus is subunit vaccine and adjuvant is crucial in vaccination program. The type of immunity induced is humoral response.
Vaccine that is commonly used in coccidiosis is live attenuated oocyst vaccine. However, it has a possibility to revert to virulent state. Thus, the vaccine should be applied carefully under good rearing condition and under strict vaccine management. Besides, vaccination for coccidiosis only induce homologous protection which means that the protective immunity induced is specific to species of Eimeria inoculated.

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The types of vaccine used
- Live modified virus vaccine
- Recombinant virus vaccine

The recommended vaccine schedule
CDV
- Maternal bodies (8 to 12 weeks)
- Primary shot (start at 6 to 8 weeks, vaccine given every 2 to 4 weeks)

CPV
- Maternal antibodies (4 to 18 weeks)
- Pups antibodies parallel the maternal antibody titer
- Vaccine start at 2 to 6 weeks

Vaccine that induced immune response
CDV
- Humoral (IgM, IgG, IgA recognize H and F spikes)
- CMI (Macrophage cross-presentation to activate T cell)

CPV
- Humoral (IgG attach to viral capsid protein, opsonization and neutralization)
- CMI (recognize by APC, activation of T and B cells, Th and Tc produced to enhance immune response)

Diagnosis method
CDV
- RT-PCR
- RTK
- Serology test (ELISA)

CPV
- WBC count
- CPV antigen tesk kit (RTK)
- PCR

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1) Newcastle disease virus
- causes respiratory disease
- 4 type of vaccine for avirulent, lentogenic, mesogenic and velogenic
- vaccine is administer at at the age of 2 weeks
- vaccine induces antibodies production that suppress virus growth and against the F and HN protein of NDV

2) Avian Influenza Virus
- respiratory problem as clinical sign
- 16 HA subtype
- 9 NA subtype
- Recombinant and inactivated vaccine induce humoral immunity

3) Diagnostic technique
- HA test
- HI test
- RT-PCR