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Global warming is the process of the earth's surface temperature increasing, heating up the ocean and atmosphere. Global warming is not just the change of temperature, it completely changes the climate of the earth, risking the entire world's safety. Global warming can cause heavy climate change and increase the chance of natural disasters. It can increase the likelihood of heatwaves, downpours, typhoons, tsunamis and overall extreme weather. Global warming is primarily caused by human activity, for example the burning of fossil fuels, releasing more carbon dioxide (CO2) into the air, as well as methane and other green house gases, trapping heat in our atmosphere.

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Japan's geographical location, as well as it's features causes it to become warmer. Osaka suffers from UHI, the Urban Heat Island effect. The UHI simply explains the phenomenon in which some urban areas are signficantly warmer than those in surrounding areas . See figure 1. The UHI effect is somewhat social, as it is caused through urbanisation, as well as it is environmental because Osaka's environment plays a role as it is not just humans, but also the location that factors in with the UHI effect. This would make it a bearable factor, though it is more of a social factor because it is mass industrialisation that sparks the UHI effect. In figure 1, it is shown that in 1980-1984's that the UHI effect has not yet taken place, and that the hours that most areas have been 30 degrees celcius or above is significantly less than it is in
2003-2007. The UHI effect in essence is caused by unsustainable industrialisation as well as urbanisation. It happens in many cities, with Osaka, there are many small causes to the heat increase. Modern transportation, business activities, manufactoring and air conditioning produces more heat emissions, creating more demand for usage of air conditioners, which causes for even more heat emissions to fill the air. Osaka's aspahlt roads and concrete buildings are also surprisingly a big factor, as both things retain and absorb the heat, keeping it in rather than reflecting it out. Though the UHI effect is not just small minute details in society, it is society living unsustainably as a whole which causes for the heat to increase, which makes this a social effect

Another cause of heat increase is air pollution due to the rapid industrialisation, which would make this an economic factor.  Because of major industrialization, pollution continues to increase due to the construction of mass produce of dust that is created from cement, stone, concrete and silica. Not only does industrialisation cause dust to pollute the air, but carbon dioxide, diesel and chemicals that are found in construction sites also pollute the air severely. With the construction industry trying to ensure that their money is still consistently flowing, they need to keep their business running, and by doing this, they are polluting the air. With the pollution caused by industrialisation, the air becomes warmer and warmer due to becoming gradually filled with filth and chemicals like CO2 that traps heat in the atmosphere. As this is business related, this makes the air pollution caused by industrialisation an economic factor, since businesses and economy are linked through money.

Osaka being the second largest metropolitan region of Japan also plays a large role in its increasingly humid weather. With such high numbers in such a small region, being the second smallest prefecture by size, Osaka's population only represents 7% of the entirety of Japan. Despite it being such a small region, its population is over 20 million, which makes it one of the biggest metropolitan areas in the world. When you think about Osaka's pollution in respect to their population and size it makes sense for it to be condensely polluted. With so many citizens driving and biking around, it is bound to get polluted severely. This would not be severe if for example the population of Osaka was 10% of itself, which is 200,000, making it a much lighter scale of pollution, proportionate to the region's size, but that is definitely not the case. The disproportionate citizen to land ratio is causing Osaka's small environment to become polluted. It is found that air quality is worse in cities rather than rural and remote areas, this is because of dense populating. In densely populated areas, there are more cars and bikes to pollute the air. This is a social cause because it is the society that is causing this effect to occur to their environment and since it is the population, it links to society and humans, making it a social factor.

The most signficant causal factor in Osaka would be the social factor. Most of the issues that erupt that cause for carbon emissions are never natural. All of the issues that occur, occur not because of environmental itself, but always because of human disruption to the environment. The social factor is the general root to both the economic causes as well as the environmental causes. Humans run the economy, and keep industrialisation moving, which would cause for carbon emissions to be released into the air, and for the UHI effect, it was referred to as a bearable factor either way, making it environmental as well as social. Yes the location of Osaka makes it difficult to keep sustainable, though if it were not for society making a large social impact and societal growth then the heat increase would not have occured, making the social factor the most significant.

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As the temperature in Japan begins to rise, it causes the rain to fall harder. Scientists in Japan have found that as the climate gets gradually warmer in Japan, that the water would obviously evaporate faster. With the increase in heat, you wouldn't expect much rain to fall, rightfully so, but one thing that they had noticed was that though the rain doesn't come as frequently, when it does, it comes down even harder. This is risking more devastating downpours. With Osaka being in such a vulnerable  location, being a port city in risk of flooding already, the added on pressure of global warming causing the weather to fluctuate and cluster in forms of heat waves and downpours, this is especially a dangerous position. This is an environmental factor because of global warmings affect on Osaka's weather.

One way Osaka is suffering from its dense population, is the industrialisation that is slowly damaging the environment with its pollution. Because of the dense construction in Osaka, the air pollution can very severely affect the lives of Osakans, as well as damaging the air. Construction can create carbon monoxide through contamination at sites, this is bad for those who live in Osaka, because with its densely populated areas, they may breathe in carbon monoxide. This is bad for them because when it is breathed, it displaces the oxygen in your blood, depriving the heart, brain and vital organs of oxygen, which is what many Osakan people are breathing in. This is a social factor because the society of Osaka are the ones that are suffering from the issue. It is the human beings that are facing repercussions of industrialism.

Because of Global Warming, Osaka's sea level is rising, due to the mass amount of ice melting. With the increased sea level from global warming, the chances of Osaka and many other Japanese cities being flooded raise drastically. Osaka has previously been vulnerable to situations where they are prone to natural disasters. In 2005, Osaka had been ranked in the "10 port cities that were most exposed to coastal flooding and wind damage from a typhoon (tropical cyclone)" that being said, with an increase in sea level, it is inevitable that this can happen. It is estimated that 3'3 more feet of water, which is 1 meter could be 4.1 million Japanese people at risk of a flood, overwhelming 2,339 square kilometres in major cities including Osaka. Scientists believe that this will happen if the global warming trends that are occuring today continue. If the projections that scientists are saying are true, it is possible that Osaka could suffer the loss or damage of U.S $1trillion dollars in assets owing to coastal flooding by the 2070s, which is 4 times more than what its risk already is, at US $216 billion dollars. This is an economic factor, because as with the gradual damage to the environment, it is predicted that the economic damage will cost them lots of money. Money correlates to the economy, which makes this an economic factor.

With Osaka's vulnerable state, it could be argued that social or economic factors are the least of their issues, as the region is gradually getting warmer and warmer. Yes, the economy could possibly collapse and cause outbreak and extreme adversities for the entire city, though the economic troubles are mainly caused through the environmental changes. Same applies to the social aspect of things, yes the people are suffering and there are lots of casualties as well as fatalities, though these are generally caused through the extreme environment and weather. With this, the environmental factor is the most significant, because the effects that had erupted in both social and economic factors were because of the environmental effects that Osaka had suffered. Though this is not the only reason environmental is the most significant factor, it is also the most important because it plays a big part in Osaka's future. If the environmental effects begin to become properly managed, then all three SHEEPT effects will gradually solve themselves, with no money spent on the damage caused from the environmental effects, as well as no human casualties or fatalities.

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The environmental impact of heat temperatures continuing to increase means heatwaves are likely to happen more often and last longer. The increasing heat temperatures can have an ongoing environmental impact on oceans, weather patterns, plants and animals. Deadly heat waves are a part of Melbourne and have been for quite some time.  This is an environmental cause because it is the gradual increase in heat from the world as a whole causing damage to Melbourne.

It is likely that heat waves will become worse under climate change - heat waves and climate change is a major social and political challenge that requires reducing the amount of carbon emissions in the air.  If the population, being the social cause, continues to add more greenhouse gases at the current rate into the atmosphere then the temperature will continue to rise. Melbourne has become highly populated and in some areas more industrial so when the city warms up it traps the heat making it hotter at night which is known as the Urban Heat Island effect. This is a social cause because the greenhouse gases that society produces is what is causing for more carbon emissions to occur.

Melbourne's geographical positioning causes it to be damaged by the natural environment. In summer, Melbourne has to endure the hot weather that is blown its direction from Central Australia, classified as one of the hottest areas on Earth. This is called the synoptic pattern, when hot air travels from Central to the South-east corner, in Melbourne. This is a completely environmental effect because it cannot be controlled by anything. This is a completely natural process, making it an environmental cause.

The most significant causes in Melbourne would be social because the social factor is the one that can be the most helped. The other two environmental factors are completely natural and unstoppable, and should just be left alone, as for the social aspect with greenhouse gases, this is a factor that can be stopped. This is the most significant and most attention deserving factor as it is the factor that could help the environment, reducing carbon emissions and greenhouse gases. Social is the most significant factor because focusing attention on it could reduce the rapid heat increase in Melbourne.

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The environmental effects of heat increase will lead to major and irreversible damage.  What will occur is an increase in sea level rises, ocean temperature increasing and hurting the marine life, flooding, longer fire seasons leading to more bushfires and less rainfall meaning more droughts.  Global warming can also see an environmental effect on plants and animals due to disruption of the natural cycles.  The way in which crops are planted and grown can be affected and may need to change to adapt to the climate.This is an environmental factor because the heat is damaging Australia's ecosystems, disrupting natural cycles in nature and increasing sea levels.

What the extremely hot weather and heatwaves does to society is peak use in air conditioning which can cause overloading electricity grids and then blackouts. Heatwaves can kill people especially in built up areas like Melbourne more so than natural disasters. Lower social - economic groups and our homeless people are found to be more vulnerable during heat waves causing use of air conditioning or having no air conditioning at all, which either way is bad for . Those suffering from mental health and children with asthma can also be affected by heat waves. This is a social factor because the heat increase is hurting individual human lives in society, linking to social, because humans correlate to the social factor.

Climate change will cost the local economy $12.6 billion by 2050.  There will also be an effect on agriculture, tourism, insurance and finance sectors which wii, be a growing expense to the population.  Heat Waves can affect people in their activities and spending affecting the local economy where they are more inclined to stay indoors away from the heat.  Bushfires costs can be estimated in the billions (Black Saturday bushfires had a total cost of $4.4 billion)  As bushfires may occur more often due to the heatwaves and increasing temperatures this is a major concern. This is an economic factor because the damage that is caused to Melbourne had costed them money, and as the economy is linked and flows through money, this is an economic effect.

Melbourne suffers environmental  Because causes for Melbourne to suffer economic loss, as well as societal adversities. If the weather in Melbourne gradually got better, then both societal and economic adversities would mostly be solved.

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Osaka:
34 . 6937 N , 135.5023 E

Melbourne:
37.8136 S , 144.9631 E

Both Melbourne and Osaka suffer from the UHI which is the Urban Heat Island phenomenon which makes the

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The effects of global warming are loss of sea ice , accelerating sea level rise because of the melted water from the ice More intense heat waves. Scientists have high confidence that global temperatures will rise for decades to come , due to the fact that greenhouse gases produced by human activities.

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Similarities of Causes between Melbourne and Osaka

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Similarities of Causes between Melbourne and Osaka

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Global Warming rising in both cities is due to an increase in population and industrialism within small regions.

The amount of greenhouse gases has also increased due to this population and industrialism which is a growing concern amongst both cities.  This has an impact on the  environmental, social, political and economical factors.

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Similarities of Effects between Melbourne and Osaka

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Similarities of Effects between Melbourne and Osaka

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In both Osaka and Melbourne, with the heat increase in the cities, on top of global warming, the rise of sea level is found. Both Osaka and Melbourne have had an increase in ocean temperature too.

The air quality of both cities has decreased which in turn effects the health and well-being of their population.

Through the gradual heat increase, the likelihood of extreme weather occuring is significantly higher, with the increased frequency of these, the chances of a natural disaster occuring is also much higher, with the increased sea levels and heavy downpours caused by extreme heat possibly resulting in floods and typhoons.

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There are many different ways that people can start managing the risk of global warming . One way that people can reduce this risk is to power your homes with renewable energy. This is because half of its power is from Wind or solar and is a clean source of energy. Another way is by reducing water usage. Saving water reduces carbon pollution. That’s because it uses up a lot of energy to pump , heat and treat your water. So for an example people need to take shorter showers or make sure they turn off the tap properly. . Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle such as hybrids and fully electric vehicles. Using fully electric vehicles can also help people save their money and some fuel. People rely too much on transportation. It is seen all across Melbourne and also Japan so it’s causing a lot of air pollution. If there was less carbon emitting transportation this would decrease global warming and even make the environment better.

More specifically, Osaka needs to make sure that they take into account the UHI effect when they are accelerating their urbanisation and properly plan out, making sure they reduce the UHI effect by spreading out the buildings minimally, appealing to the bearable factor, by reducing casualties in society from extreme weather, as well as clearing up the air gradually, and helping out the environment.
Osakans should also reduce use of air conditioners, saving money on electricity, as well as reducing heat emissions in the air, making it a viable factor.
To combat the UHI effect, Osaka has launched a "greening" process, where they create more green belts, which is creating more green land and planting more trees, as well as improving road surfaces, making them more sustainable against heat emissions, and creating wind maths to ensure that air flow stays consistent and keeps the temperature a little cooler.

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Differences in Effects between Melbourne and Osaka

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Differences in Effects between Melbourne and Osaka

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Osaka Is really  close to  the ocean so they  have much greater risk of typhoon. While in Melbourne we hardly get any flooding we mostly have dry lands.

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-Low Emission Technology Australia, “Low Emission Technology Australia” (home page) letaustralia, 2020
https://letaustralia.com.au/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwqrb7BRDlARIsACwGad6UNsdq287P4gUKUkOAiBH-T5aV8n0YaJPevVCaewyG5LvZpdleqMsaAmklEALw_wcB

-Linco, Kimberly. “Melbourne reaches 5 million.” mccrindle.com.au, 2020, https://mccrindle.com.au/insights/blog/melbourne-at-5-million/

-"Urban Heat Island Effect: Why it's so hot in Tokyo & what's being done about it" realestatejapan, 24 July. 2018

https://resources.realestate.co.jp/living/urban-heat-island-effect-why-its-so-hot-in-tokyo-whats-being-done-about-it/

-Matcha-PR. "Heatstroke And Japanese Summer - More Than Just Heat." Matcha, 29 May. 2015.
https://matcha-jp.com/en/853

Makiko Nakata, Itaru Sano and Sonoyo Mukai   ,"Air pollutants in Osaka (Japan)" ,¹Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan , ²Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics, Kyoto, Japan, 18 March. 2015. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00018/full#:~:text=Increasing%20emission%20of%20anthropogenic%20particles%20is%20causing%20heavy%20air%20pollution.&text=Osaka%20is%20the%20second%20largest,emitted%20from%20vehicles%20and%20industry

"Melbourne vs Osaka", Versus.com https://versus.com/en/melbourne-vs-osaka

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Differences in Causes Between Melbourne and Osaka

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Differences in Causes Between Melbourne and Osaka

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In Osaka, the changes are primarily caused because of their condense population, as well as their city being so small. In Melbourne, the city is much larger and the population is much more spread out. The population density in Melbourne is 1,560 people per square kilometre, and for Osaka it is 11,836 per square kilometre. See figure 3. With this information you can see how the social factor differs heavily between the two. In Osaka, the condense population will cause for heat emissions to arise in large clusters spread around most of Osaka. In Melbourne, this is the case in a much lighter scale, where the people per square kilometre is much lower, and the carbon heat emissions arise in much smaller and less severe clusters.
Another difference in Osaka and Melbourne's extreme weather is that Melbourne is southeast relative to central Australia, which is one of the hottest places on Earth. Central Australia goes through the synoptic pattern, transporting hot air from the central of Australia, to the South-Eastern, which Osaka does not suffer from.