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D. Hydrotropism

utilizes auxin and abscisic acid (ABA): response to drought and osmotic stress

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C. Thigmotropism

cells elongate on the non-touching side due to auxin

ethylene plays an important role in thigmotropic response of plant tendrils

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B. Geotropism

Auxin makes the root grows downward and the stem to grow upright

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A. Phototropism

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3. TROPISM IN PLANTS

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2. MOBILIZATION OF FOOD RESERVES

Starch was mainly used during seed imbibition

soluble protein was used from the imbibition stage to the highest germination stage

Fat content for all species remained relatively constant throughout germination for six species, regardless of the proportion of other seed reserves in the seeds

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1. INHIBITION OF WATER

Day: plant water potentials become more negative and further decline in dry soil

influence of the physiological adaptations (e.g., limitation of water losses, maintenance of hydraulic conductance and enhanced water uptake) on water potentials, highlighting the favorable and the unfavorable situations

shows negative consequences of decrease in leaf water potential on carbon assimilation

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either dormant or non-dormant

Dormant seeds - do not germinate when exposed to right environmental conditions (water & light)

Seed break dormancy by dry storage or by cold inhibition (stratification)

2 steps in Arabidopsis:

testa rupture -> endosperm rupture

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Aleppo, Syria to create another gene bank in 2008

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seeds coming from Kenya, Mexico, India, Peru, Germany, Columbia, Costa Rica, Zambia, Brazil, Australia, Tajikistan, Russia, Ukraine, North Korea, Canada, & a lot more

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Sabong

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Lukong/Liwit

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References

VILLANUEVA, E.L.C. & BUOT, I.E. (2015). Threatened Plant Species of Mindoro, Philippines. IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation 14(1). DOI:10.7718/ijec.v14i1.901

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United Nations Global Environmental Facility (UNDP-GEF)

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erosion and loss of genetic material for crops

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world wide food security is threatened

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SEED VAULT
- Protects humanity from any catastrophes (climate change, war, nuclear explosion, etc.) that could win out our agricultural diversity
- Seed storage period is PERMANENT
- only 2 in the whole world:

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SEED BANK
- Facility that stores seeds for the use of research and propagation purposes

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BASKIN, C.C. & Baskin, J.M. (2020). Breaking Seed Dormancy during Dry Storage: A Useful Tool or Major Problem for Successful Restoration via Direct Seeding?. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(5), 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050636

BENTSINK, L., & KOORNNEEF, M. (2008). Seed dormancy and germination. The arabidopsis book, 6, e0119. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0119

BIOLOGY ONLINE. (n.d.). All about Phototropism. Retrieved on 25 May 2021 from https://phototropism2011.wordpress.com/about/

DIETRICH, D. (2018). Hydrotropism: how roots search for water, Journal of Experimental Botany 69(11): 2759–2771, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery034

GROVER B. (2018). Plant Tropisms. Retrieved on 25 May 2021 from https://www.bulbapp.com/u/plant-tropisms

HARADA, J.J., BELMONTE, M.F., KWONG, R.W. (2010). Plant Embryogenesis (Zygotic and Somatic). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0002042.pub2

SIMONNEAU, T., LEBON, E., COUPEL-LEDRU, A., MARGUERIT, E., ROSSDEUTSCH, L., & OLLAT, N. (2017). Adapting plant material to face water stress in vineyards: which physiological targets for an optimal control of plant water status?. OENO One, 51(2), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1870

WANG, L. & CHONG, K. (2016). The Essential Role of Cytokinin Signaling in Root Apical Meristem Formation during Somatic Embryogenesis. Frontiers in Plant Science 6(792). DOI:10.3389/fpls.2015.01196

ZHAO, M., ZHANG, H., YAN, H., QIU, L., & BASKIN, C. C. (2018). Mobilization and Role of Starch, Protein, and Fat Reserves during Seed Germination of Six Wild Grassland Species. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00234

(n.d,). Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals. Retrieved on 25 May 2021 from http://www.sliderbase.com/spitem-1454-5.html

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allows seeds to over periods that are unfavorable for seedling establishment and prevents pre-harvest germination

5 classes of dormancy: morphological, morphophysiological, physiological, physical, and combinational

HOW TO BREAK SEED DORMANCY?

afterripening -  growth of underdeveloped embryos must occur before the can germinate and dormancy breaking during incubation at cold (moist) conditions

seeds with water-impermebale seed coats -> mechanical scarification, chemical scarification and dipping in hot/boiling water

EXAMPLE:
Arabidopsis thaliana

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"There will be a serious food shortage in at least 60 developing countries and will lead to social unrest..." - World Bank

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TRADITIONAL SEED STORAGE

Su-ulan rice storage in Cordillera region

- over the hearth in the kitchen by smoke emanating

- stores rice, corns, root crops, and legumes
- protects from rats, pests, fungus, or molds

Lukong/Liwit seed container

- then stored in Sabong rice storage hut in Davao. Mindanao

- made up of red lauan tree

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developmental period in which the zygote undergoes a series of differentiation events which leads to the formation os a mature embryo

fertilization occurs in female gametophyte surrounded by maternal tissue

development in maternal tissues provide some levels of protection to female gametophytes and embryos

apical domain postulated to give rise to shoot apical meristem and most of cotyledons

central domain forms part of cotyledons, hypocotyl, root and root meristems

basal domain produces quiescent center of the root apical meristem

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(a) Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway

largest collection of genetic diversity of crops

70,000 barleys, 150,000 rice, and 140,0000 wheat samples

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(b) Baekdu-daegan Seed Vault, Bonghwa, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea

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Cordillera Ecological Center - PINE TREE

made of several indigenous peoples and established community seed banking sites for food security

Kaoro, Bukod in Benguet - 12 indigenous rice varieties grown by Ibalois and Kalanguya

Lusod, Kabayan in Benguet - 29 endemic sweet potato varieties grown and used by  Ibalois and Kalanguya tribes

Caponga and Central Tublay, Tublay in Benguet - Ibaloi indigenous women-farmers now own and use 7 bean varieties

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References

BENGWAYEN, M.A.(2020). Future Of Food Rests On Community Seedbanks -OpEd. Eurasia Review News and Analysis. Retrieved on 24 May 2021 from https://www.eurasiareview.com/06102020-future-of-food-rests-on-community-seedbanks-oped/

DE GUZMAN, L.E.P., DE GUZMAN, P., & FERNANDEZ, P. (2001). Indigenous Seed Storage System Of A Manuvú Community In Davao City, Mindanao. Philippine Journal of Crop Science 26(3):5-14.

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5. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
- "apitong"
- recorded critically endangered; good quality for charcoal, paper pulp, and timber

6. Diospyros blancoi

- "mabolo" or "velvet apple"
- critically endangered; ethnobotanical uses (medicinal uses and good quality wood)

7. Elatostema halconense

- endemic to Mindoro and critically endangered

8. Nepenthes burkei
- "Burke pitcher plant"
- endemic to Mindanao Island and endangered due to commercial collection of plant and destruction of land

9. Asplenium nidus

- "pugud-lawin"
- vulnerable; ornamental plants commonly collected and sold in lowland area

10. Habenaria halconensis
- endemic specifically to Mt. Halcon
- critically endangered

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- facility to store copies of seeds from gene banks all over the world to protect humanity from any catastrophes that could wipe out agricultural diversity
- "Noah's Ark of Plant Diversity"

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Mt. Halcon of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines 

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Mt. Halcon of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines 

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highest mountain in Mindoro Island, Philippines
- 2,586 metres (8,484 ft) above sea level

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Oriental Mindoro, Mindoro Island, Mimaropa Region, Luzon, Philippines (13.2624,120.9954)

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*Functions are the same in terms of storing seeds, but their purpose and duration are different

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References

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/571746115166438711/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Lb2MzWEDe0

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References:

https://www.bdna.or.kr/nanum/site/builder/dir/main/img/menu2481/leaflet_kor.pdf

http://www01.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210510000657

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1. Strobilanthes halconensis
- considered critically endangered

2. Pinus merkusii
- "Mindoro pine"
- threatened and considered vulnerable due to deforestation

3. Calamus mindorensis
- considered endangered because it is excessively harvested for cottages and the furniture industry

4. Calamus reyesianus
- also recorded as an endangered species because it is harvested for both locals and for trade