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There are high physiological demands on sevens players. With the game being played on a full sized pitched and multiple high intensity games across two days, there is high risks of injury. Studies have also shown that that the severity of these injuries are significantly higher with an average of 45 days of players being absent from training.

Unlike 15's rugby, where a player's position can vary in risk of injury. In rugby seven's, players of all positions are at equal risk.

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= muscle strain/ pulled muscle, overstretched or torn.
- result of fatigue, overuse, or improper use of a muscle.
-  most common in your lower back, neck, shoulder, and hamstring
- cause pain and may limit movement

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- sudden onset of pain
- soreness
- limited range of movement
- bruising or discoloration
- swelling
- a “knotted-up” feeling
- muscle spasms
- stiffness
- weakness

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not warming up properly before physical activity

poor flexibility

poor conditioning

overexertion and fatigue

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- rest
- Ice
- elevation
- compression

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The primary focus of this module will be on multimodal injury prevention programmes like the FIFA 11+. These programmes incorporate a range of different exercises and are the best validated injury-prevention strategy. They typically include running, strength and proprioceptive exercises. It is, however, important to realise that there are a variety of different interventions which can be used to prevent injury.

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The most common types of sports injuries include:
Sprains. Overstretching or tearing the ligaments results in a sprain. Ligaments are pieces of tissue that connect two bones to one another in a joint.
Knee injuries. Any injury that interferes with how the knee joint moves could be a sports injury. It could range from an overstretch to a tear in the muscles or tissues in the knee.
Dislocations. Sports injuries may dislocate a bone in your body. When that happens, a bone is forced out of its socket. This can be painful and lead to swelling and weakness.

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Take these five steps to prevent injuries so you can stay in the game:

1. Wear protective gear, such as helmets, protective pads, and other gear.

2. Warm up and cool down.

3. Know the rules of the game.

4. Watch out for others.

5. Don't play when you're injured.

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When it comes to sports and other physical activities, there is nothing more exhilarating than doing something that makes you feel good and look good at once! Whether you are a professional athlete, a weekend warrior, or a regular gym goer, you are most likely focused on improving your performance and physical fitness every time. This is where injury prevention comes in.

Injury prevention should be an important part of every physical activity, because it not only helps you achieve your training goals but also keeps you healthy and safe. Performing complex mathematics without adequate preparation can hurt your brain; running a marathon without adequate preparation can hurt your body.

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The Importance of Stretching in Injury Prevention

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Bones make up the skeleton of our body. They help us move and lift our limbs against gravity. Bones also have muscle attachments which then helps us perform movements such as jumping, running and sitting.

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When a bone has an outside force exerted upon it, like a blow or a fall. That loss of integrity results in a fracture. Bone injuries are also known as fractures, cracks or breaks.

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Proximal (closer to the center of the body) and Distal (further from the center): the elbow is proximal to the wrist and the wrist is distal to the elbow.

Anterior (toward the front of the body) and Posterior (toward the back): The chest is anterior to the back and the back is posterior to the chest.

Medial (toward the middle of the body) and Lateral (to the outer edge of the body): The ears are lateral to the nose and the nose is medial to the ears.

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Doctor will take a history of the patient's injury, examine the injury, and look for potential other injuries that may have occurred.

The skin surrounding the injured area is inspected to look for a scrape or skin tear.

The area of tenderness and swelling will be evaluated to identify the injured bone.

The type of X-ray that is ordered depends on the specific injury.

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The initial treatment of a fracture begins with stabilization and immobilization. In the field RICE (rest, ice, compression and elevation) may help make the patient more comfortable and prevent the fractured bones from moving.

A bone fracture is usually treated with a cast and/or splint. A cast or splint will immobilize the bone (keep it from moving) in order to encourage the bones to align (straighten) and to prevent use of the bone

If a fracture is bad enough, the patient may need surgery.

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Head: concussions (5-25% of rugby injuries), incidence of concussion recorded in Rugby Sevens is higher than Hockey but lower than American Football and Rugby League
Ankle: sprains and strains (most common representing 1 in 7 of rugby injuries)
Shoulder: dislocation and/ or subluxation
Knee: sprains and strains
Over 40 % of injuries are muscular strains or contusions (bruising), 30% are sprains, followed by dislocations, fractions, lacerations and overuse injuries.

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On average 1 in 4 players suffer an injury during the season. However, the rates may vary according to age and skill level.

57% of injuries occur during matches as opposed to training. Most of which occur when a player is tackling or being tackled. Research states that the risk of injury in International Rugby Sevens is significantly higher and more sever as opposed to Rugby Union. There is also a higher risk for ankle and knee ligament injuries in Rugby Sevens.

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Training Load: an increased training load can increase the risk of injury
Fatigue: linked to increase the risk of injury especially in international rugby sevens players.

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What are tendons? And how are these injuries caused?

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What are tendons? And how are these injuries caused?

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Tendons are the tough fibres that connect muscle to bone.
Most tendon injuries are the result of gradual wear and tear to the tendon from overuse or ageing.
People who constantly make the same motion over and over in their sport are more susceptible in damaging their tendon as well

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There are two ways doctors diagnose tendon injuries:
Tendinosis --> Refers to tiny tears in the tissue in and around the tendon due to overuse
Tendinitis --> "Inflammation of the tendon"

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- Rest the area where it's sensitive, avoid any activity that increases the pain
- Ice the injured area
- Regularly do gentle range-of-motion exercises and stretching to prevent stiffness

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Pain, tenderness, redness, warmth, and/or swelling near the injured tendon. Pain may increase with activity. ...

Crepitus, or a crunchy sound or feeling when the tendon is used. ...

Pain and stiffness that may be worse during the night or when getting up in the morning.

Stiffness in the joint near the affected area.

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A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that affects your brain function. Effects are usually temporary but can include headaches and problems with concentration, memory, balance and coordination. Concussion usually caused by a blow to the head or violently shaking of the head and upper body.

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- Poor concentration
- Memory loss
- Balance difficulties

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Any one or more of the following can indicate a possible concussion:
- Loss of consciousness or responsiveness
- Lying motionless on ground / Slow to get up
- Unsteady on feet / Balance problems or falling over / Incoordination
- Grabbing / Clutching of head
- Dazed, blank or vacant look - Confused / Not aware of plays or events

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Signs and symptoms of suspected concussion

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Signs and symptoms of suspected concussion

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Presence of any one or more of the following signs & symptoms may suggest a concussion:
* Loss of consciousness
* Seizure or convulsion
* Balance problems
* Nausea or vomiting
* Drowsiness
* More emotional
* Irritability
* Sadness
* Fatigue or low energy
* Nervous or anxious
* “Don’t feel right”
* Difficulty concentrating
* Headache
* Dizziness
* Confusion
* Feeling slowed down
* “Pressure in head”
* Blurred vision
* Sensitivity to light
* Amnesia
* Feeling like “in a fog“
* Neck pain
* Sensitivity to noise
* Difficulty remembering

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Failure to answer any of these questions correctly may suggest a concussion.
“What venue are we at today?”“Which half is it now?”“Who scored last in this game?”“What team did you play last week / game?”“Did your team win the last game?”
Any athlete with a suspected concussion should be IMMEDIATELY REMOVED FROM PLAY, and should not be returned to activity until they are assessed medically. Athletes with a suspected concussion should not be left alone and should not drive a motor vehicle.
It is recommended that, in all cases of suspected concussion, the player is referred to a medical professional for diagnosis and guidance as well as return to play decisions, even if the symptoms resolve.

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If ANY of the following are reported then the player should be safely and immediately removed from the field. If no qualified medical professional is available, consider transporting by ambulance for urgent medical assessment:
- Athlete complains of neck pain - Increasing confusion or irritability - Repeated vomiting - Seizure or convulsion - Weakness or tingling / burning in arms or legs - Deteriorating conscious state - Severe or increasing headache - Unusual behaviour change - Double vision

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* In all cases, the basic principles of first aid (danger, response, airway, breathing, circulation) should be followed.
* Do not attempt to move the player (other than required for airway support) unless trained to so do.
* Do not remove helmet (if present) unless trained to do so.

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- Mouthguard
- Soft shell head protection (hear gear)

Young players are more susceptible to rare and dangerous neurological complications, including death, caused by a second impact in an already concussed or not fully recovered individual.

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Any player who self-reports or is diagnosed as having a concussion is subject to an automatic 3-week suspension from all competitions and team practices.

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Women are actually more prone than men to suffer many of the most common sports-related injuries.

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What injuries are most common among female athletes?

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What injuries are most common among female athletes?

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Ankle sprain. This is the most common sports injury in both men and women, but it’s particularly common among women.

Shoulder troubles. Examples include rotator cuff problems (including tendon inflammation, or tendinitis) and instability.

Knee injuries. These include irritation under the knee cap (called patellofemoral syndrome) and ligament damage (including tears to the ACL), which is especially common among soccer and basketball players.

Stress fractures. These are especially common in the foot or lower leg (tibia) among women with the “female athlete triad,” a combination of inadequate calorie and nutrient intake, irregular menstrual periods, and bone loss. Eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, contribute to this triad.

Plantar fasciitis. Abnormal alignment of the foot and flat feet may contribute to these small tears in the supporting tissues along the arch and heel.

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Why are women more prone to injuries than men?

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Why are women more prone to injuries than men?

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higher estrogen levels, along with less muscle mass and more body fat

greater flexibility (due to looser ligaments) and less powerful muscles

a wider pelvis, which alters the alignment of the knee and ankle

a narrower space within the knee for the ACL to travel through

a greater likelihood of inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake.