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SELF REPORT:
- The participants may have reported feelings they thought they should have (demand characteristics).
- Participants may have faked their emotions (social desirability bias).

OBSERVATION:
- The participants may not have behaved naturally as they were in an unfamiliar environment.
- The obserevers could have misinterpreted behvaiours.

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- Recent research suggest that attempts to understand an unexplained state of arousal is more extensive than a quick examination of cues in the surrounding environment.
- Individuals seek to explain their emotions not only on the basis of environmental cue but also through past experiences.

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Sample :
- Only male students can't be generalized.
- Consisted of University students and introduced participant variable that could distort the outcomes of the research reducing the validity.
- Adrenalin doesn't effect everyone in the same way.
- No assessment was made of participants mood before the injection to gain a baseline from which to measure any change as a result of the stooge.
- People do not usually experience emotions as interpreted by the Two- factor theory and our often aware of the events before onset of arousal.

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Highly Standardized :
- Randomly allocated participants to the different conditions.
- They easily deceived the participants.
- The stooge even didn't know which condition the participant was in (double blind technique).
- The use of questionaires as a method to operationalise the DV.
- Quantitative data was quickly collected and easily analysed & used to compare results across two conditions.

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To test the Two-Factor Theory of emotions.
To research if a given a state of physiological arousal for which the individual has no adequate explanantion, cognitive factors can lead the individual to describe their feelings with any number of emotional beliefs.

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- The participants were told that the aim of the experiment was to test the effects of the vitamin supplements on vision.
- Participants were asked whether they want to be injected or not.
- The participants were either injected with adrenaline or a placebo(saline solution).
- Participants injected with adrenaline were put into either informed, misinformed or ignorant.
- The fourth condition consisted of those participants who had received the placebo injection.
- Participants in the informed condition were told about the correct side-effects of adrenaline injection( eg. shaking of hands, heart pounding, face getting warm and flushed.)
- Misinformed condition participants were told they will have some side effects of the injection. The side effect were not actual like feet and hand will be numb, itching sensation, slight headache.
- This condition was introduced as a control condition.
- Ignorant condition participants were told they will have no side effects at all.
- A stooge was introduced as another participant and were told that they both had received Suproxin injection. Participants were then exposed to two of the emotional states : EUPHORIA and ANGER.

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-If a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have no immediate explanation, they will describe their emotions in terms of the cognitions available to them at the time.
- If a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have an appropriate explanation (e.g.  ‘I feel this way because I have just received an injection of adrenalin’), then they will be unlikely to describe their emotions in terms of the alternative cognitions available.
- If a person is put in a situation, which in the past could have made them feel an emotion, they will react emotionally or experience emotions only if they are in a state of physiological arousal.

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- Ignorant group felt the angriest.
- 2nd angriest was the placebo group.
-Least angry was the informed group as they new the reason for their feeling.
- Participants were more susceptible to the stooge because they had no other way of explaining why their body felt as they did.

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-From the self-report measures the misinformed participants were the happiest.
- Ignorant group were the 2nd happiest.
- Informed group felt the least happy as they were aware why they felt as they did.
- Participants in the misinformed and ignorant group were more susceptible to the stooge because they had no other way of explaining their emotions.

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1- Laboratory Experiment
2- Independent Measure Design.
IV - 2 KEY MEASURES :
- The knowledge about the injections; whether they were informed, misinformed or ignorant.
- The emotional situation that the participant was placed into following the injection; either euphoria or anger.

- There was a control group who were not injected with epinephrine but a saline solution.

DV- 2KEY MEASURES
- Observational data that was recorded by the two observers through a one-way mirror during the emotional aroual element of the experiment. The observer had to measure to what extent the participant acted in a euphoric or angry way.
- A self-report that the participants completed following the emotional arousal element of the research.

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- Emotional state may be considered a function of a state of physiological arousal and of a cognition appropriate to this state of arousal.
- The cognition therefore steers our interpretation of our physiological state so that we can label our emotional responses.
- Schachter & Singer suggested that emotional experience comes from a combination of a physical state of arousal and a cognition that makes best sense of the situation the person is in.
- Any emotional experience is a combination of physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation.

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After completion of the participants session with stooge, the experimenter took their pulses and asked them to fill a self-report questionaire that considered their physical responses to the Suproxin.
- This was used as the self-report measure for the DV.
ETHICS FOLLOWED:
- Explanation of the DECEPTION and its necessity.
- Answered all questions and promised not to disclose the identity of the person- CONFIDENTIALITY.
- Participants were asked whether the injection can be administered- RIGHT TO WITHDRAW.
- Medical records were checked and trained doctors were around to monitor the participants- PROTECTION FROM HARM.
ETHICS BROKEN
- Participants were not told about the true content of the injection - DECEIVED.
- The participants couldn't give INFORMED CONSENT as they weren't aware of the contents of the infection.
- A small RISK OF HARM both psychological
( participants can get distressed by the questionaire or the angry stooge)and physical (from the injection).

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- In the euphoria condition the waiting room had been arranged to look in a state of disarray. The stooge intrudced himself and started playing some ice-breaking games and then began his routines which consisted of playing with item(paper, rubber,bands, pencils, folders and hula hoops) left in the room.
- It was standardised as the stooge didn't know which condition the participant were in.

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-Stooge was introduced and explained that it was necessary to wait 20minutes.
- Stooge was instructed to create a feeling of anger in the room and this was achieved through a variety of comments that he made as the 20minutes passed.
- The level of intensity increased of the comments and were linked with questions in the questionaire.
- As the participants filled the questionaire the stooge became increasingly irate in his behaviour.

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-185 participants were all male college students taking classes in introductory psychology at the University of Minnesota, of which many received course credit for taking part in the study.
- The health records of all participants were checked prior to the expriement to ensure that no harmful effects would result from the injections.

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-Data of 169 participants was analysed.
- Participants who received adernalin showed significantly more sympathetic arousal (measured by pulse -rate and self -report) compared with placebo participants.
- Misinformed condition was only run in the euphoria condidtion as it was the control condition.
- On all items participants in the adernaline condition showed more physical response than the control groups.
- In the self-report measures , participants in the adernalin condition reported higher scores for palpitation and tremors suggesting they were having a behavioural response to the increased level of arousal.
- In all adernalin conditions the physiological arousal as well as self-report scales participants showed a significantly higher score than the control condition.
- The difference between the the two conditions are all significantly at 0.001 level of significance.
- It is clear that the participants in the adernalin condition were physiologically aroused.

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-Schachter & Singer argue that their findings support the Two-Factor Theory of Emotions
- All the three hypothese were supported and concluded.
- If we experience certain arousal for which we don't have any explanation, we will label according to the cue in the evironment.
- It helps us to understand how people use different environmental cues to help them interpret their physiological state.