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An Elusive Concept Document and Map to Network Narratives – #netnarr

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An Elusive Concept Document and Map to Network Narratives – #netnarr

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Labyrinthus, the way into #netnarr – #netnarr

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Labyrinthus, the way into #netnarr – #netnarr

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The International Storytelling Center is dedicated to inspiring and empowering people everywhere to capture and tell their stories, listen to the stories of others, and use storytelling to produce positive change. The National Storytelling Festival, produced by the International Storytelling Center (ISC), is the premier platform for professional storytellers.

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Forms of Storytelling | The Elements of Storytelling for Games

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Forms of Storytelling | The Elements of Storytelling for Games

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Cave Paintings Cave painting are one of, if not the earliest form of storytelling that we know of. In a time before languages and writing, paintings on cave walls told stories of times long ago, be them warnings, depicting moments that happened in the past, or simple stories made up for the entertainment or education of children....

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The 5 Types of Storytellers, According to Communication Expert Carmine Gallo | Prezi Blog

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The 5 Types of Storytellers, According to Communication Expert Carmine Gallo | Prezi Blog

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In his forthcoming book, The Storyteller's Secret, Carmine Gallo reveals why some ideas catch on and others don't. He explains how top storytellers from Richard Branson to Malala Yousafzai do what they do best: build brands, inspire change and spark movements. Gallo has studied the greatest TED speakers, business legends and entrepreneurs and has identified five different types of storytellers, each with unique strengths that help them spread their ideas and inspire audiences to act.

Take a look at Carmine's prezi below to learn more about the five different types of storytellers, or continue reading. What type of storyteller are you?

1. Storytellers who ignite our inner fire.

These are the people who inspire us to dream bigger by teaching us to reframe our internal narrative. Steve Jobs, one of the world's greatest business storytellers of all time, once asked, "What makes your heart sing?" The answer to that question is the foundation upon which all great stories are built-you cannot inspire others until you feel inspired yourself.

Storytellers who inspire us to dream bigger have almost always faced struggle and adversity. Their stories of tension and triumph ignite our inner fire because struggle is a part of nature. If you've overcome adversity in your life, in your career, in your business, it's important to share that story because we are hardwired to love rags-to-riches stories. And we love to hear them because we need to hear them. Embrace your history, because it's the stuff from which legends are made and legacies are left.

2. Storytellers who educate.

These are the men and women who offer a new way of looking at the world. Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, identified three components of persuasion: Pathos (persuading through emotion and stories), Logos (appealing to reason through facts and data), and Ethos (establishing the credibility of the speaker).

Successful educators use a combination of all three, but lean more heavily on Pathos. For example, human rights attorney Bryan Stevenson received TED's longest standing ovation. Personal stories made up 65 percent of Stevenson's now famous TED talk. Twenty-five percent fell under logos-data. And the remaining 10 percent fell into the category of ethos. Effective educators use data to support their ideas, but they rely on stories to move people to action.

These are often entrepreneurs, who rely heavily on their ability to explain complex ideas simply, clearly, and concisely in order to woo investors, employees, and customers. Richard Branson is a great example of a storyteller who simplifies; he once said, "If your pitch can't fit on the back of an envelope, it's rubbish."

Tesla Founder Elon Musk is another example. In one presentation, Musk introduced a home battery that stores sunlight and converts it to energy. The entire presentation lasted less than 20 minutes, and Musk used short, simple words to describe the problem and his solution. He also introduced the language of narrative with a villain and a hero. For example, on one slide, he showed a smokestack and said the problem is that most of the world's energy is created with fossil fuels. The next slide showed a picture of the sun, and he said, "This is the solution. It's called the sun. It shows up every day and just works." Simple, effective, irresistible.

4. Storytellers who motivate.

These are inspiring individuals, of course, and they're also leaders who built massive brands like Southwest Airlines, Whole Foods, Starbucks, or Wynn Resorts. "Storytelling has changed my business and my life," says Las Vegas hotel mogul Steve Wynn. Wynn believes that storytelling taps into the strongest force in the universe-self esteem. At the beginning of every shift at Wynn hotels, a supervisor asks, "Does anyone have a story about a great customer experience they'd like to share?" The stories serve to educate the rest of the team on model behaviors. More importantly, these stories motivate employees, because customer service heroes are recognized by their peers. Pretty soon employees compete for better stories. Public recognition is a powerful motivator.

KPMG, the fastest growing of the Big Four accounting firms, conducted an internal study of thousands of managers and employees and found that "A workforce motivated by a strong sense of higher purpose is essential to engagement." And how were managers taught to create this higher purpose? Through storytelling. After creating a storytelling culture at KPMG, turnover plummeted, morale skyrocketed, and profits soared. Great stories build great culture.

5. Storytellers who launch movements.

Behind every movement, there's a great storyteller. Whether it's Martin Luther King fighting for civil rights, Sheryl Sandberg encouraging women in the workplace to "lean in," or Malala Yousafzai advocating for girls' education, one person can trigger a movement.

Remarkably, storytellers who change the world are often inspired themselves by the storytellers who came before them. Malala Yousafzai, the youngest winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, grew up in a storytelling family. Malala's grandfather was famous for his sermons and Malala recalls that people would come from far and wide to hear her father tell stories. Malala entered public speaking competitions where she learned to deliver her message from the heart rather than from a sheet of paper, she once said. A bullet nearly ended Malala's life, but the art of storytelling has become her most powerful weapon in the war of ideas.

Walt Disney once said, "Storytellers instill hope again and again and again." A story can change the world. Isn't it time you shared yours?

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The 5 Types of Storytellers, According to Communication Expert Carmine Gallo | Prezi Blog

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In his forthcoming book, The Storyteller's Secret, Carmine Gallo reveals why some ideas catch on and others don't. He explains how top storytellers from Richard Branson to Malala Yousafzai do what they do best: build brands, inspire change and spark movements. Gallo has studied the greatest TED speakers, business legends and entrepreneurs and has identified ...

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When an author set out to tell a story in years past, he or she typically did so on paper, a typewriter or by typing at a computer.

But today, storytellers find imaginative ways to share their ideas with interactive and visual elements. On modern mediums like Twitter, Vine, YouTube and other mobile applications, storytellers are crafting tales in ways that would have been unfathomable a decade ago.

Offline, too, authors have begun rethinking the traditional concept of the book in ways both innovative and unorthodox. Might a story be better understood as a set of machine parts? How might destroying a book actually bring its messages to life?

Here are nine ways authors are revolutionizing the way stories are told.

1. 'Dock Ellis & The LSD No-No'

Buried in the annals of baseball is the remarkable (and zany) story of Dock Ellis. Though far from the first or only pitcher to throw a no-hitter, Ellis is certainly the only one (at least that we know of) who completed the feat while under the influence of LSD.

Like one might expect him to be, Ellis was quite the character. In 2009, animator and illustrator James Blagden created a short film based on Ellis' no-hitter that features narration from Ellis' 2008 NPR interview.

As a novel way of using various mediums (film, animation, radio, music) to tell an old story, the film dazzles. Blagden brings Ellis' outlandish personality to life by incorporating kaleidoscopic flashbacks, side-splitting soundbites from the pitcher and suspenseful animations from the infamous game.

Time is always a major constraint for storytellers. While it's always best to be concise, some newer mediums ask users to be especially pithy.

Vine, for instance, caps the videos made in its app at six seconds.

The question for Vine storytellers is, how can you add layers, detail and a coherent plot to your story within that shortened window of time (not to mention, the story loops)?

When British digital agency Code Computerlove first got its hands on Vine last year, it was intrigued by that very question and set out to create a stop-motion-esque comic in the app.

In a matter of six seconds, the brand established conflict, a climax and a surprising conclusion, just like the authors of a 50-page comic book would.

"Although our Vine comic doesn't actually use stop motion itself, it was the idea that you could create more than six seconds-worth of a story using the six seconds of video that inspired us," Code Computerlove posted on its blog. "What all comics have in common, whether you're talking about the Marvel magazines or just the tiny strips in the newspaper, is the fact that they're able to capture the imagination and tell a story in a short snapshot of time."

3. 'Two Chips'

When Adam Patch 's wife drunkenly yammered the corny joke to end all corny jokes, he knew audio alone wouldn't do the crack justice.

Patch, an animator and designer by trade, set out to give the joke both setting and animation that would bring the absurd humor to life. Like Blagden with Ellis, Patch used an original recording of his wife's voice to play over the animation.

"I had the audio already recorded, and animation seemed like the only way I could think of to bring the story to life," he tells Mashable. "So in a way, it was kind of like the medium dictated the method: Because I only had an audio recording, and I'm an animator, I just immediately thought that using animation was the way to go."

Because 'Two Chips' was so successful (it garnered more than 2 million views), Patch called on the public to think of more ideas that would make for more rousing animations.

4. Maptia

Think of Maptia as a multimedia tool belt for storytellers with incurable wanderlust. The app allows travelers to create maps and upload stories and photos that can eventually be weaved into a richly layered portrait of a person, culture or place. So far, users have chronicled nomadic fisherman in Indonesia, rice farmers in Rwanda and school children in rural Peru.

"Our shared geographies bring us together, and within the same few inches of the map, we can see a remarkable number of different stories unfolding," Maptia CEO Dorothy Sanders says. "In this way, each individual story published on Maptia is networked by place - it becomes part of a larger web of stories extending outwards from, say, this neighborhood, to the country, to the continent and, finally, to the globe."

Though we're not always conscious of it, words are some of the most easily manipulated elements in our daily lives. Throughout the day, we constantly massage and reorder words and letters to create a new meaning or to elicit a reaction.

What if, however, words couldn't be jockeyed? What dialogue would that bring about?

Richard Price, a poet, and Karen Bleitz, a book designer, set out to answer that question by designing a mechanical book of poetry in which words in the poem change based on cranks turned in the physical book.

Why machines?

In mechanical functions, Bleitz says, we find structures that aren't so easy to toy with.

"They have fixed laws and rules that regulate their use," she says. "One cog will always push the next cog in the exact same way - every time. And if two parts don't fit or add up - the machine just doesn't work."

By interacting with machines, Bleitz says, readers are able to carve out their own experience and understand how written words impact their emotions.

"The reader must interact with the mechanical poems in a physical way," she says. "The speed and flow of the movement is determined by the mood and temperament of the crank-turner. Machines can be quite funny or angry - depending on how they are activated."

Normally, we like stories to be as close to their original form as possible when we read them. While you wouldn't want someone to jimmy the text of a classic work, what if someone reconstructed the way you read the piece?

Designer Helen Friel set out to do just that with Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Imp of the Perverse.' Keeping Poe's verse, Friel designed a tear-away version of the poem in which readers have to physically rip the pages to reveal their content.

The method, she says, is symbolic of the questions Poe asks in his poem.

"... 'The Imp of the Perverse' discusses the voice inside all of us that makes us to do things we know we shouldn't do," she writes on her website. "Books are usually precious objects and the destruction is engineered to give the reader conflicting feelings, do they keep the book in its perfect untorn form? Or give into the imp and enjoy tearing it apart?"

7. Tapestry

Clicking a mouse is typically a computer function we take for granted. We remember where we went on the web, and what we saw there, but not how we got there. With today's touchscreens, we don't even have to click - we can tap.

The storytelling app Tapestry relies exclusively on a tap (mobile) or click (desktop). Users must tap to progress through a story, and users can parse through user-generated tales, or they can choose to create their own.

The app prides itself on giving people the ability to create "short, tappable" stories with words and images of varying sizes, which helps to emphasize certain parts.

"This sort of very short punchy staccato form of writing and reading is very well-suited for certain kinds of content that's already been created on the Internet," John Borthwick, Tapestry's co-founder, said when the app launched. "It deserves a stripped-away experience, as opposed to on the Web, surrounded by a lot of other distractions."

While some authors get paid by the word, a new generation of storytellers is finding its niche in the 140 characters Twitter allots users.

Sean Hill, author of the Very Short Story account, has been writing concise (but not abridged) fiction on Twitter since 2009. The character limit, he says, forced him to get the most out of his language. Instead of being able to splatter words, Hill has to consider the merits of each word.

"For me, the 140 character limit is like a puzzle game," Hill says. "How can I tell the story I see in my head in this short space? What words are essential and what words can I take out?"

Twitter also enables Hill to crowdsource portions of his work and connect with readers who write in.

"Twitter is an exciting medium for storytellers because of the interactivity," he says. "I ask followers to send me a noun. The nouns that inspire me, I turn into stories. To me it has the feel of an improv comedy show, which is where I developed my storytelling skills."

9. AdVINEture

Remember the Choose Your Own Adventure books from when you were a kid (or, if you're like us and never grew up, this past week)?

The immersive - and immensely popular - books allow readers to jump into the driver's seat and become the stories' protagonist, performing quite a few heroic feats along the way.

Thanks to Ian Padgham, a former producer at Twitter (Vine's parent company), there's now a way to choose your own adventure on a digital video platform. So far, Padgham has made two interactive stories: a hotel mystery and a Star Wars-inspired saga.

"I used to love those [Choose Your Own Adventure] books as a kid," Padgham told Mashable in May. "It's not really about reaching the end; it's about finding all the ridiculous ways you can go wrong, and all the things that can happen."
What storytelling methods inspire you? Tell us in the comments.

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When an author set out to tell a story in years past, he or she typically did so on paper, a typewriter or by typing at a computer. But today, storytellers find imaginative ways to share their ideas with interactive and visual elements.

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The Six Main Stories, As Identified by a Computer - The Atlantic

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The Six Main Stories, As Identified by a Computer - The Atlantic

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A machine mapped the most frequently used emotional trajectories in fiction, and compared them with the ones readers like best.

1. Rags to Riches (rise)

2. Riches to Rags (fall)

3. Man in a Hole (fall then rise)

4. Icarus (rise then fall)

5. Cinderella (rise then fall then rise)

6. Oedipus (fall then rise then fall)

Their focus was on the emotional trajectory of a story, not merely its plot. They also analyzed which emotional structure writers used most, and how that contrasted with the ones readers liked best, then published a preprint paper of their findings on the scholarship website arXiv.org. More on that in a minute.

First, the researchers had to find a workable dataset. Using a collection of fiction from the digital library Project Gutenberg, they selected 1,737 English-language works of fiction between 10,000 and 200,000 words long.

Then, they ran their dataset through a sentiment analysis to generate an emotional arc for each work. "We're not imposing a set of shapes," said Andy Reagan, a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics at the University of Vermont and the lead author of the paper. "Rather: the math and machine learning have identified them."

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They did this by training the machine to take all the words of the book, section by section, and measure the average happiness of a given bag of words based on how an individual word scored. The researchers assigned individual happiness scores to more than 10,000 frequently-used words by crowdsourcing the effort on the website Mechanical Turk. This portion of the research is fascinating in and of itself: The 10 words that people ranked as happiest were laughter, happiness, love, happy, laughed, laugh, laughing, excellent, laughs, and joy. The 10 words that people ranked as least happy were terrorist, suicide, rape, terrorism, murder, death, cancer, killed, kill, and die. (You can see how all the words ranked by visiting this site.)

There are several theories that say every story known to man can be reduced to one of just a handful of archetypes-a quest, overcoming the monster, rebirth, to name a few-but there's no consensus on what those stories are. In this case, researchers picked six from a mix of popular lists based on what shapes the computer identified most. And though the researchers were focused on a book's emotional arc-not the structure of its plot, per se-they found overlap in how plot points reflected emotional highs and lows as measured by the sentiment analysis.

While the plot of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows for instance, is "nested and complicated," they wrote, "the emotional arc associated with each sub-narrative is clearly visible." (That said, emotional moments discussed briefly-the first kiss between Harry and Ginny, let's say-didn't register.)

Hedonometer / Andy Reagan / Kirsch

All in all, "Rags to Riches" stories represented about one-fifth of all the works analyzed. This isn't surprising. It's easy to think of examples of such tales in classic literature. The canons of Charles Dickens, Edith Wharton, and Jane Austen are arguably defined by them.

"The 'Rags to Riches' emotional arc embodies a story that we all love to believe in, widely popular in the American dream itself," Reagan said. "It's a story of hope and fairness, where regardless of beginning in bad times, with effort things will get better and eventually result in good fortune."

In this case, the prototypical example, according to the researchers, is Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures Under Ground-which would later be published as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. An 1890 novel by the writer Olive Schreiner, Dreams, was another clear match for the "Rags to Riches" model. For both stories, the computer found a near-identical match to "Rags to Riches" with few if any connections to other kinds of emotional arcs. Here's how the top 20 stories that fit the "Rags to Riches" mode appear on a graph in their paper:

"Rags to Riches" may be popular among writers, but it isn't necessarily the emotional arc that readers reach for most. The categories that include the greatest total number of books are not the most popular, the researchers found. They examined total downloads for all books from Project Gutenberg, then divvied them up by mode. Measured this way, "Rags to Riches" is eclipsed by "Oedipus", " Man in a Hole" and, perhaps not surprisingly, "Cinderella," all of which were more popular. Reagan told me he and his colleagues now plan to analyze how different arcs are sequenced together in a single story, like in the Harry Potter example above.

Eventually, he says, this research could help scientists train machines to reverse-engineer what they learn about story trajectory to generate their own compelling original works. Already, there are competitions for story-writing bots. (Incidentally, I attempted a similar experiment and it didn't exactly go as planned.)

"This is an active area of research," Reagan says, "and there are a lot of hard problems yet to be solved. In addition to the plot, structure, and emotional arc, to write great stories, a computer will need to create characters and dialogue that are compelling and meaningful."

Vonnegut, of course, always made it sound easy. Consider how he describes the "Man in a Hole" narrative, which is characterized by M.R. James's Ghost Stories of an Antiquary -or pretty much any 22-minute sitcom: "Somebody gets in to trouble, gets out of it again," Vonnegut once said in a lecture. "People love that story. They never get sick of it."

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An A.I. Says There Are Six Main Kinds of Stories

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A machine mapped the most frequently used emotional trajectories in fiction, and compared them with the ones readers like best. 1. Rags to Riches (rise) 2. Riches to Rags (fall) 3. Man in a Hole (fall then rise) 4. Icarus (rise then fall) 5. Cinderella (rise then fall then rise) 6.