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What is a drought?
A drought is when there is a lack of precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more, resulting in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sector. Its impacts result from the interplay between the natural event (less precipitation than expected) and the demand people place on water supply, and human activities can exacerbate the impacts of drought.

What causes a drought?
Drought has many causes. It can be caused by not receiving rain or snow over a period of time. If you live in a place where most of the water you use comes from a river, a drought in your area can be caused by places upstream from you not receiving enough moisture. There would be less water in the river for you and other people who live along the river to use. People can also play a big role in drought. If we use too much water during times of normal rainfall, we might not have enough water when a drought happens.

Can scientists predict if a drought is going to happen?
No! Studies conducted over the past century have shown that meteorological drought is never the result of a single cause. It is the result of many causes including, global weather patterns, high pressure, the tropical outlook and other global-scale variables.

Are there places in the United States that experience drought?
Yes! The Western United States is experiencing an exceptional and extreme drought at this time. To see the map, Click Here to see the current U.S. Drought Monitor.

What was the Dust Bowl?
Of all the droughts that have occurred in the United States, the drought events of the 1930s are widely considered to be the "drought of record" for the nation. The 1930s drought is often referred to as if it were one episode, but it was actually several distinct events occurring in such rapid succession that affected regions were not able to recover adequately before another drought began. The term Dust Bowl was coined in 1935 to describe the drought-affected south central United States in the aftermath of horrific dust storms. Although it technically refers to the western third of Kansas, southeastern Colorado, the Oklahoma Panhandle, the northern two-thirds of the Texas Panhandle, and northeastern New Mexico, the Dust Bowl has come to symbolize the hardships of the entire nation during the 1930s.

How bad was the drought in the Dust Bowl years?
In the 1930s, drought covered virtually the entire Plains for almost a decade. The drought's direct effect is most often remembered as agricultural. Many crops were damaged by deficient rainfall, high temperatures, and high winds, as well as insect infestations and dust storms that accompanied these conditions. The resulting agricultural depression contributed to the Great Depression's bank closures, business losses, increased unemployment, and other physical and emotional hardships. Although records focus on other problems, the lack of precipitation would also have affected wildlife and plant life, and would have created water shortages for domestic needs.

What was the Black Sunday Dust Storm?
The 1930s were times of tremendous hardship on the Great Plains. Settlers dealt not only with the Great Depression, but also with years of drought that plunged an already-suffering society into an onslaught of relentless dust storms for days and months on end. They were known as dirt storms, sand storms, black blizzards, and "dusters." It seemed as if it could get no worse, but on Sunday, the 14th of April 1935, it got worse. The day is known in history as "Black Sunday," when a mountain of blackness swept across the High Plains and instantly turned a warm, sunny afternoon into a horrible blackness that was darker than the darkest night. Famous songs were written about it, and on the following day, the world would hear the region referred to for the first time as "The Dust Bowl."

How does a drought affect our lives?
Drought affects our lives in many different ways because water is such an important part of so many of our activities. We need water to live, and animals and plants do too. We need water to grow the food we eat. We also use water for many different things in our lives, like washing dishes, cooking, bathing, and swimming or river rafting. Water is also used to help make the electricity we use to run the lights in our houses and the video games you may like to play. When we don't have enough water for these activities because of a drought, many people and many different things will be affected in many different ways.

How can we help if we're in a drought?
One of the easiest steps we can take to help mitigate the impacts of drought is conserving water. If we use water wisely at all times, more water will be available to us and to plants and wildlife when a drought happens. We can lose a lot of water doing simple everyday tasks. Did you know that turning off the water while you brush your teeth can save more than 100 gallons of water a month? If you have a leaky faucet, the drips can add up to 300 gallons of wasted water a month.

What are the different types of drought?
There are four basic approaches to measuring drought: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic. The first three approaches deal with ways to measure drought as a physical phenomenon. The last deals with drought in terms of supply and demand, tracking the effects of water shortfall as it ripples through socioeconomic systems.

Meteorological drought is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some "normal" or average amount) and the duration of the dry period. Definitions of meteorological drought must be considered as region specific since the atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation are highly variable from region to region. For example, some definitions of meteorological drought identify periods of drought on the basis of the number of days with precipitation less than some specified threshold. This measure is only appropriate for regions characterized by a year-round precipitation regime such as a tropical rainforest, humid subtropical climate, or humid mid-latitude climate.

Agricultural drought links various characteristics of meteorological (or hydrological) drought to agricultural impacts, focusing on precipitation shortages, differences between actual and potential evapotranspiration, soil water deficits, reduced groundwater or reservoir levels, and so forth. Plant water demand depends on prevailing weather conditions, biological characteristics of the specific plant, its stage of growth, and the physical and biological properties of the soil. A good definition of agricultural drought should be able to account for the variable susceptibility of crops during different stages of crop development, from emergence to maturity.

Hydrological drought is associated with the effects of periods of precipitation (including snowfall) shortfalls on surface or subsurface water supply (i.e., streamflow, reservoir and lake levels, groundwater). The frequency and severity of hydrological drought is often defined on a watershed or river basin scale. Although all droughts originate with a deficiency of precipitation, hydrologists are more concerned with how this deficiency plays out through the hydrologic system. Hydrological droughts are usually out of phase with or lag the occurrence of meteorological and agricultural droughts. It takes longer for precipitation deficiencies to show up in components of the hydrological system such as soil moisture, streamflow, and groundwater and reservoir levels. As a result, these impacts are out of phase with impacts in other economic sectors.

Socioeconomic definitions of drought associate the supply and demand of some economic good with elements of meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural drought. It differs from the aforementioned types of drought because its occurrence depends on the time and space processes of supply and demand to identify or classify droughts. The supply of many economic goods, such as water, forage, food grains, fish, and hydroelectric power, depends on weather. Because of the natural variability of climate, water supply is ample in some years but unable to meet human and environmental needs in other years. Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall in water supply.

Aquifer - an area that contains large amounts of water under the surface of the earth.

Climate - day-to-day weather over a longer period of time. Climatology is the study of climate.

Climograph - a graph that shows monthly average temperature and precipitation for some location.

Dam - a structure built across a river to hold back water for a variety of reasons, including protecting areas from floods, storing water, and generating power.

Desalination - the process of removing salts and other minerals from seawater so that it can be used for drinking water.

Drought - less rainfall than is expected over an extended period of time, usually several months or longer. Or, more formally, it is a deficiency of rainfall over a period of time, resulting in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sector.

Drought Index - a numerical scale that scientists use to describe the severity of a drought. Scientists take many kinds of data (like streamflow, rainfall, temperature, and snowpack) and "blend" it into a single number, called a drought index value, to make it easier to understand the drought conditions of a particular area. Drought indices are one type of drought indicator.

Drought I ndicator - a way to look at one or more variables, such as precipitation, to describe available water in soil or hydrologic systems. It may be a record of a single measurement, such as rainfall at a particular rain gauge. It may also be a complex index. Drought indices (indexes) are a subset of drought indicators.

Dust Bowl - an area of the U.S. Plains that included parts of Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. The term was coined in the 1930s, when dry weather and high winds caused many dust storms throughout the United States, but particularly in this area.

Erosion - a process that wears the earth's surface away, causing soil to move from one place to another. It's a natural process, but human activities can make it worse.

Groundwater - water that is found underground in spaces in soil, sand, or rocks.

Hydroelectricity - electricity created by channeling water through turbines in power stations located below dams.

Irrigation - an agricultural practice that involves providing water to crops through pipes, ditches, or streams.

Mitigation - actions that we can take before, or at the beginning of, drought to help reduce the impacts of drought. Mitigation includes actions as diverse as drought planning, implementing land use practices that increase the organic content and water-holding capacity of soil, and designing agricultural policy that doesn't encourage short-term economic gains at the expense of long-term productive capacity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change uses mitigation to mean reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses.

Reservoirs - water that's collected and stored in natural or manmade lakes.

Submarginal Farmland - lands with nutrient-poor soils and/or soils that have been damaged by poor cultivation practices.

Water Banking - a water management strategy that temporarily transfers water from those who are willing to lease it to those who are willing to pay to use it.

Water Recycling - reusing treated wastewater for purposes like agricultural and landscape irrigation. It's also referred to as water reclamation or water reuse.

Xeriscaping - a type of landscaping around homes and businesses that uses a limited amount of water.

Click on the chart to make larger!

Click Here to see the current U.S. Drought Monitor!

Lesson Plan: Here is a lesson plan on water conservation.

Lesson Plan: Here is a lesson plan on how drought affect agriculture.

Science Fair Project Ideas: Here is a complete list of science fair project ideas. Discover the science behind the weather that impacts us every day.

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What is a drought? A drought is when there is a lack of precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more, resulting in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sector.

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Most of the time, you see cirrus clouds very high up in the sky, looking thin and wispy, like someone pulled a bigger cloud apart into little bits of cloud. Cirrus (SIR-russ) clouds look thin because they are made of ice crystals, not water drops. They form where it is high enough to be cold and freeze the water drops into ice.

Sometimes you might think you see cirrus clouds when it's really only the trail of an airplane, half blown away and spreading across the sky. But either way, if the sky is blue with only these thin cirrus clouds high up in it, you can be pretty sure it's going to be a nice day.

Learn by doing: go outside and try to identify the different clouds you see
More about clouds

Bibliography and further reading about the atmosphere:

Cite this page: Carr, K.E. Cirrus clouds - Weather science. Quatr.us Study Guides, August 19, 2017. Web. April 19, 2018.

Karen Carr is Associate Professor Emerita, Department of History, Portland State University. She holds a doctorate in Classical Art and Archaeology from the University of Michigan. Follow her on Instagram, Pinterest, or Twitter, or buy her book, Vandals to Visigoths.

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Cirrus clouds in a blue sky Most of the time, you see cirrus clouds very high up in the sky, looking thin and wispy, like someone pulled a bigger cloud apart into little bits of cloud. Cirrus (SIR-russ) clouds look thin because they

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How can you find a cirrus cloud without confusing it with another cloud?

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How can you find a cirrus cloud without confusing it with another cloud?

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Cirrus clouds have fuzzy edges

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Which water is more dense, cold or hot?
Cold water is more dense

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A drought is a land with no water or running out of water.

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At what temperature does liquid water turn solid?
Liquid water turns solid at 32 degrees.

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true or false?
water is a natural resource
A: true

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Q: True or false; There is 5 types of clouds.
A: False. There is three types of clouds.

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Watering lawns uses 50% to 70% of a house hold water supply

Answer:True

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What are the 3 forms of water?
The three forms are liquid, solid, and gas

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what are the three forms of water......

answer: liquid, solid, gas

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What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in the world?

Answer: lake superior

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What is not a form of water?
A- Solid
B- Gas
C- dense
D- liquid
A: C dense is not a form of water

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What is a large body of saltwater?

answer: ocean

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What is evaporation
Evaporation is the process of a liquid turning into a gas

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Q: What is it called when water runs down a mountain into a larger body of water?

A: When water runs down a mountain into a larger body of water it is called surface runoff.

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Clouds are made up of tiny water droplets or ice crystals. What has to happen for a cloud to form? Air is filled with water vapor. As warm air rises and cools, the water vapor condenses. The water vapor condenses around tiny dust particles in the air,forming water droplets. Clouds  look different depending on how high they are and what they are made of. Cirrus clouds form high in the sky. They are usually made of ice crystals.. Clouds made of ice crystals have fuzzy edges. Cumulus clouds and stratus clouds form lower in the sky. They are made of water droplets. Clouds made of water droplets have sharp, well defined edges. They are darker than cirrus clouds because sunlight is unable to pass through. Clouds that form closest to the ground are better known as fog. Fog is a cloud that forms near the ground.

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Q: What is the movement of air from the water to the land?
A: sea breeze is the movement of air form the water to the land.

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Which cloud appears puffy with a flat bottom
answer: cumulus cloud

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What is a cirrus cloud?

"Cirrus clouds form at high altitudes and are wispy and feather like with fuzzy edges.

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Q: What temperature does it need to be to snow?
A: 32 degrees Farenheit

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What types of precipitation are there?

A: Sleet, rain, snow, and hail are types of precipitation.

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What is it called when heat is removed from a large body of water?

When heat is removed from a large body of water it is called evaporation.

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  by Roza and Genesis-What happen to water in the pond during the year  

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  by Roza and Genesis-What happen to water in the pond during the year  

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A . it turns into liquid water
B. it turn into solid water
C. it turns into water vapor
D. all of the above
Answer: D. all of the above

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What is condensation?
Condensation is a process of water vapor turning to a liquid.

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Q:What does evaporation mainly come from?
A:Evaporation mainly comes from the ocean.

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brought to you by Adrian and Arianna.Q: What is it called when you recycle or use again?

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brought to you by Adrian and Arianna.Q: What is it called when you recycle or use again?

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Answer: Reclamation

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when it rains,hail,or snow

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What is it called when water falls off the sky?

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What is it called when water falls off the sky?

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Answer: precipitation

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Q: When water comes down from the sky, what would it be called?
A: When water comes down from the sky, it is called precipitation.

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After condensation comes precipitation ! We see a lot of precipitation in Lexington, MA! Precipitation comes in the form of rain, hail, and snow! The clouds that condense get too heavy--they are...

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Question:What is the big wide tube that carries water?

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Question:What is the big wide tube that carries water?

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Answer: Aqueduct

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Q:When water is in a body of water and turns into a water vapor, what would that be called?
A: When water is turned into a water vapor, that is called evaporation.

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Q: What are the three forms of water?
A: The three forms of water is in a gas form, a liquid form, and a solid form.

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what is the big thing that water flows through?

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what is the big thing that water flows through?

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an aqueduct.

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Vapor is little driplets of water that turns into clouds

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The water cycle is a process that evaporates water and then later on when the cloud is full of water it lets it fall back onto land

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what is the water cycle?:                    the water cycle is when water evaporates from the sun forms into a gas and forms a cloud then moves to an different area then turns back into water and falls down as rain.

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what is the water cycle?:                    the water cycle is when water evaporates from the sun forms into a gas and forms a cloud then moves to an different area then turns back into water and falls down as rain.

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The water cycle is when the sun evaporates ocean water into water vapor .Then travels through the air and comes down as rain, sleet, and snow.Then gathers in a lake or stream.And repeats over and over again.

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The water cycle is when the sun evaporates ocean water into water vapor .Then travels through the air and comes down as rain, sleet, and snow.Then gathers in a lake or stream.And repeats over and over again.

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The water cycle is when ocean water evaporates and turns into clouds then rain, rain goes onto the mountains down in rivers while picking up salt and minerals and back into the ocean