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The cocktail party effect is the phenomenon of being able to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, much the same way that a partygoer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room.

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Repeated measures design means that participant variables are reduced but there are more order effects

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Low Ecological Validity as participants listened through headphones which is artificial and would not be likely to happen in real life

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Personally relevant information

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Two different messages that are presented to each ear at the same time.

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Lacks Population Validity as all participants were from Oxford University who are not representative of the entire population, as it is an elite university so they are more likely to have higher IQs as well as better recall and recognition skills

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Highly standardised lab experiment so higher internal validity as there was lots of control;
Both the shadowed and rejected messages were played at the same volume
Messages were recorded on a tape with the same male voice saying each tape at a word rate of 130-150 a minute.
Messages always played through headphones, directing each message to each ear.

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Identification Paradox - although the rejected message content isn't attended to & is blocked from conscious perception, this block does not prevent a response to a person's own name.

When participants direct attention to the message in one ear and rejects the message in the other - almost all of the rejected message is blocked. This rejection even happens when the message is repeated many times - shown by the short word list not being remembered,

Subjectively important messages -own name- can get through this block, shown when hearing instructions containing the participant's name was heard in the rejected ear.

It is very difficult to make neutral material important enough to get through the block

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Mean number of digits heard when participants were told about digits vs words was not significantly different

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A stats test showed there was a high difference between affective and non affective conditions. This indicates that the presence of the name can cause an instruction to be heard

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There was no evidence of recognition of words from the rejected message - much lower mean

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All 3 studies used a dichotic listening task.

Study 1: Repeated Measures Design where participants heard a short list of simple words repeated 35 times in the unattended ear whilst shadowing a prose message in the attended ear.
IV: Shadowed/rejected message
DV: Recall from the unattended message and recognition of the shadowed message

Study 2: Repeated Measures Design where participants shadowed 10 short passages each having a different set of instructions at the beginning. They were told their responses would be recorded and that the aim was to have as few mistakes as possible. 3 conditions involved the name of the participants and each participant experienced all 10 conditions.
IV: Whether instructions contained affective content or not
DV: Frequency in which the instruction was heard

Study 3: Independant Measures Design where messages had digits added in towards the end of the passage. Control message contained no digits. Participants always shadowed a message.
IV: Whether participants were told that they would be questioned on the words in the passage or the numbers
DV: The mean number of digits in the message, and those that were reported

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All participants were undergraduates or research workers from Oxford University.
Study 1's sample size was not recorded
Study 2 had 12 participants
Study 3 has 28 participants (2 groups of 14)

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To test dichotic listening in relation to;
the amount of information recognised in the rejected message,
the effect of hearing your own name in the unattended message,
the effect of instructions to identify a specific target in the rejected message