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1. Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria.

2. The 3-C pyruvic acid is converted to 2-C acetate. This is accomplished by removing a molecule of CO2 from each molecule of pyruvic acid. The carbon dioxide is released into the air.

3. For each pyruvic acid that is converted to acetate, one molecule of NAD+ is converted to NADH.

4. Coenzyme A attaches to the acetate to form acetyl CoA. The acetyl-CoA will be used in the Krebs cycle.

5. This reaction is often referred to as "The Bridge Reaction". It is the bridge between
a) the cytoplasm and the mitochondria
b) anerobic and aerobic respiration
c) glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

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A. It is surrounded by a double membrane.
1. Outer membrane
2. Inner membrane
3. Matrix
4. Cristae

B. The matrix is the space inside the inner membrane. It contains the enzymes that are needed for the reactions of the Krebs cycle as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.

C. The inner membrane has folds and loops called cristae. The cristae increases surface area for the reactions of the respiration process.

D. The Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and the electron transport chain occurs in the cristae membranes.

E. At the end of glcolysis, about 90% of the chemical energy that was available in the glucose molecule is still unused. This energy is locked in the high energy electrons of pyruvic acid.

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Place of occurance (ETC and Krebs Cycle)

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Place of occurance (ETC and Krebs Cycle)

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1. In prokaryotic cells, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the cytoplasm and along special structures of the cell membrane.

2. In  eukaryotic  cells, these reactions occur inside the mitochondria. If oxygen is available, the pyruvic acid that was produced during glycolysis will enter the mitochondria for aerobic respiration.

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1. The NADH that has been produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle will be used to produce ATP.

2. Most of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is produced in the electron transport chain.

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1. The oxidation of glucose is completed

2. The hydrogen that is removed from pyruvic acid will be accepted by NAD+ to form NADH.

3. There will be a small yield of ATP.

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2 major stages:
- Krebs cycle
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

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The fate of pyruvic acid if oxygen is absent

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The fate of pyruvic acid if oxygen is absent

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1. In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvic acid will enter the anaerobic pathways of fermentation.

2. Fermentation yields no
additional ATP.

3. This occurs in the cytoplasm.

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The fate of pyruvic acid if oxygen is present

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The fate of pyruvic acid if oxygen is present

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1. In the presence of oxygen, the pyruvic acid will enter the mitochondria and undergo aerobic respiration.

2. Aerobic respiration includes the stages known as the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
3. Aerobic respiration will yield many more ATP than glycolysis.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Glycolysis

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Glycolysis

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1. Glycolysis only produces a gain of 2ATP per molecule of glucose, but the process is so fast that 1000's of ATP are produced in just a few milliseconds.

2. Another advantage is that glycolysis does not require oxygen. Energy can be produced for the cell even if no oxygen is present.

3. Disadvantage: If the cell relied only on glycolysis for ATP production, the cell would quickly run out of NAD+ to accept the hydrogen electrons. Without NAD+, the cell cannot keep glycolysis going and ATP production would stop. To keep glycolysis going, the NADH must deliver their high-energy cargo of electrons to another pathway, and then return to glycolysis to be used

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What role do photosynthesis and cellular respiration play in the recycling of carbon?

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What role do photosynthesis and cellular respiration play in the recycling of carbon?

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Plants need carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis and makes a product of oxygen. Cellular respiration requires oxygen. In return, we living things produce carbon dioxide and plants require that for photosynthesis. It is an endless cycle.

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How is energy transformed and matter utilized by living things?

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How is energy transformed and matter utilized by living things?

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Energy is transformed from light, along with water and carbon dioxide, into oxygen and glucose (matter). Living things need and cannot survive without glucose and oxygen, because they need those in order to perform cellular respiration.

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What role does photosynthesis play in altering Earth's atmosphere?

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What role does photosynthesis play in altering Earth's atmosphere?

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Photosynthesis alters the Earth’s atmosphere by using carbon dioxide and making a product of oxygen. In order to function properly, living things need oxygen in order perform cellular respiration. Photosynthesis also makes a product of glucose. Also, in order to perform cellular respiration, living things also need glucose. When plants produce oxygen it also makes the air cleaner.

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How are Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related to one another in the biosphere?

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How are Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related to one another in the biosphere?

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The reactants in cellular respiration are the same as the products in photosynthesis. The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products in cellular respiration. It is an ongoing cycle.

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How do the products of photosynthesis become amino acids?

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How do the products of photosynthesis become amino acids?

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Amino acids are created during photosynthesis.

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Elements: C, H, O, P, N
Examples: DNA, RNA

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Elements: C, H, O
Examples: Bread, Pasta, Tortillas

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Elements: C, H, O
Examples: Fats, Waxes, Steroids, Oils

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Elements: C, H, O, N, S
Examples: Meats, Dairy, Eggs

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Amount of energy that is transferred at each level (Food Web Energy Pyramid [Con't)

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Amount of energy that is transferred at each level (Food Web Energy Pyramid [Con't)

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Amount of energy that is transferred and available at each level (Food Web Energy Pyramid)

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Amount of energy that is transferred and available at each level (Food Web Energy Pyramid)

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soil bacterium, fungi, or invertebrate, that decompose organic material

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an animal that eats meat

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an animal or person that eats plants and meat

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animals that eat plants.

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A heterotroph is a consumer that is unable to create the organic compounds it needs in order to survive so it takes the things it needs from autotrophs.

Examples: animals, protozoa, fungi, and most bacteria

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An autotroph is a producer that creates complicated molecules using simple compounds in the atmosphere around it and produces these changes using light energy.

Example: plants

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1. During this reaction, 2 high-energy electrons are removed from each PGAL. These electrons are passed to the electron acceptor NAD+.

2. NAD+ in respiration is similar to NADP+ in photosynthesis.

3. Each NAD+ accepts a pair of electrons to form NADH.

4. This NADH holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules.

5. NAD+ helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cells.

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1. Even though cellular respiration is an energy releasing process, the cell must invest a small amount of energy to get the reaction going.

2. 2 molecules of ATP are consumed at the beginning, but 4 molecules of ATP are produced at the end of glycolysis .

3. Glycolysis has a gain of 2ATP.

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Products of Photosynthesis = Reactants of Cellular Respiration

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releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the cell.

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1. The energy of 2ATP is used to convert glucose into 2 molecules of PGAL.

2. The 2 molecules of PGAL will be oxidized to produce 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid is a chemical compound.

3. As the PGAL is oxidized, 2 molecules of NAD+ will be reduced to form 2 molecules of NADH. These will be used in the electron transport chain.

4. The oxidation of PGAL also results in the production of 4ATP.

5. Pyruvic acid may:
a) enter the mitochondrion for the Krebs cycle
b) remain in the cytoplasm for fermentation

*oxidation: added oxygen

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- takes glucose (C6H12O6) and breaks it up - it creates 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

- occurs in the cytoplasm (the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain occur in the mitochondria)

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1. Glycolysis (anaerobic)
2. Krebs Cycle (aerobic)
3. Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)

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- Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen
- Anaerobic Respiration: does NOT require oxygen

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Inputs-
-H2O (water)
-CO2 (carbon dioxide)
-light

Outputs-
-O2 (oxygen)
-C6H12O6 (glucose)

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How is light energy transformed into chemical energy?

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How is light energy transformed into chemical energy?

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Light energy is absorbed through chlorophyll making a product of ATP.

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Carbon Dioxide, ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose.

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Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to make NADPH and ATP.

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Chloroplasts absorb energy from the sun and store it as ATP and NADPH. Oxygen molecules are separated from water.

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Energy is proportional to mass.

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E=mc^2

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Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

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Matter is neither created nor destroyed.