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Whenever embarking on change transitions, companies typically compare hiring external consultants versus tapping into their teams of internal consultants.

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Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a technical approach used in the analysis and design of an application or system through the application of the object-oriented paradigm and concepts including visual modeling

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CONT
5. Information System Action Committee and system group project

6. External consultant vs internal expert
7.

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1) Introduction to system development process
- Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software.
- Systems development life cycle (Phases)
planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance/support.
Read more
2) Understand the need for system analysis and design in organization
- System analysis seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information (reference)
-
3) System analysts
- (IT) professional who specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems.
- uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.
- may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.

key players
Users
* Management
* Auditors, quality assurance people, and “standards bearers”
* Systems analysts
* Systems designers
* Programmers
* Web designers
* Operations personnel
http://jjakiela.prz.edu.pl/Players.pdf

4) SDLC Phases (image)
5) Information action committee & system group project
- group of system analyst
- information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.

6) External consultant vs internal expert
http://www.business2community.com/strategy/internal-external-consultants-works-best-business-01608113#7sjIdJ11lZMpGzSE.97

advantages & disadvantages
http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/

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BB14110424

1) Introduction to system development process

Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program.

include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software

2) The need for systems analysis and design in organizations

Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise.By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems.

Systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.

3) System analysts

(IT) professional who specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems.

uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.

may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.

4) Phases in sdlc

Refer picture

5) information system action committee and system group project

information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.

6) External consultant vs Internal expert
http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

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BB14110404

1) introduction to system development
-  Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software.

2) The needs for system analysis and design in organization
- Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise. By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems. Furthermore, systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.

3) System analyst
-user
-system analyst
-designer
-system programmer/engineer:
follow the needs of consultant
- accountant :
as a consultant
-

4) phases in SDLC
-Planning
-Systems Analysis and Requirements
-Systems Design
-Development
-Integration and Testing
-Implementation
-Operations and Maintenance

4) information system committee
- information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.

5) external consultant vs internal expert

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BB14110392

Chapter 1
1) INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

a)  Introduction to the system development process https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

Notes:
The study of the evolution of large information systems had led to the proposal of the following two ‘laws’ (Lehman & Belady, 1985):
1. Law of continuing change:
A system undergoes continuing change, until it becomes economical to replace it by a new or restructured system.
2. Law of increasing entropy:
The entropy of a system increases with time, unless special care is taken to maintain or reduce it

b)System Development
https://www.fca.gov/Download/ITManual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf

Notes:
Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software.

c)Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

i) ref. 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle
ii) ref. 2
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/systems-development-life-cycle

2) UNDERSTAND THE NEED FOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IN ORGANIZATION

a) System Analysis and Design
-by Syed Ammir Abbas

http://www.slideshare.net/aamir_libr/system-analysis-and-design-14843784

Notes:
System Analysis
The dissection of a system into its component pieces to study how those component pieces interact and work.

i) Survey and Planning
ii) Study and Analysis
iii) The Deefinition

System Design
The process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements.

3) SYSTEM ANALYST AND THEIR ROLE

1) Roles of System Analyst
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

Notes:

The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes.

The three primary roles of the systems analyst are consultant, supporting expert, and agent of change.

System Analyst
i) User (complain, needs to change)
ii) System Designer
iii) System Programmer
iv) Accountant
v) Engineer

3) EXTERNAL CONSULTANT VS INTERNAL EXPERT

External Consultant

An external consultant is someone external to the organization who can be contracted to conduct the evaluation - sometimes they develop the evaluation design and sometimes they implement the design outlined in the Terms of Reference.

External consultants can be (in some cases better) used when deeply specialist knowledge is needed for a large-scale project, or when a neutral, independent view is needed on a problem.

Advantages:
- independent players
- clients have more confidence in external consultants than internal consultants.
-vast experience with various clients

Internal Consultant

An internal consultant is, at first glance, just like an external consultant: a professional that is hired to solve an organisational problem and implement the solutions in order to improve the performance of an organisation.

Advantages:
-usually cheaper than external advisor
-better understanding of the organisation they advise
- more often involved with the realisation of their own advises

ref:
http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants

4) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TOOL
i) Modelling
ii) Prototyping
iii) CASE Tools

5) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES
i) Structure Analysis

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BB14110105
1. Introduction to system development process

Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software.

https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

2. The need for system analysis and design in organization

Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise.

http://www.slideshare.net/aamir_libr/system-analysis-and-design-14843784

3. System analysts & their roles

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/systems-analyst

i) key player

-user
-system analyst
-designer
-system programmer/engineer:
follow the needs of consultant
- accountant :
as a consultant

4.Phase of SDLC

https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

-Planning (1),
Systems Analysis (2),
Systems Design (3),
Development (4),
Testing (5),
Implementation (6)
Maintenance (7)

5. Information system action comittee and system group project

6.  External Consultant vs Internal Expert

http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants

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BB14110469
1.INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

-The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a series of six steps that a project team works through in order to conceptualize, analyze, design, construct and implement a new information technology system. Adhering to a SDLC increases efficiency and accuracy and reduces the risk of product failure.

https://airbrake.io/blog/sdlc/what-is-system-development-life-cycle

2.THE NEED FOR THE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

-Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise. By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems. Furthermore, systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

3.SYSTEM ANALYST AND THEIR ROLES

-A systems analyst is a person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology. Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.

Roles of the System Analyst

i)Systems Analyst as Consultant
ii)Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert
iii)Systems Analyst as Agent of Change
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

4.PHASES OF SDLC
-Planning
-Systems Analysis and Requirements
-Systems Design
-Development
-Integration and Testing
-Implementation
-Operations and Maintenance

https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

5.INFORMATION SYSTEM ACTION COMMITTEE AND SYSTEM GROUP PROJECT

6.EXTERNAL CONSULTANT VS INTERNAL EXPERT
External Consultant-An external consultant is someone external to the organization who can be contracted to conduct the evaluation - sometimes they develop the evaluation design and sometimes they implement the design outlined in the Terms of Reference.
Internal Expert-
http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants

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BB14110651

Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

Is a term used in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. The systems development life-cycle concept applies to a range of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be composed of hardware only, software only, or a combination of both.

The study of the evolution of large information systems had led to the proposal of the following two laws (Lehman & Belady, 1985):

1. Law of continuing change :A system undergoes continuing change, until it

becomes economical to replace it by a new or restructured system.

2.Law of increasing entropy:The entropy of a system increases with time,

unless special care is taken to maintain or reduce it.

Click : Need for Systems Analysis and Design.

System Analyst.

A systems analyst is a person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology. Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.

The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes. Many improvements involve better support of users’ work tasks and business functions through the use of computerized information systems. This definition emphasizes a systematic, methodical approach to analyzing—and potentially improving—what is occurring in the specific context experienced by users and created by a business.

Click Also :Roles of the Systems Analyst.
Continue : Stakeholders, The Players of an Information System

Phases of SDLC.

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) puts emphasis on decision making processes that affect system cost and usefulness. These decisions must be based on full consideration of business processes, functional requirements, and economic and technical feasibility. The primary objectives of any SDLC is to deliver quality system which meets or exceed customer expectations and within cost estimates, work effectively and efficiently within the current and planned infrastructure, and is an inexpensive to maintain. SDLC establishes a logical order of events for conducting system development that is controlled, measured, documented, and ultimately improved. Any software is not all complete and there are enough rooms to add new features to existing software.

here are following six phases in every Software development life cycle model:

1. Requirement gathering and analysis

2. Design

3. Implementation or coding

4. Testing

5. Deployment

6. Maintenance

Details : http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-are-the-software-development-life-cycle-sdlc-phases/

3) EXTERNAL CONSULTANT VS INTERNAL EXPERT

An external consultant is someone external to the organization who can be contracted to conduct the evaluation - sometimes they develop the evaluation design and sometimes they implement the design outlined in the Terms of Reference.

External consultants can be (in some cases better) used when deeply specialist knowledge is needed for a large-scale project, or when a neutral, independent view is needed on a problem.

ref:
http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants

4) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TOOL
i) Modelling
ii) Prototyping
iii) CASE Tools

5) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES
i) Structure Analysis

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BB14110519

1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

2. NEED FOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IN ORGANIZATION
- Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise.
- Systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.

3. SYSTEM ANALYST AND THEIR ROLE
- Read here : http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/
https://speedestchandu.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/stakeholders-the-players-of-an-information-system/

4. EXTERNAL CONSULTANT vs INTERNAL EXPERT
http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal and External Consultant
1) Scope of Innovation
2) A detailed survey of problem
3) Specific role playing

Read more:
http://content.wisestep.com/internal-vs-external-consultants-advantages-disadvantages/

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BB13110364

1.)Introduction to system development

-Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software.

-Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
https://www.fca.gov/download/itmanual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf

2.)The need of system analysis and design in organizations

-Systems are created to solve problems. One can think of the sys- tems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject. System Analysis and Design (SAD), mainly deals with the software development activities.

Notes:
Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could be seen as the application of systems theory to product development.

3.)System analysts and their roles

-Computer systems analysts study an organization's current computer systems and procedures and design information systems solutions to help the organization operate more efficiently and effectively. They bring business and information technology (IT) together by understanding the needs and limitations of both.

-Please refer to:
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

Who is analyze and design system?
-user > system analyst > designer > programmer > accountant

4.)Phases in SDLC5.)Information system action committee and system group project

6.)External consultant vs internal expert
http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

7.)system development tools
-modelling
-prototyping
-case tools

8.)System development methodologies
-structure analysis
-egile method
-other methodologies

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BB14110640
1. introduction to the system development process

2. understand the need for system analysis and design in organization.
http://www.saigontech.edu.vn/faculty/huynq/SAD/Systems_Analysis_Design_UML_5th%20ed.pdf

3. system analysts and their roles

- A systems analyst is a person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.
-Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.
- http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/
-Stakeholders:

System Owners

System Users

Internal System Users

Clerical and Service workers

Technical and professional staffs

Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers

External System User

Customers

Suppliers

Partners

Employees

System Designers

Database Administrators

Network Architects

Web Architects

Graphics Artists

Security Experts

Technology specialists

System Builders

Application programmers

System programmers

Databases Programmers

Network Administrators

Security Administrators

Webmasters

Software Integrators

System Analysts

- Phase of SDLC- Information system action committee and system group project
* information system which serves the   needs of safety program and supports mission.

- External consultant vs internal expert
http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110592

1. Introduction to the system development process

Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program.

include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software

2. The need for systems analysis and design in organization (SAD)
http://www.slideshare.net/aamir_libr/system-analysis-and-design-14843784

3. System Analysts and their roles
http://www4.semo.edu/gjohnson/AC330/ac330ch18notesedition11.htm
-  person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.
-Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.
- use computers and related systems to design new IT solutions, modify, enhance or adapt existing systems and integrate new features or improvements, all with the aim of improving business efficiency and productivity.
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

BA Roles/Titles

* Business Analyst
* Business Process Analyst
* IT Business Analyst
* Requirements Engineer
* Business Systems Analyst
* Systems Analyst
* Data Analyst
* Functional Architect
* Usability/UX Analyst

Their roles :
http://www.slideshare.net/prachi90501/role-of-system-analyst?next_slideshow=1

4. Phases of SDLC
https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

5. Information system action committee and system group project

6, External consultant vs Internal expert
- External consultant : someone external to the organization who can be contracted to conduct the evaluation - sometimes they develop the evaluation design and sometimes they implement the design outlined in the Terms of Reference.
-Internal Expert: any individual/group which serves internal clients in an advisory capacity, including: Bringing a specialized management consulting expertise to improve the performance of the company/organization.http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

7. System development tools

Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test, and modify. A system analyst can describe and simplify an information system by using a set of business, data, object, network, and process models. A business model, or requirements model, describes the information that a system must provide.  A data model describes data structure and design. An object model describes objects, which combine data and processes. A network model describes the design and protocols of telecommunications links. A process model describes the logic that programmers use to write code modules. Although the models might appear to overlap, they actually work together to describe the same environment from different points of view.

Prototyping tests system concepts and provides an opportunity to examine input, output, and user interfaces before final decisions are made. A prototype is an early working version of an information system. A prototype can serve as an initial model that is used as benchmark to evaluate the finished system, or the prototype itself can develop into the final version of the system. Either way, prototyping speeds up the development process significantly. A possible disadvantage of prototyping is that important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are understood thoroughly. A prototype based on careful fact finding and modeling techniques, however can be an extremely valuable tool.

Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE), also called computer-aided software engineering, is a technique that uses powerful software, called CASE Tools, to help system s analyst’s develop and maintain information systems. CASE tools provide an over all framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.
Because CASE tools make it easier to build an information system, they boost it productivity and improved the quality of the finished product.
In addition to traditional CASE tools system developers often use project management tools, such as Microsoft Project, and special –purpose charting tools, such as Microsoft Visio, which is shown in figure 1-23. a system analyst’s can use Visio to create many different types of diagrams, including block diagrams. Building plans, forms and charts, maps, network diagrams, and organization charts, Visio is described in more detail in Part 2 of  the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit.

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BB13110066
introduction of system development process
https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

need of system analysis and design
By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems. Furthermore, systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

system analyst
A computer systems analyst is an occupation in the field of information technology. A computer systems analyst works to solve problems related to computer technology. Many analysts set up new computer systems, both the hardware and software, add new software applications to increase computer productivity.

key role of system analyst
user
designer
system programmer
accountant - becomes consultant
engineer- fulfill needs of consultant

phases of SDLC
https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

information system action committee and system group project

external consultant v internal expert
http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110631

1. Introduction to system development process

A functioning organisation relies on its information system, whether that system be entirely pen-and-paper based, or whether it includes a computer-based information system (or systems).

Real world organisations will to respond to changes in their environment (customers, economy, competition, improved techniques, business opportunities). For most organisations there comes a time when they consider the introduction of a new, computer-based information system

2. Need for System Analysis and Design

link : http://www.slideshare.net/aamir_libr/system-analysis-and-design-14843784

3. System Analyst and their Roles

The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes

System Analyst

1. User

2. System Analyst

3. Designer

4. Accountant

5. Engineer

Roles of System Analyst: http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

4. Phases of SDLC

Following are the seven phases of the SDLC:

1. Planning

2. Systems Analysis

3. Systems Design

4. Development

5. Testing

6. Implementation

7. Maintenance

read more at:

https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

5. Information System Action and System Group Project

6. External Consultant vs Internal Expert

Use External Consultants When:

To support development of strategy or facilitate corporate-wide initiatives or key priorities

Use Internal Consultants When:

To support implementation of strategic priority, or intervention as an operational focus

More information:

Similarity and Differences
Advantages and Disadvantages

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110641

Introduction to system development process

Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software. Written standards and procedures must guide all information systems processing functions. The organization’s management must define and implement standards and adopt an appropriate system development life cycle methodology governing the process of developing, acquiring, implementing, and maintaining computerized information systems and related technology.

Read more at : https://www.fca.gov/Download/ITManual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf
https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

Need for system analysis and design

Systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems

Read more at : http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

System analysts & their roles

A systems analyst is an information technology (IT) professional who specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems.

Roles:

Implements computer system requirements by defining and analyzing system problems; designing and testing standards and solutions.

Read more :
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

SLDC Phrases

1. Planning

2. Systems Analysis

3. Systems Design

4. Development

5. Testing

6. Implementation

7. Maintenance

Information system action committee and system group project

Information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission

External consultant vs internal expert
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/28af/c88b56b3eacf85282c9e1198b716199070d5.pdf
http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants

# data[].attributes.body
1. introduction to system development process.
-https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

-NEED FOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN IN ORGANIZATION
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

-System analysts and their roles
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/
Analysts work in almost every kind of organisation within the IT industry, including firms of management consultants, software and systems houses, and large manufacturers of computing equipment, who offer consultancy services.

Consultants' client companies are diverse and include:

automotive firms;

the financial services sector;

global investment banks;

manufacturers;

the public sector;

utility companies.

user
designer
accountant

Phase of SDLC
https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

Information system action committee and system group project

External consultant vs internal expert
http://www.slideshare.net/IIBA-UK/internal-externalconsultantspetergane-7323042

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110350

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
-https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf
-https://www.fca.gov/Download/ITManual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf

THE NEED FOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
-http://www.openlearningworld.com/books/System%20Analysis/Chapter%201/The%20Need%20For%20System%20Analysis.html

SYSTEM ANALYST AND THEIR ROLES
-The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes.

INFORMATION SYSTEM ACTION COMMITTEE AND SYSTEM GROUP
PROJECT
-

EXTERNAL CONSULTANT VS INTERNAL EXPERT
-http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants

# data[].attributes.body
BB14160959

CHAPTER 1 :
Introduction to the system development process

1. What is systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

(SDLC is also an abbreviation for Synchronous Data Link Control.)

The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application.
2. The need for system analysis and design in organization 3. System analyst and their roles

i ) Systems Analyst as Consultant :

The systems analyst frequently acts as a systems consultant to humans and their businesses and, thus, may be hired specifically to address information systems issues within a business

ii) Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert

Supporting expert within a business for which you are regularly employed in some systems capacity. In this role the analyst draws on professional expertise concerning computer hardware and software and their uses in the business. This work is often not a full-blown systems project, but rather it entails a small modification or decision affecting a single department.

iii) Systems Analyst as Agent of Change

The most comprehensive and responsible role that the systems analyst takes on is that of an agent of change, whether internal or external to the business. As an analyst, you are an agent of change whenever you perform any of the activities in the systems development life cycle (discussed in the next section) and are present and interacting with users and the business for an extended period (from two weeks to more than a year). An agent of change can be defined as a person who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change, and works with others in facilitating that change.

4. The keyplayer of the system development

System Owners

System Users

Internal System Users

Clerical and Service workers

Technical and professional staffs

Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers

External System User

Customers

Suppliers

Partners

Employees

System Designers

Database Administrators

Network Architects

Web Architects

Graphics Artists

Security Experts

Technology specialists

System Builders

Application programmers

System programmers

Databases Programmers

Network Administrators

Security Administrators

Webmasters

Software Integrators

System Analysts

5. Information system action committee and system group project

6. External consultant vs internal expert

# data[].attributes.body
BB 14110087

1.1   INTRODUCTION

Systems are created to solve problems. One can think of the systems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject System Analysis and Design (SAD), mainly deals with the software development activities.

SLDC

systems development life cycle (SDLC),  also referred to as the application development life-cycle, is a term used in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.

System is a collection of components that work together to realize some objectives forms a system. Basically there are three major components in every system, namely input, processing and output.

Following are the different phases of system development life cycle:

·         Preliminary study

·         Feasibility study

·         Detailed system study

·         System analysis

·         System design

·         Coding

·         Testing

·         Implementation

·         Maintenance

Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise. By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems. Furthermore, systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.

What is the role of system analyst?

A systems analyst is a person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology. Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.

The Role of an Analyst is to help organizations understand the challenges before them to make this transition and to ensure that the needs and expectations of the client are represented correctly in the final solution.

WHO IS System Analyst?
WATCH THIShttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCx6ol18544

Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test, and modify. A system analyst can describe and simplify an information system by using a set of business, data, object, network, and process models. A business model, or requirements model, describes the information that a system must provide.  A data model describes data structure and design. An object model describes objects, which combine data and processes. A network model describes the design and protocols of telecommunications links. A process model describes the logic that programmers use to write code modules. Although the models might appear to overlap, they actually work together to describe the same environment from different points of view.

Prototyping tests system concepts and provides an opportunity to examine input, output, and user interfaces before final decisions are made. A prototype is an early working version of an information system. A prototype can serve as an initial model that is used as benchmark to evaluate the finished system, or the prototype itself can develop into the final version of the system. Either way, prototyping speeds up the development process significantly. A possible disadvantage of prototyping is that important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are understood thoroughly. A prototype based on careful fact finding and modeling techniques, however can be an extremely valuable tool.

Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE), also called computer-aided software engineering, is a technique that uses powerful software, called CASE Tools, to help system s analyst’s develop and maintain information systems. CASE tools provide an over all framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.
Because CASE tools make it easier to build an information system, they boost it productivity and improved the quality of the finished product.
In addition to traditional CASE tools system developers often use project management tools, such as Microsoft Project, and special –purpose charting tools, such as Microsoft Visio, which is shown in figure 1-23. a system analyst’s can use Visio to create many different types of diagrams, including block diagrams. Building plans, forms and charts, maps, network diagrams, and organization charts, Visio is described in more detail in Part 2 of  the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit.

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110368

A) Introduction to system development process
https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

B) Understand the need for system analysis and design in organization
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

C) System analysts and their roles
http://www.slideshare.net/infinityrulz/roles-responsibilities-of-system-analyst

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

D) Phases in SDLC
https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

E) Information system action committee and system group project

F) External consultant vs Internal expert
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/28af/c88b56b3eacf85282c9e1198b716199070d5.pdf

G) System development tools

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110601

1) INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
-Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software.

A simple view of system development is initially to consider the starting and ending situations. A new system is desired, either starting from an existing system, or simply the need for a new system:

Code-and-fix approach to software development
-The ‘code and fix’ approach to software development is not a proper life cycle (see later this unit). Such a process of development occurs when software developers get together with a vague set of requirements and start producing software, fixing it, changing it until the correct product appears.

2)THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
- is a series of six steps that a project team works through in order to conceptualize, analyze, design, construct and implement a new information technology system. Adhering to a SDLC increases efficiency and accuracy and reduces the risk of product failure.

click -Need for Systems Analysis and Design

3)SYSTEMS ANALYST AND THEIR ROLES

-A systems analyst is an information technology (IT) professional who specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems. Systems analysts assess the suitability of information systems in terms of their intended outcomes and liaise with end users, software vendors and programmers in order to achieve these outcomes. A systems analyst is a person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems

Click-Roles of the Systems Analyst

Click-The Players of an Information System

4) THE PHASES OF SDLC

click-The Seven Phases of the System-Development Life Cycle

5)INFORMATION SYSTEM ACTION COMMITTEE AND SYSTEM GROUP PROJECT
- Information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.

6)EXTERNAL CONSULTANT VS INTERNAL EXPERT

- Because internal and external consultants add different value, clients can assess their needs and make the choice of which to use based on the contributions each makes. The table below suggests some criteria to use in making the best choice based on the recommendations from our interviews of seventy five internal and external consultants.
Difference between external consultant and internal expert
http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants

http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110569
i) Introduction to System Development Process
Systems development life cycle (SDLC), the fundamental four-phase model (planning, analysis, design, and implementation) common to all information systems development projects. It describes the evolution of system development methodologies and discusses the roles and skills required of a systems analyst.
ii) Need for systems analysis and design in organization
http://www.icteducatoronline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=172
iii) System Analysts and Their Roles
Key player of System Analyst
-User
-Designer
-System Programmer
-Accountant
-Engineer
Business Analysts Roles/Titles

* Business Analyst
* Business Process Analyst
* IT Business Analyst
* Requirements Engineer
* Business Systems Analyst
* Systems Analyst
* Data Analyst
* Functional Architect
* Usability/UX Analyst
Stakeholders:

System Owners

System Users

Internal System Users

Clerical and Service workers

Technical and professional staffs

Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers

External System User

Customers

Suppliers

Partners

Employees

System Designers

Database Administrators

Network Architects

Web Architects

Graphics Artists

Security Experts

Technology specialists

System Builders

Application programmers

System programmers

Databases Programmers

Network Administrators

Security Administrators

Webmasters

Software Integrators

System Analysts

Systems Analyst Job Duties:

Defines application problem by conferring with clients; evaluating procedures and processes.

Develops solution by preparing and evaluating alternative workflow solutions.

Controls solution by establishing specifications; coordinating production with programmers.

Validates results by testing programs.

Ensures operation by training client personnel; providing support.

Provides reference by writing documentation.

Updates job knowledge by participating in educational opportunities; reading professional publications; maintaining personal networks; participating in professional organizations.

Accomplishes information systems and organization mission by completing related results as needed.

http://hiring.monster.com/hr/hr-best-practices/recruiting-hiring-advice/job-descriptions/systems-analyst-job-description.aspx

http://www.slideshare.net/infinityrulz/roles-responsibilities-of-system-analyst

iv) Phase SDLC

v)Information System Action Committee and System Group Project

vi) External consultant vs Internal Expert
http://www.slideshare.net/IIBA-UK/internal-externalconsultantspetergane-7323042?next_slideshow=1

http://www.vault.com/blog/consult-this-consulting-careers-news-and-views/internal-vs-external-consulting

Advantages and Disadvantages
Internal Consultants

Advantage #1: Integrated Understanding

Advantage #2: Follow-Through / Implementation

Advantage #3: Proactive Planning

Disadvantage #1: Ambiguity

Disadvantage #2: Rocking the Boat

External Consultants

Advantage #1: Established Reputation

Advantage #2: External Objectivity

Advantage #3: Expert Status

Disadvantage #1: Missing the Point

Disadvantage #2: Passing the Buck / Implementation Risk

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110526
1)  Introduction to the system development process
https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

https://airbrake.io/blog/sdlc/what-is-system-development-life-cycle
2) understand the need for systems analysis and design in organizations
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

3) system analysts and their roles

An individual in charge of designing, modifying, or analyzing various systems to ensure compatibility and user effectiveness. System analysts may work independently, but are often part of a larger information technology unit that keeps technical aspects of a company running smoothly. System analysts do not focus on hard-coding, but more on evaluating the code and making suggestions.

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

4) SDLC PHASES
5) information system action comittee and system group project

serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.

6)External consultant vs internal expert
http://www.slideshare.net/IIBA-UK/internal-externalconsultantspetergane-7323042
http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110222

*roles of accountants- important!

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
1) https://www.fca.gov/Download/ITManual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf

2) https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

need for systems analysis and design in organizations
1) http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

SYSTEM ANALYSTS AND THEIR ROLES
1) http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

2) Who triggers the system change?
-The users- then system analysts will analyze the problem.
system analysts:

SLDC PHASES:
INFORMATION SYSTEM ACTION COMMITTEE AND SYSTEM GROUP PROJECT:

1. differences
Internal Consultants

Advantage #1: Integrated Understanding

Advantage #2: Follow-Through / Implementation

Advantage #3: Proactive Planning

Disadvantage #1: Ambiguity

Disadvantage #2: Rocking the Boat

External Consultants

Advantage #1: Established Reputation

Advantage #2: External Objectivity

Advantage #3: Expert Status

Disadvantage #1: Missing the Point

Disadvantage #2: Passing the Buck / Implementation Risk

http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants
http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/
*must know how to analyze. contoh2 internal and external consultants.

# data[].attributes.body
BB 14110139
1)Introduction to the system development process
-https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf
-https://www.fca.gov/Download/ITManual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf

2)need the system analysis and design in organization
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

3)system analysts and roles

- The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes.

Roles :
1)Systems Analyst as Consultant
2)Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert
3)Systems Analyst as Agent of Change

BA Roles/Titles

* Business Analyst
* Business Process Analyst
* IT Business Analyst
* Requirements Engineer
* Business Systems Analyst
* Systems Analyst
* Data Analyst
* Functional Architect
* Usability/UX Analyst

Systems Analyst Job Duties:

Defines application problem by conferring with clients; evaluating procedures and processes.

Develops solution by preparing and evaluating alternative workflow solutions.

Controls solution by establishing specifications; coordinating production with programmers.

Validates results by testing programs.

Ensures operation by training client personnel; providing support.

Provides reference by writing documentation.

Updates job knowledge by participating in educational opportunities; reading professional publications; maintaining personal networks; participating in professional organizations.

Accomplishes information systems and organization mission by completing related results as needed.

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

Stakeholders, The Players of an Information System

System Owners

System Users

Internal System Users

Clerical and Service workers

Technical and professional staffs

Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers

External System User

Customers

Suppliers

Partners

Employees

System Designers

Database Administrators

Network Architects

Web Architects

Graphics Artists

Security Experts

Technology specialists

System Builders

Application programmers

System programmers

Databases Programmers

Network Administrators

Security Administrators

Webmasters

Software Integrators

System Analysts

Process of analysis and designing the system?
-user (triggers the need of new system) > system analyst > designer > programmer > accountant

https://speedestchandu.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/stakeholders-the-players-of-an-information-system/

4)Phase of SDLC

5) Information system action committee and system group project

information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.

6) external consultant vs internal consultant

Advantages and Disadvantages
Internal Consultants

Advantage #1: Integrated Understanding

Advantage #2: Follow-Through / Implementation

Advantage #3: Proactive Planning

Disadvantage #1: Ambiguity

Disadvantage #2: Rocking the Boat

External Consultants

Advantage #1: Established Reputation

Advantage #2: External Objectivity

Advantage #3: Expert Status

Disadvantage #1: Missing the Point

Disadvantage #2: Passing the Buck / Implementation Risk

-http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants
-http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/
-http://www.vault.com/blog/consult-this-consulting-careers-news-and-views/internal-vs-external-consulting

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110481

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS :
https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

EXISTING SYSTEM; upgrading new system

NEED FOR NEW SYSTEM; changing into new system

THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGNS IN ORGANISATIONS :

http://www.slideshare.net/aamir_libr/system-analysis-and-design-14843784

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

SYSTEM ANALYST & THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES :

- user, system analyst, designer, engineer, accountant
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/
- AS A CONSULTANT, SUPPORTING EXPERT, & AGENT OF CHANGE.

http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/52445/systems-analyst

PHASES OF SDLC :
https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

-Planning (1), Systems Analysis (2), Systems Design (3), Development (4), Testing (5), Implementation (6) and Maintenance (7)

INFORMATION SYSTEM ACTION COMMITEE & system group project :

- IS serves the needs of safety program & support mission.
- System Analysts involve in the action committee & system group project.

EXTERNAL CONSULTANT vs INTERNAL EXPERT :

http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

BETTER CHOOSE INTERNAL :)

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS :
-PROTOTYPING
-CASE tools
-modelling

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110347

CHAPTER 1
a) Introduction to system development process

https://www.fca.gov/Download/ITManual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf

https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

Notes:
The study of the evolution of large information systems had led to the proposal of the following two ‘laws’ (Lehman & Belady, 1985):

1. Law of continuing change:
A system undergoes continuing change, until it becomes economical to replace it by a new or restructured system.
2. Law of increasing entropy:
The entropy of a system increases with time, unless special care is taken to maintain or reduce it

b)System Development
https://www.fca.gov/Download/ITManual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf

Notes:
Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software.

c)Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
-System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a series of six main phases to create a hardware system only, a software system only or a combination of both to meet or exceed customer’s expectations.

i) ref. 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle
ii) ref. 2
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/systems-development-life-cycle

d) Understand the need for systems analysis and design in organizations
-Systems are created to solve problems. One can think of the sys- tems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject. System Analysis and Design (SAD), mainly deals with the software development activities.

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

e) System analyst and their roles

- The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes.

Roles :
1)Systems Analyst as Consultant
2)Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert
3)Systems Analyst as Agent of Change

BA Roles/Titles

* Business Analyst
* Business Process Analyst
* IT Business Analyst
* Requirements Engineer
* Business Systems Analyst
* Systems Analyst
* Data Analyst
* Functional Architect
* Usability/UX Analyst

Systems Analyst Job Duties:

Defines application problem by conferring with clients; evaluating procedures and processes.

Develops solution by preparing and evaluating alternative workflow solutions.

Controls solution by establishing specifications; coordinating production with programmers.

Validates results by testing programs.

Ensures operation by training client personnel; providing support.

Provides reference by writing documentation.

Updates job knowledge by participating in educational opportunities; reading professional publications; maintaining personal networks; participating in professional organizations.

Accomplishes information systems and organization mission by completing related results as needed.

http://hiring.monster.com/hr/hr-best-practices/recruiting-hiring-advice/job-descriptions/systems-analyst-job-description.aspx

http://www.slideshare.net/infinityrulz/roles-responsibilities-of-system-analyst

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

Stakeholders, The Players of an Information System

System Owners

System Users

Internal System Users

Clerical and Service workers

Technical and professional staffs

Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers

External System User

Customers

Suppliers

Partners

Employees

System Designers

Database Administrators

Network Architects

Web Architects

Graphics Artists

Security Experts

Technology specialists

System Builders

Application programmers

System programmers

Databases Programmers

Network Administrators

Security Administrators

Webmasters

Software Integrators

System Analysts

Process of analysis and designing the system?
-user (triggers the need of new system) > system analyst > designer > programmer > accountant

https://speedestchandu.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/stakeholders-the-players-of-an-information-system/

f) Phases of SDLC

Following are the seven phases of the SDLC: Planning (1), Systems Analysis (2), Systems Design (3), Development (4), Testing (5), Implementation (6) and Maintenance (7)

1. Planning

This is the first phase in the systems development process. It identifies whether or not there is the need for a new system to achieve a business"s strategic objectives. This is a preliminary plan (or a feasibility study) for a company"s business initiative to acquire the resources to build on an infrastructure to modify or improve a service. The company might be trying to meet or exceed expectations for their employees, customers and stakeholders too. The purpose of this step is to find out the scope of the problem and determine solutions. Resources, costs, time, benefits and other items should be considered at this stage.

2. Systems Analysis and Requirements

The second phase is where businesses will work on the source of their problem or the need for a change. In the event of a problem, possible solutions are submitted and analyzed to identify the best fit for the ultimate goal(s) of the project. This is where teams consider the functional requirements of the project or solution. It is also where system analysis takes place—or analyzing the needs of the end users to ensure the new system can meet their expectations. Systems analysis is vital in determining what a business"s needs are, as well as how they can be met, who will be responsible for individual pieces of the project, and what sort of timeline should be expected.

There are several tools businesses can use that are specific to the second phase. They include:

CASE (Computer Aided Systems/Software Engineering)

Requirements gathering

Structured analysis

3. Systems Design

The third phase describes, in detail, the necessary specifications, features and operations that will satisfy the functional requirements of the proposed system which will be in place. This is the step for end users to discuss and determine their specific business information needs for the proposed system. It"s during this phase that they will consider the essential components (hardware and/or software) structure (networking capabilities), processing and procedures for the system to accomplish its objectives.

4. Development

The fourth phase is when the real work begins—in particular, when a programmer, network engineer and/or database developer are brought on to do the major work on the project. This work includes using a flow chart to ensure that the process of the system is properly organized. The development phase marks the end of the initial section of the process. Additionally, this phase signifies the start of production. The development stage is also characterized by instillation and change. Focusing on training can be a huge benefit during this phase.

5. Integration and Testing

The fifth phase involves systems integration and system testing (of programs and procedures)—normally carried out by a Quality Assurance (QA) professional—to determine if the proposed design meets the initial set of business goals. Testing may be repeated, specifically to check for errors, bugs and interoperability. This testing will be performed until the end user finds it acceptable. Another part of this phase is verification and validation, both of which will help ensure the program"s successful completion.

6. Implementation

The sixth phase is when the majority of the code for the program is written. Additionally, this phase involves the actual installation of the newly-developed system. This step puts the project into production by moving the data and components from the old system and placing them in the new system via a direct cutover. While this can be a risky (and complicated) move, the cutover typically happens during off-peak hours, thus minimizing the risk. Both system analysts and end-users should now see the realization of the project that has implemented changes.

7. Operations and Maintenance

The seventh and final phase involves maintenance and regular required updates. This step is when end users can fine-tune the system, if they wish, to boost performance, add new capabilities or meet additional user requirements.

https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx g) Information system action committee and system group project
- information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.
-

h) External Consultant vs Internal Expert

Difference between external consultant and internal expert
http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

Advantages and Disadvantages
Internal Consultants

Advantage #1: Integrated Understanding

Advantage #2: Follow-Through / Implementation

Advantage #3: Proactive Planning

Disadvantage #1: Ambiguity

Disadvantage #2: Rocking the Boat

External Consultants

Advantage #1: Established Reputation

Advantage #2: External Objectivity

Advantage #3: Expert Status

Disadvantage #1: Missing the Point

Disadvantage #2: Passing the Buck / Implementation Risk

*better go for internal

http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants
http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/

i) System development tools
-modelling
-prototyping
-CASE Tools

# data[].attributes.body
Hi Madam~

1. Introduction to system development process;

http://faculty.fairfield.edu/winston/Phase1-4.pdf

https://www.fca.gov/Download/ITManual/itsystemsdevelopment.pdf

2. Understand the need for systems analysis and design in organizations;

i. Analysis -

Gather Information

Define the new system's requirements

Build prototypes for the new system

Prioritize requirements

Evaluate alternatives

Meet with management to discuss new options

ii. Design -

Design the application

Design and integrate the network

Design and integrate the database

Create a contingency plan

Start a Maintenance, Training and Operations plan

Review the design

Articulate the business processes and procedures

Establish a transition strategy

Deliver the System Design Document

Review final design

3. System analyst & their roles

A systems analyst is an IT professional who works on a high level in an organization to ensure that systems, infrastructures and computer systems are functioning as effectively and efficiently as possible. System analysts carry the responsibilities of researching problems, finding solutions, recommending courses of actions and coordinating with stakeholders in order to meet specified requirements. They study the current system, procedures and business processes of a company and create action plans based on the requirements set.

Systems analysts need to be familiar with different operating systems, hardware configurations, programming languages, and software and hardware platforms. They can be involved starting from the analysis phase of the project until the post deployment assessment review.

http://www.slideshare.net/infinityrulz/roles-responsibilities-of-system-analyst

4. Phases of SLDC
5. Information System Action Committee and System Group Project

1.

# data[].attributes.body
BB14110510

1) Introduction to System Development Process

The systems development life cycle (SDLC), also referred to as the application development life-cycle, is a term used in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system

https://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/SE/Feb2005/Printable_Material/BIS4111.2.pdf

2) Need for systems analysis and design in organizations

-Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise.

-By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems.

-Also used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.

3. Systems Analyst and their roles

System Analysts
-An individual in charge of designing, modifying, or analyzing various systems to ensure compatibility and user effectiveness.

System analysts may work independently, but are often part of a larger information technology unit that keeps technical aspects of a company running smoothly.
System analysts do not focus on hard-coding, but more on evaluating the code and making suggestions.

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system-analyst.html

-The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes.

Many improvements involve better support of users’ work tasks and business functions through the use of computerized information systems.

This definition emphasizes a systematic, methodical approach to analyzing—and potentially improving—what is occurring in the specific context experienced by users and created by a business.

key player of system analyst
http://santanajairo.blogspot.my/2008/11/my-system-analyst-homework.html

KEY PLAYER
£ Management

£ Accountants

£ Information systems steering committee

£ Project development team

£ Systems analysts and programmers

£ External players

4) Phase of SDLC
5. Information System Action Committee and system group project

6. External consultant vs internal expert

Advantage and Disadvantage
http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/

7. System development tools

- Modelling

- Prototyping

_CASE tools