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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

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How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

Any questions about the speaker keep obey or booker T real reason 

Explain different theorys or explain what is this theroy 

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Chapter quick intro/explain. 

How they show booker connect to greek people, explain and why is this important 

How the odsseys connect to the speaker and why this have significance 

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A. Quote: "What did I do to be so black and blue?" is placed on page 6 because here our character is referencing the specific song to prove a point about himself.
B. Explanation:This quote is significant because he is basically crying out and using this song as a cover up. He asks this question about what he did to be so black when he is really questioning his ethnicity and why he had to be born a defeated and understated black man. The word blue is simply a commentary on his sadness and melancholy demeanor.  When you combine black and blue, you have the product of a bruised and abused individual who is commenting on his physical, mental and emotional bruises.
C. Why this Quote: Ellison included this quote because he was trying to point out how defeated and damaged our character truly is. He has nobody in his corner and because he is black, he feels no connection to anybody, except pain and misfortune. He is "bruised" inside and out from his past and his present yet he still does not know where he stands as a person nor who he truly is.

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Quotation- “Perhaps I like Louis Armstrong because he's made poetry out of being invisible.”

Explanation- The narrator listens to Louis Armstrong in his home because he admires the way that he could use music and lyrics to express the emotions and feelings of black people in that age. He feels that, while listening to the music, he can transcend time into a dreamlike state. He also notes that while listening to Louis Armstrong, the narrator feels like he should take action to change everything he feels black and blue about.

Purpose- The allusion to Louis Armstrong and his music is used to explain the narrator’s sense of invisibility, and eventually, the identity the narrator found in that invisibility. This allusion first introduces the motif of music and its power to drive memories and transport people to another time. As the narrator listens, he is able to hear the black history woven through the music. With the song noting feelings of black and blue, Ellison uses this to demonstrate the injured racial relations at the time. Louis Armstrong uses music to express the emotions of black people: the feelings of being victimized and oppressed, the difficulties of facing a world of hatred and violence, and the sadness and fear that ruled their lives. Ellison’s novel is a written counterpart to the blues musical movement as a whole. Ellison uses Louis Armstrong’s music to show that the black individuals living at that time felt invisible, and listening to artists who felt the same way was the only way they knew they were not alone. In doing so, they become a member of a community that can unite under the oppression they have experienced and work for change, because the music inspired them to.

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1. "We have here an
extraordinary tactician, a Napoleon of strategy and personal responsibility. 'Strike while the iron is hot' is his motto. 'Seize the instance by its throat,' 'Shoot at the whites of their eyes,' 'Give 'em the ax, the ax, the ax,' and so forth". (Ellison 464)
2. Napoleon was a French military and political leader during the French Revolution. He was a confident speaker, and was able to convince crowds of nearly anything because of his incredible speeches, even though he was a very discriminative person. His ability to convince people left it very easy to conquer and rule many countries through out his life.
3. The author included this connection to Napoleon simply to show the similarities between him and the narrator. In the context the quote is being used, the narrator is seen as a skilled strategizer. He, like Napoleon, is a skilled speaker. The narrator's goal is to convince his audiences for equality for the black minority.

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Quote: “Her breasts were firm and round as the domes of East Indian temples, and I stood so close as to see the fine skin texture and beads of pearly perspiration glistening like dew around the pink and erected buds of her nipples. I wanted at one and the same time to run from the room, to sink through the floor, or go to her and cover her from my eyes and the eyes of the others with my body; to feel the soft thighs, to caress her and destroy her, to love her and murder her, to hide from her, and yet to stroke where below the small American flag tattooed upon her belly her thighs formed a capital V. I had a notion that of all in the room she saw only me with her impersonal eyes.”

“And then she began to dance, a slow sensuous movement; the smoke of a hundred cigars clinging to her like the thinnest of veils. She seemed like a fair bird-girl girdled in veils calling to me from the angry surface of some gray and threatening sea. I was transported. Then I became aware of the clarinet playing and the big shots yelling at us” (19).

Explanation: This is one of the earliest scenes of the novel. The narrator is in a room full of other black men as white men are all around them, getting ready for witness a “Battle Royal.” Before the brutal fight begins, the white men have a young, blonde girl prance around the ring totally naked. This is to distract the black men and calm them, lowering their guard and forgetting the torture that will soon fall before them all for as they stare at the girls breasts. Their fascination with the girl and inability to turn away from the “bird-like” woman is an allusion to the Sirens in Greek poet, Homer’s, Odyssey. These creatures would appear and sing so beautifully that passing sailors would jump ship into the sea or crash their vessel ashore as they could not turn away. Once ashore, the Sirens would kill all of which they encountered.

Purpose: The purpose of this allusion is the fact that the black men are being lured into the ring just as passing Greek sailors were. Ellison wanted to show that the men had no choice but to fight. They certainly could not turn away or would have been punished by the white men. The woman, although, calms them before their fight and allows them to forget the treacherous future that lies just minutes ahead of them. She is luring them into the ring as the sirens lured sailors to shore, to their metaphorical death as the Battle Royal unfolds.

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Caleb Rykaczewski - Bible/ Jonah and the Whale

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Caleb Rykaczewski - Bible/ Jonah and the Whale

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a.  Quotation - "The train seemed to plunge downhill now, only to lunge to a stop that shot me out upon a platform feeling like something regurgitated from the belly of a frantic whale."

b. Explanation - After being kicked out of the university the narrator made his way north to New York City, specifically Harlem. Entering the city underground and emerging in a new unfamiliar place is reminiscent of the way that the prophet Jonah was spat out by the great whale. Jonah was a preacher in Israel and God told him to go preach to the wicked people of Ninevah in order to save them, instead he ran away sailing in the opposite direction. God sent a whale to swallow Jonah for disobeying him, after 3 days the whale spat him out on the shores of Ninevah.
c. Purpose - The significance of this allusion is not in the body of the stories but in the circumstances of their arrival. Ellison wanted to draw some similarity between the narrator and Jonah through their sudden arrivals into strange foreign lands. Ellison wanted to provide an image for the reader in that the narrator's journey and arrival was involuntary, like Jonah he was following his own path then forcibly taken off that path only to end up in the unknown. This helps to show the reader how little control the narrator has over the path he is following and how others can manipulate that path with ease.

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a.  Quotation - "The train seemed to plunge downhill now, only to lunge to a stop that shot me out upon a platform feeling like something regurgitated from the belly of a frantic whale."

b. Explanation - After being kicked out of the university the narrator made his way north to New York City, specifically Harlem. Entering the city underground and emerging in a new unfamiliar place is reminiscent of the way that the prophet Jonah was spat out by the great whale. Jonah was a preacher in Israel and God told him to go preach to the wicked people of Ninevah in order to save them, instead he ran away sailing in the opposite direction. God sent a whale to swallow Jonah for disobeying him, after 3 days the whale spat him out on the shores of Ninevah.
c. Purpose - The significance of this allusion is not in the body of the stories but in the circumstances of their arrival. Ellison wanted to draw some similarity between the narrator and Jonah through their sudden arrivals into strange foreign lands. Ellison wanted to provide an image for the reader in that the narrator's journey and arrival was involuntary, like Jonah he was following his own path then forcibly taken off that path only to end up in the unknown. This helps to show the reader how little control the narrator has over the path he is following and how others can manipulate that path with ease.

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Zeel Vaghasia - Narrator's speech to Mark Antony's speech

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Zeel Vaghasia - Narrator's speech to Mark Antony's speech

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A. Quotation: "His name was Clifton and they shot him down. His name was Clifton and he was tall and some folks thought him handsome. And though he didn't believe it, I think he was. His name was Clifton and his face was black and his hair was thick with tight-rolled curls -- or call them naps or kinks" (Ellison 459).
B. Explanation: After Tod Clifton's death, the narrator gives a speech that bares resemblance to Mark Antony's speech given after Julius Caesar's death. Mark Antony's goal in his speech was to show that he was only there to bury his friend, not to praise him and the narrator does the same in his speech for Tod Clifton. The narrator knows that the brotherhood will not stand for this, just as Antony knows that Brutus will not stand for it, but yet they both feel the need to pay homage to their friends. The speech uses repetition, irony and appeal to emotion to urge the listeners to take action while focusing on Clifton and the circumstances of his death.
C. Purpose: Ellison creates the narrator's speech to replicate the speech given by Mark Antony to show how the narrator struggles with his impulses and his beliefs to honor his friend's life and uphold the Brotherhood's wishes simultaneously. This conflict within the narrator is a representation of his journey to build his identity and it shows just how hard it was to develop an identity in a community that repressed individuals' needs to reap a bigger benefit.

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Nicole Donaldson- Plato's Allegory of the Cave

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Nicole Donaldson- Plato's Allegory of the Cave

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Allusion to Fredrick Douglass - Kailyn Clarke

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Allusion to Fredrick Douglass - Kailyn Clarke

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a. Quotations: "Here was a way that didn't lead through the back door, a way not limited by black and white, but a way which, if one lived long enough and worked hard enough, could lead to the highest possible rewards" (355).
"'And I don't think that we, of all people, should be afraid of the people's enthusiasm. What we've got to do is to guide it into channels where it will do the most good" (352).

b. Explanation: Douglass' main goal was self reliance this quote by the narrator shows how no matter the race self reliance and hard work will lead to success. At this point in the novel he starts to realize that he can achieve his dreams with hard work and self reliance just as Douglass says.
Another of Douglass' ideas was the belief of agitation not violence and this quote by a member of the brotherhood does exactly that. He wants the members of the black community to rise up and fight against the stereotype, but not harm anyone because that would reverse the change and progress that the black community had made. These ideals where very similar to the stated goals of the brotherhood, however, their purpose was not what they made it appear.

c. Purpose: Ellison includes these two allusions to Frederick Douglass in order to show the ideals of growth in the black community since Douglass went from a slave to a civil rights leader. He was also gave speeches and lectures on women's and black rights just as the narrator is forced to. I believe that by comparing the narrator and the brotherhood to Douglass, Ellison gains an element of hope and sympathy for his narrator, showing that he is willing to work hard for his future success. However, Ellison also starts to show flaws in the brotherhood especially when it comes to their nonviolence standpoint and emphasis on the good it wants to do for all people.

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Allusion to Remembrance of Things Past by Marcel Proust~ Ariel Ackerman

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Allusion to Remembrance of Things Past by Marcel Proust~ Ariel Ackerman

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a.  "The taste was that of the little crumb of madeleine which on Sunday mornings at Combray (because on those mornings I did not go out before church-time), when I went to say good day to her in her bedroom, my aunt Léonie used to give me, dipping it first in her own cup of real or of lime-flower tea. The sight of the little madeleine had recalled nothing to my mind before I tasted it; perhaps because I had so often seen such things in the interval, without tasting them, on the trays in pastry-cooks' windows, that their image had dissociated itself from those Combray days to take its place among others more recent; perhaps because of those memories, so long abandoned and put out of mind, nothing now survived, everything was scattered; the forms of things, including that of the little scallop-shell of pastry, so richly sensual under its severe, religious folds, were either obliterated or had been so long dormant as to have lost the power of expansion which would have allowed them to resume their place in my consciousness."  This is where the author is eating a madeleine and suddenly recollects his memories from his childhood in Belle Epoque France
b. This passage relates back to when the narrator in Invisible man bites into the yam and is overcome by feelings of nostalgia and homesickness, which is what the speaker in the passage above feels as they bite into the madeleines.
c. Ellison includes this allusion in order to show how food can bring people feelings of nostalgia and also bring back old memories.

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a. Quotation - ""Get up, Uncle Tom," he said, and I clipped him." (369)
" "Hang him up to teach the black people a lesson, and theer be no more traitors. No more Uncle Toms. Hang him up theer with them blahsted dummies!"" (557)

b. Explanation - Uncle Tom is one of the characters of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. The novel itself was a revolutionary tool in inspiring many slaves during the time leading up to the civil war in America. Tom himself served as a strong character who refused his masters orders when told to give up the location of two slave woman who had escaped. However, the evolution of the character changed Tom into a much weaker and older man opposed to the stronger Uncle Tom for which Stowe had intended him to be. This led to the use of the term "Uncle Tom" as somewhat a derogatory statement towards someone who is considered a traitor or a snitch. Also it can be used to describe someone who is subservient towards others. In the first quote it is used to describe the narrator and is using the form in which it describes a subservient person. This is because the man saying it was one of Ras' followers who are opposed to the brotherhood as Ras believes in a black run world. In the second quote Ras is using it to describe traitors to his group opposed to a subservient person.

c. Purpose - Ellison chooses to use this allusion opposed to just saying traitor or subservient person because it directly relates to the theme going in the novel. The idea of oppressed people is a key theme in both Invisible Man and Uncle Tom's Cabin. As a result of using this allusion it draws great emphasis to how these people are insulting and talking about the author and those who oppose Ras. It also creates the idea of comparing those who just want to integrate with white culture to Uncle Tom himself who, in later versions of the novel, is a betrayer to his own kind and gives them up.

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The following quote is located in the hospital scene. The doctors and nurses have just finished their electroshock therapy and are now testing him for proper mental function. Their aim is to provoke some sort of reaction so that they can confirm his stability. The doctor smiles in the end because they are successful not only in maintaining his mind but also in clearing his mind of the accident, made evident by his lack of any immediate recall.

“I smiled, seeing his eyes blaze with annoyance. Old Friendly Face said something. The new man wrote a question at which I stared in wide-eyed amazement:
WHO WAS BUCKEYE THE RABBIT?

I was filled with turmoil. Why should he think of that? He pointed to the question, word by word. I laughed, deep, deep inside me, giddy with the delight of self-discovery and the desire to hide it. Somehow I was Buckeye the Rabbit . . . or had been, when as children we danced and sang barefoot in the dusty streets:

Buckeye the Rabbit Shake it, shake it Buckeye the Rabbit Break it, break it . . .

Yet, I could not bring myself to admit it, it was too ridiculous -- and somehow too dangerous. It was annoying that he had hit upon an old identity and I shook my head, seeing him purse his lips and eye me sharply.

BOY, WHO WAS BRER RABBIT?

He was your mother's back-door man, I thought. Anyone knew they were one and the same: "Buckeye" when you were very young and hid yourself behind wide innocent eyes; "Brer," when you were older. But why was he playing around with these childish names? Did they think I was a child? Why didn't they leave me alone? I would remember soon enough when they let me out of the machine . . . A palm smacked sharply upon the glass, but I was tired of them. Yet as my eyes focused upon Old Friendly Face he seemed pleased. I couldn't understand it, but there he was, smiling and leaving with the new assistant” (187-188).

The allusion here, although it is an explicit reference and therefore not technically an allusion, is speaking of Brer Rabbit, a character of African-American and of African folklore. Within the tall tales, Brer Rabbit is predominantly a trickster figure. He occasionally gets into trouble, largely due to his gullibility, but he always manages to get himself out by way of clever manipulation, rather than any sort of physical force. He often upsets authoritative figures and acts against the natural order of society in a way that safeguards him from any serious repercussion.

It’s quite clear that Ellison found many good opportunities to mirror Brer Rabbit in the narrator, mainly to expand the depth of character and to rehash certain qualities, and perhaps even to foreshadow the later Brotherhood shenanigans. In multiple instances, the narrator is caught in traps of delusion due to his naivete, whether it be his initial belief that he can stand on equal terms with the whites or his final mistake in overlooking the impurities of the Brotherhood. Every time, however, he manages to get himself out safely, sometimes more due to luck than anything else. The narrator’s ultimate goal is to create some sort of change within the world regarding the racial disparity, and that ideology inherently contests the mainstream mindset of the time. In regards to diction, the Brotherhood calls its members “brothers,” which, upon closer inspection, expands the allusion to include the manipulated and manipulating members of the Brotherhood, paralleling the relation between Brer Fox and Brer Rabbit.

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a) Quotation: "And behind the film of frost etching the glass I saw two brashly painted plaster images of Mary and Jesus surrounded by dream books, love powders, God-Is-Love signs, money-drawing oil and plastic dice"(Ellison 262).
b)Explanation: Virgin Mary is believed to be the mother of Jesus and described as a virgin because it is said that she was one when she birthed Jesus. She is described as pure, nurturing, and highly respected. After some extensive research on Wikipedia, I found that in Islam, Mary is sometimes referred to as "Siddiqah," meaning "she who confirms the truth." In the novel, the character Mary Rambo not only shares her name with the Virgin Mary, but many of her traits, as well. Similar to the Virgin Mary, Mary Rambo is respected and well-known in Harlem. She selflessly helps those in need without asking for anything in return. This is a contrast to the rest of Harlem, which is filled with manipulation and discrimination, showing the purity in Mary Rambo.
c) Purpose: Ellison uses this allusion to show the rebirth of the narrator. Mary Rambo acts as the narrator's new mother in this case. Ellison uses this allusion specifically to show how Mary's intentions when rebirthing the narrator were pure and good-natured. Unlike the other times the narrator is reborn, Mary does not try to change who he is. Rather, she tries to convince the narrator to return to his true self, and in turn, be a leader. Going back to the Islamic name for the Virgin Mary, "Siddiqah," I think this could be significant in the reading of Mary Rambo. The meaning behind the name is "she who confirms the truth." In the novel, Mary Rambo confirms the narrator's truth, or his identity. She confirms for him that he can be a leader and restores his hope. She confirms that his Southern past is not one to be forgotten. Maybe she confirms that he doesn't have to be invisible.

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a. Quotation: "You must see this slave, this black Aristotle, moving slowly, with sweet patience, with a patience not of mere man, but of God-inspired faith-- see him moving slowly as he surmounts each and every opposition" (Ellison 120).
b. Explanation: This quote is directly out of Reverend Homer A. Barbee's speech to the student body about the life of the Founder and Dr. Bledsoe. In his speech Barbee describes the Founder via a plethora of various allusions including Jesus Christ, Julius Ceasar, Joseph, Moses, the North Star, Apollo, and Aristotle. Aristotle, a well known philosopher and scholar, is famous for the fact that he broadened human knowledge in a wide gamut of different disciplines from cosmology to metaphysics, biology to logic, and ethics to aesthetics. Almost every area of academia was profoundly affected by the mind of this erudite philosopher; however, he is most famously known for the fact that his ideas were suppressed during his life due to the fact that he opposed the church, and that his work was neglected for many years before it garnered the respect of other scholars for its brilliance.
c. Purpose: By comparing the Founder (who is aligned to resemble Booker T. Washington) to Aristotle, Ellison is further propelling his contention that the Founder is an omnipotent deity that profoundly influenced a broad spectrum of humanity. His ability to graciously lift up young African-Americans and help them understand academia and ethics, and his willingness to provide them with the ability to achieve greatness is not unlike the teacher that was Aristotle. Furthermore, by comparing the Founder to Aristotle, whose work was not fully appreciated until after his lifetime, the Founder is described via this allusion to be ahead of his time. The impact of his life's work will not be fully understood until a long time after his death. The society he left behind is still uncovering some of the implications his work has on the black community and racial relations as a whole. By calling the Founder a "black Aristotle," Ellison is able to convey a myriad of ideas including the power, wisdom, benevolence, authority, and legend of this man as in relation to one of the most famous teachers and scholars the Earth has ever known.

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Allusion to Booker T. Washington's 1895 Atlanta Compromise Address-- Emily Ray

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Allusion to Booker T. Washington's 1895 Atlanta Compromise Address-- Emily Ray

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a) Quote: "About eighty-five years ago they were told that they were free, united with others of our country in everything pertaining to the common good, and, in everything social, separate like the fingers of the hand," (Ellison 15). This quote, in the second paragraph of chapter 1, is placed in the Narrator's description of his grandparents and the role his grandfather had on his life.
b) This allusion is to Booker T. Washington's 1895 Atlanta Compromise Address, in which he speaks to a predominately white audience in Atlanta, and is said to be one of the most important and influential speeches in American history. The organizers had decided that inviting a black speaker would impress Northern visitors with the evidence of racial progress in the South. Washington halted concerns about “uppity” blacks by stating that blacks would content themselves with living “by the productions of our hands.” Basically, the agreement that was expressed in the speech was that Southern blacks would submit to white political rule, while whites guaranteed that blacks would receive education and due process of the law. Blacks would not protest for equality, integration, or justice. The quote from Invisible Man resembles the part of Washington's speech in which he says, "In all things purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress."
c) Ellison uses this allusion in the Narrator's description of his grandparents to show their willingness(and the Narrator's) to subject to what is expected of them, as is shown by one of the most influential lines in the novel when his grandfather tells him to “overcome ‘em with yeses, undermine ‘em with grins, agree ‘em to death and destruction, let ‘em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open." This type of ideology shown through Washington and onto his grandparents shapes a majority of the narrator's experiences at the college and with the Brotherhood. The Narrator is happy to do everything he can to please the demands of the white man until he realizes that this line of thinking will only further his invisibility because of the inability to see himself outside of society's perceptions and stereotypes instead of being his own person.  Although it takes him a majority of the novel to figure out the problems with his grandfather's advice, he realizes that this advice and the speech from Washington causes a self-effacing effect that heeds moral development and self-awareness and promotes invisibility .

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Allusion to Marcus Garvey -Valerie Prunty

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Allusion to Marcus Garvey -Valerie Prunty

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Quote: "We gine chase 'em out," (Ellison 159). This is Ras the Destroyer speaking as he is trying to rally the black people the very first time the invisible man sees him; he is trying to chase the whites out.

Ras the Destroyer’s character is an allusion to Marcus Garvey.  Marcus Garvey was a black man that was well-known throughout the early 1900’s for being a black nationalist.  He was the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.  He was known as notorious by many of the whites.  He wanted to chase the whites out Africa and create a black only government.  He did not want any white people’s help in doing this and disapproved when the black men tried getting assistance; he did not think blacks and whites were meant to work together.  Many of Marcus Garvey’s and Ras the Destroyer’s actions and views paralleled each other.

Ellison used the character of Ras the Destroyer who alluded to Marcus Garvey in order to to relate back to a real historical figure and to keep the book on the realistic side.  He wanted to use people that were significant in that era that related to the black movement.  During the time in which the book was based off, Marcus Garvey was a real person, trying to make a change in society.  The character, Ras, needed a basis for his believes, and Marcus Garvey was able to provide it.  Marcus Garvey was a man who aided in the procession of the black race; he helped play a large role in setting off a global mass movement.  This man was needed in order to show that blacks were trying to make a change, but that not all blacks were doing it the same way.  Marcus Garvey’s beliefs were shown to be contrary to the brotherhood, even though they were both trying to benefit black society.  There was also a relation to the setting as Marcus Garvey spent some time in Harlem.

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Quote- "Mahn, I ought to kill you. Godahm, I ought to kill you and the world be better off. But you black, mahn. Why you be black, mahn? ... Why you with these white folks?" (370).

Explanation: The allusion here is to Marcus Garvey. Garvey was a black nationalist who believed that blacks should not work with whites to better their situation, and instead should go back to Africa. Garvey wanted social justice for African-Americans and believed that the only way to achieve that was by further separating themselves from white people. Garvey’s message was very appealing to many blacks, as it was a way for them to find some sort of justice in a society where they had none.

Why include this illusion?: By making use of this illusion, Ellison gives historical context to the ideas that Ras is representative of. Garvey believed in gaining black independence by working only with blacks, and not with whites. While the views of the Brotherhood and Ras conflict with each other, both were attempting to make change. The illusion to Garvey gives a basis for which Ras can form his belief system about how blacks should work to gain their independence.

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Jack Chaille - Allusion to Booker T. Washington

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Jack Chaille - Allusion to Booker T. Washington

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1. “Yes sir. That’s what the president tells us. You have yours, and you got it yourself, and we have to lift ourselves up the same way” (45). This quote is in chapter 2, when the Narrator is driving Mr. Norton around.

2. The Founder is an allusion to Booker T. Washington, the founder of Tuskegee Institute and a leader in the African American community. He believed that post-slavery African Americans could reach equality with whites through hard work and education. Here, the Narrator brings up the Founder’s philosophy (told to him by Bledsoe, the current president), reflecting Washington in his idea that blacks must work their way to equality. Of course, there are flaws with this idea, just as there are flaws with Booker T. Washington’s ideals; to say that to whites “You got it yourself” is a bit misleading, as the success and power of whites was built on the backs of enslaved, struggling Africans/African Americans for over a century. Whites have always had power; to say they got it themselves is flawed, as is the idea that blacks can earn that same power and respect from just hard work and education, especially when that education exists only because whites allowed it.

3. Ellison includes this allusion because Washington was one of the most influential African Americans in the post-Civil War/Reconstruction era. He had profound, but imperfect, ideas for how African Americans could advance in society. While some of his thoughts were flawed, his contribution to social advancement is undeniable with the founding of Tuskegee Institute and his advocation for hard work and education.

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a) The narrator states, "And then she began to dance, a slow sensuous movement; the smoke of a hundred cigars clinging to her like the thinnest of veils. She seemed like a fair bird-girl girdled in veils calling to me from the angry surface of some gray and threatening sea"(Ellison 19).

b) In this allusion, the narrator directly compares the woman from the Battle Royal to a greek siren. The sirens are mythical creatures mentioned most famously in Homer's The Odyssey. The woman is described as a "bird-girl" in reference to the siren's half-bird, half-woman appearance. In mythology, sirens sang beautiful songs to lure passing sailors to a watery death. This act of drowning is the "gray and threatening sea" that Ellison alludes to.

c) Ellison includes this illusion to emphasize the guilt and temptation the narrator is feeling in this particular moment. The narrator is shocked but memorized by the presence of the woman. Although he tries to look away, he is drawn to her. To him, the woman is a beautiful siren tempting him despite his efforts to resist. Ellison demonstrates the narrator's feelings of guilt and terror at seeing the white woman, as if seeing her will doom him. Just as the sirens bring death and misfortune to their visitors, the narrator believes the woman's temptation will bring him a similar fate.

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The narrator says, " I stared at the glass, seeing how the light shone through, throwing a transparent, precisely fluted shadow against the dark grain of the
table, and there on the bottom of the glass lay an eye. A glass eye. A buttermilk white eye distorted by the light rays. An eye staring fixedly at me as from the dark waters of a well. Then I was looking at him standing above me, outlined by the light against the darkened half of the hall. '. . . You must accept discipline. Either you accept decisions or you
get out . . .'"(474).  This quote comes from the section when the narrator first finds out that Brother Jack has a glass eye; he also refers to him as "Cyclopean".

This is an allusion to the Cyclops, Polyphemus, in Homer's The Odyssey. In The Odyssey, Odysseus and his men land on an island in which Polyphemus resides and they are blocked into the cave. Polyphemus, the cyclops, then eats two men and another two the next morning before heading out to his sheep. Odysseus ends up getting Polyphemus to drink some very strong wine and tells him that his name is "Nobody". Odysseus drives a stake into the eye of the drunken cyclops and they escape in the morning hiding under the sheep.

Ellison uses this allusion in the novel to compare Brother Jack to the cyclops that Odysseus encounters. Like Polyphemus, Brother Jack only has one eye which ties back into the overall theme of blindness in the novel. It symbolizes Jack's blindness to the world around him and does not allow him to see the real problems the Brotherhood is causing. It also draws in the connection between the narrator and Brother Jack. Like Odysseus, the narrator takes on a new name and identity and Brother Jack does not know who he truly is. Also, Brother Jack and the Brotherhood as a whole, are willing to sacrifice lives that they deem useless, such as Clifton, in order to further their own agenda. In The Odyssey, Polyphemus eats the men in order to satisfy his hunger and does not care about the lives he is destroying. The major flaw in both Brother Jack and Polyphemus is their blindness to those around them and it is what ultimatley allows the narrator to understand the truth and escape the Brotherhood, just as Odysseus uses the blindness to outsmart Polyphemus and escape the island.

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1. The narrator says, "Here upon this stage the black rite of Horatio Alger was performed to God's own acting script, with millionaires come down to portray themselves; not merely acting out the myth of their goodness, and wealth and success and power and benevolence and authority in cardboard masks, but themselves, these virtues concretely!" (111).
- This quotation is featured just after the narrator enters the university’s chapel. It is part of his explanation of the rituals that take place in the chapel. This is occurring after the narrator’s experiences with Mr. Norton, but before he has faced Bledsoe, learned his nature, and been officially expelled from the school.

2. Horatio Alger was one of the most popular and socially influential writers of the latter part of the 1800s. He was a white man. The son of a minister, he worked as a schoolteacher and contributor to magazines before taking a seven month tour of Europe. He was rejected for army service during the American Civil War. He briefly served as a minister before moving to New York City and publishing novels. His novel Ragged DIck; or, Street Life in New York with the Bootblacks, was a great success. It tells the story of a shoeshine boy who rises from poor to wealthy, and Alger continued to write rags-to-riches stories throughout the rest of his career. His novels all essentially argued that through honesty, optimism, perseverance, and hard work, one would reach a better future. The protagonists of his novels were rewarded for displaying these characteristics, though their rewards were almost always the result of good luck. WIth his success as a novelist, he was able to support charitable organizations that cared for runaway boys and foundlings. Because his novels, despite their popularity, featured poor to terrible dialogue, characterizations, and plots, he was not taken seriously by many. Stories that tell of similar American rags-to-riches journeys are sometimes called “Horatio Alger myths.”
3. Ellison includes this allusion to clarify the nature of the millionaires’ performances as well as the opinions of the students and the millionaires about the performances. The allusion specifies that the performances tell rags-to-riches stories, while implying that the students are “expected” to be like the protagonists of Horatio Alger’s stories. In theory, the students, like the protagonists of his novels, are expected to work their way up from poverty and low status to success, wealth, and higher social standing. The millionaires are able to play themselves in these stories because their opportunities for advancement actually exist, and whites have the ability to advance in societal and economic status. The irony is that, while the skits are performed to teach or inspire the black students to strive for advancement, the millionaires have no intention of letting the students advance. Some critics have argued that people of lower status, including blacks (at the time of the novels’ publications), accepted the lessons of Alger’s novels as true, even though many knew of their falsehoods, because the hope of advancement helped ease the hardships of day-to-day life. By specifically mentioning Horatio Alger’s rags-to-riches stories instead of those of another author, Ellison clarifies that those of higher status, the millionaires, do not actually take the stories of advancement seriously, at least not for the black students. The only way a black student will advance is through pure luck. Yet, like the people who believe in the ideals of Alger myths, the students accept these stories because of the hope they offer. The narrator himself believes in this myth until he learns of Bledsoe’s true intentions.
4. This allusion affects the novel by providing insight into the beliefs of different groups of people at the college, with the goal of showing the extreme racism present in supposedly one of the most progressive institutions in the nation. A follow-up to the battle royale scene, this allusion further demonstrates how blacks are offered opportunities for advancement that turn out to be lies or tricks. This furthers the theme of racism by explaining that actions that appear to be progress towards equality may actually be superficial, allowing no progress to be made despite the efforts of black people. The narrator cannot truly find his identity or understand his invisibility until he understands this concept.

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Provide a quotation with the allusion and a brief description of its placement in the novel.

“That night, I found myself not only hearing time, but in space as well. I not only entered the music, but descended, like Dante, into its depths” (9).

This quotation can be found in the prologue to the novel, specifically before the narrator begins to go through the hallucination.

Explain the allusion.

The allusion is to the pre-Renaissance poet Dante Alighieri’s epic poem Divine Comedy, specifically the first collection Inferno. In this section, the protagonist Dante descends into the Nine Levels of Hell. This epic is an allegory for a Christian’s soul on its journey to God, with Inferno representing the descent into the baseness of human nature, or rather into sin itself. The deeper he does, the more grave and mortal the sins of the inhabitants Dante meets are. In Christian theology, sin is the basis for all religious activity: a Christian's goal is to reject sin. Therefore, by descending into Hell, the domain of sinner’s eternal punishment, Dante’s soul is able to better understand the nature of sin, and therefore his religion and world. The hallucination the Invisible Man enters into “like Dante” (9) serves a similar purpose: in it, he goes back through time to the roots of his current predicament, back to the time of slavery. He talks to an elderly slave woman apparently conflicted over the death of her master and the father of her children, where the Invisible Man is confronted with the object if his greater focus: what is the freedom that he and his people search for? Like Dante, he is on a path towards a greater understanding of his reality and must descend into the base and unpleasant roots of it to discover it.

Explain Ellison’s rationale for including it.

Ellison uses this to establish early on his protagonist’s parallels to Dante. Both embark on a journey deep into the basis of their social order to come to a greater understanding of it. The society of the Late Middle Ages, where Alighieri is from, was based upon on strict adherence to Christian principles, especially in regards to opposing sin; the America that the Invisible Man lives in is a time where black people were still in the process of coming to terms with their relationship with their world and society. In an effort to understand it, both men descend into the most base roots of their problems on a greater journey to understanding and move part them. By comparing the protagonists, Ellison also assumes a role for the novel -- the Divine Comedy is widely hailed as one of the greatest works of literature across the globe and also a manifesto of sorts of the religious, and by extension social, doctrine of Alighieri's era. It is this type of reputation that Ellison both strived for and achieved with this novel: it too is widely hailed as one of the greatest works modern of modern literature and establishes the order of the (and inadvertently later) eras for black Americans.

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Lav Patel--Brotherhood alluding to American Communist Party

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Lav Patel--Brotherhood alluding to American Communist Party

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Quote: "Who was the first organization to act against this killing? The Brotherhood! Who was the first to arouse the people? The Brotherhood! Who will always be the first to advance the cause of the people? Again the Brotherhood!"

Explanation: Throughout the novel, it is fairly clear that the Brotherhood is a clear allusion to the American Communist party which held a signifiant role in American history, especially in the 20th century. The Brotherhood stands for the socially oppressed people and for the people that lack a voice in common society. The American Communist Party also focused on upholding democratic rights and opposing racism.

Why include the allusion: Ralph Ellison was actually affiliated with the American Communist Party during one point in his life. In the novel, the narrator struggles with the Brotherhood's changing views. Ellison may have included the allusion to show how the American Communist Party may have changed its views and how that may have been the reason why Ellison no longer affiliated himself with the Party.

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a. Quotation: “It was a deep basement. Three levels underground I pushed upon a heavy metal door marked ‘Danger’ and descended into a noisy, dimly lit room. There was something familiar about the fumes that filled the air and I had just thought pine, when a high-pitched Negro voice rang out above the machine sounds.”
b. Explanation: After arriving to New York, the invisible man must work underground in a basement that Ellison closely compares to death and hell. An even more specific indication that the basement is alluding to Hell is the fact that it is “three levels underground.” In Dante’s publication of Inferno, he describes the nine circles of Hell, and the third circle is reserved for gluttonous individuals. Brockway, who works in the basement with him, shows very evident signs of gluttony. Brockway makes a small amount of power and wants nothing more than to maintain his status. He was willing to hurt another man in order to keep his own power. In the prologue and epilogue, the narrator is living underground as well, in a place that is much like Hell. The word "descended" also contributes to the allusion because generally, people are described as descending to Hell. The basement is dark, filled with fumes, and is overall a dirty and uninviting place to live and work. The narrator does not enjoy living underground and working in a basement in the same way as no person ever wishes to live in Hell.
c. Purpose: Inferno is separated into three distinct parts and highlights a transformation from “illusions to reality.” Ellison claimed that he also divided his novel into three main parts going from “purpose to passion to perception.” Both narrators go through transformations. For the narrator of the novel, he is transformed and slowly begins to accept his fate as being invisible, thus accepting his true identity. This allusion plays a huge role throughout the entire novel. Harlem where the narrator resides could be closely compared to Hell with its many descriptions of fire and flames. The narrator comes across many people who have committed sins, much like the ones that would be found in Hell.

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a) "The man had a scar on his right cheek, as though he had been hit in the face with a sledge."
This quote refers to the scar on Jim Trueblood's face, the mark that the narrator cannot bring himself to turn away from even though it is bloody and gruesome.
b) Trueblood's scar alludes to the mark of Cain from the book of the bible Genesis. Cain is a "tiller of the ground" (Gen. 4:2) who kills his brother Abel because God favors Abel over him. God then curses Cain and Cain mourns the fact that now anyone who finds him will immediately kill him. However, God has a different plan for Cain and places a mark on him so that all who see Cain will know that if they kill him, "vengeance will be taken on him sevenfold" (Gen. 4:15). It is unclear where and what this mark is exactly but Trueblood's scar can be connected with Cain's curse. Like Cain, Trueblood is a farmer who commits a horrendous act. He becomes a disgrace to the African American community because of his actions and bears a scar that is given to him by his wife in response to raping their daughter in much the same way as Cain is cursed and then marked because of the murder committed. When Norton furiously demands to speak with Trueblood, he suddenly loses any sense of ill will he might have had towards the man once he sees Trueblood for himself. This could very well have to do with the ugly gash that is so prominent on Trueblood's face.
c) Ellison includes this allusion because Trueblood represents the Cain of his time period. He has made a mistake and is now paying for it not only in the form of financial and familial troubles but by becoming degraded by society as well. God had told Cain that if anyone came killed him, vengeance would be taken on that man. When the narrator approaches Trueblood and hears his story, he has nothing but contempt for the man and even goes so far as to "curse the farmer silently" (Ellison 57), thinking, "To hell with his dream!" (Ellison 57). Though the narrator does not literally kill Trueblood, he does so figuratively by wishing he and his words would go to hell. With this allusion in mind, we can see that anyone who slays this figure of Cain will have vengeance taken upon him and so this scene foreshadows the vigorous trials that the narrator will have to go through in the future because he was so prideful as to think that he was somehow better than this man who bore a mark.

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Joesph Conrad's Heart of Darkness-Mantas Stungys

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Joesph Conrad's Heart of Darkness-Mantas Stungys

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a. "Thus one of the greatest jokes in the world is the spectacle of the whites busy escaping blackness and becoming blacker every day, and the blacks striving toward whiteness, becoming quite dull and gray...Since then I've sometimes been overcome with a passion to return into that 'heart of darkness' across the Mason-Dixon line, but then I remind myself that the true darkness lies within my own mind" (577-579). This quotation is located in the epilogue of the novel when the narrator is discussing the problems with society's passion with conformity and after meeting Mr. Norton in the subway.
b. In Joesph Conrad's Heart of Darkness,  the protagonist, Marlow, sends himself into the "heart of Africa" in order to experience adventure and also to meet his ever-growing idol of Kurtz. The concept of imperial rule and the exploitation of the natives for is major component of the novella along with the distinction between lightness and darkness. A statement could be made that the imperialists themselves are actually shrouded in darkness even though they perceive themselves as being light and that the natives are actually the light ones due to their purity and deep association with nature.
c. By including this allusion in his novel, Ellison conjures a relationship between these two novels that instigates some thought at their similarities in dealing with the concepts of light and dark. They both in a sense possess a certain disposition for the general "civilized white society" to favor the purity that lightness brings. Marlow and the narrator from Invisible Man both partake in a journey that shows that the lightness may not be so pure as previously thought. For example, in Conrad's novel both the Accountant and Kurtz can be viewed upon as the imperialists and the true savages corrupted by darkness on the inside even though they are light on the outside. The true darkness can be deciphered as being the primitive, subconscious human heart The narrator is able to view this in the Brotherhood as well with Brother Jack. Jack only viewed the blacks as a group and not as individuals and sacrificed all of Harlem for his personal gain. What had started out as a pure movement for equality had corrupted him. As the narrator is recollecting his invisibility in his hole in the ground he claims to have "1,369 lights" and is having more put in on the ground. After many years of enduring the darkness of figures such as Dr. Bledsoe and Brother Jack, the narrator had decided that he was never more to live in such a state. The darkness persists "in the mind" as stated in the narrator's quote and anyone is susceptible unless they try to evade it.

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a. "Then in my mind's eye I see the bronze statue of the
college Founder, the cold Father symbol, his hands outstretched in the
breathtaking gesture of lifting a veil that flutters in hard, metallic folds above
the face of a kneeling slave; and I am standing puzzled, unable to decide
whether the veil is really being lifted, or lowered more firmly in place;
whether I am witnessing a revelation or a more efficient blinding." This quotation is placed in chapter 2 of the novel while the Invisible Man is describing the beauty and prestige of Tuskegee University.
b. The statue Lifting the Veil of Ignorance portrays a strong black man lifting a veil that had been covering a slave. The interpretation of this statue revolves around the once repressed race becoming educated and stronger. One black man is shown helping another black man "unveil" his inferiority. At the base of the statue, it reads "He lifted the veil of ignorance from his people and pointed the way
to progress through education and industry."
c. Ellison included this allusion because it provides a basis for the time period of the novel. By putting the main character at the college that is famous for presenting this statue, the reader can see that the Invisible Man is growing up in a time where the African American population is changing. According to the statue, the race is becoming more recognized and appreciated rather than repressed and ignored. By being introduced to the statue early on in the book, the reader is introduced with the idea that the Invisible Man is going through the years in which he searches for a career in a time where opportunities are becoming more open.

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Please select an allusion from the novel. Provide a quotation from the novel with the allusion. Explain the allusion. Discuss why Ellison might have used the allusion. An allusion may only be used once. You may not repeat