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Teaching Approaches, Methods, Techniques and Strategies

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Teaching Approaches, Methods, Techniques and Strategies

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Refer to a set of principles, beliefs, or ideas about the nature of learning which is translated into the classroom.
Examples: Dictation, Assignments, Project based instruction and Lectures.

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How biotechnology impact our society : Environment
In April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred from a well at a depth of 5,000 feet in the Gulf of Mexico. 800 million liters of hydrocarbons had blanketed the surface of the ocean, causing a depletion of oxygen affecting the lives of marine organisms. Oil spills are among the top pollution that can cause damage to the marine ecosystem comprises a diversity of aquatic lives and to the quality of the waters system itself. One of the applications of biotechnology, known as bioremediation comes in handy in solving this issue. In bioremediation process, microorganisms play a vital role which is useful for the degradation of hazardous chemical in soil, sediments, water or other contaminated materials. Hydrocarbon eating bacteria exists naturally in the water systems, however, scientists have genetically engineered bacteria to speed up the consumption of hydrocarbons by these bacteria. For instance, besides having a quarter of the oil being captured, burned and skimmed, the hydrocarbons were consumed by Alcanivorax borkumensis. Interestingly, more than 50% of the hydrocarbons was removed from the ocean using bioremediation. This has drastically increase the efficiency of oil spillage removal from the ocean. Therefore, with the use of biotechnology, we are able to promote environmental sustainability by mitigating the damaging consequence of human activities towards nature.

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•As we move towards a greener society, biotechnology is the leading force to help us solve problems that we, as humans, were responsible for creating.

•We are able to understand the world that we live in on a microscopic level.

1. It changes the quality of life in our world.
- Pros :
•Industrial Biotechnology can help generate a new “greener”      economy with countless new jobs.

•May solve world food shortage (agriculture and livestock)

•Helps with discovery of new medicines

•Solving crimes with DNA and forensic testing

-Cons :
•There are safety and ethical debates

–How far do we draw the line?

–“Perfect” babies and cloning

–Accidental immunity of pests, weeds, viruses, and bacteria

–Engineering even more foods

–Biological warfare

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Impact of biotechnology to society – GMO in food production.

Genetically-modified Organisms (GMOs) or GM foods is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. Today, we are surrounded by GMO product. It gives advantage and disadvantage to the society.

Advantage

1.       The production of food product has increase, thus large part of the world population can be fed.

2.       GM in crop can increase yield in short period of time.

3.       In agricultural, by using GM crop, the used of pesticide and insecticide is no longer being used as the gene inserted in the plant will help in against various pest.

Disadvantage

1.       Society believe that, consumption of GM food, may cause cancer because of its hazardous effect

2.       Destruction of floral and fauna because of changes of unnecessary traits to plant through cross pollination which may cause harm to human health.

3.       Human Immune system may not accept the desire gene that is inserted into the food.

4.       Increase in antibiotic resistance disease.

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Impact of medical field in Biotechnology to Society

Biotechnology field is considered one of the fastest moving of science today. It’s covered a wide area of application including medicine, bio-pharmacy, agriculture and others via combination knowledge between biology and technology. As a result, substantial improvements in human and health care as well as the production of transgenic plants and animals have occurred continuously in coming years. Regarding to medical field, biotechnology is able to interpret genetic makeup of species, genetic basis of heritable diseases besides invention of technology to construct and fix mutant genes. In addition, biotechnology also provides method to directly treat on diseases such as gene therapy and enzyme therapy or produces antibiotic such as penicillin to defend from bacteria or virus attack.

For instance, in the era of science and technology, advancement of biotechnology has discovered several high-throughput tools to make it possible in diagnosis of infectious diseases no matter it is occurred from pathogen transmission or inherit. Such example including Enzymes linked Immuno-sorbant Assay (ELISA), PCR based technique and etc. Generally, when the diagnosis test have been constructed, researchers are proceed to identify suitable treatment of the disease. One of the example of modern biotechnology approach, enzyme therapy is now widely applied as pharmaceutical product. This concept is basically explained on the unique enzymes characteristic like higher affinity and specificity in binding to the targeted mutant protein. Deficiency or non-functioning of the protein in the body which result from the inactivation of virus will leads to several diseases to happen. For example, in 1990, Adagen®, form of bovine adenosine deaminase (ADA) performed to treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was the first found successful enzyme therapy for inherited disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) (Vellard, 2003).  This was a kind of disease that produced during the extremely serious insufficient of ADA protein. The enzyme ADA was function by cleaving the excess adenosine present in blood circulation of patients and this results in reducing toxicity to the immune system of the elevated adenosine levels (Vellard, 2003). With the first successful application of enzyme therapy, the particular approach was later expanded to others relevant diseases.

Despite of therapy application, biotechnology was also common in medical diagnosis on cancer research. Aetiology of cancer disease can be categories into various options including gene mutation, inheritance, acute hypertension as well as viral infection. Hence, the effective diagnosis of the cancer is crucial in order to develop better treatment and prevention regimens. More recently, researchers are emphasized on predictive molecular signatures likes biomarker which the presence of indicator can indicate the risk or progression of cancer.  Under CREATE Health’s programme, it was proven that the further optimization on better predictive factors for breast cancer are necessary for deciding on which specific type of chemotherapy and drug have the potential to ensure better targeted treatment of the disease (Borrebaeck, CREATE Health). A better chemotherapy was required to be studied and replaced on previous treatment of cancer disease. This is due to previously there was only 10 per cent of breast cancer patients had obtained the benefit from the treatment (Borrebaeck, CREATE Health). Therefore, the development of biotechnology tools by scientists such as Biopsy, CT Scan have played an important role in diagnosis of different specific cancer cell type (National Cancer Institute, 2015). With the abundant of the laboratory equipment, they are able to easily study on the aetiology and epidemiology of the particular disease which now is important for maintaining the level of healthcare of population.

In conclusion, the development of biotechnology over past ten years have allowed production factory to manufacture safer, guarantee medicine with high efficiency treat on both rare and common diseases. In my opinion, it is important to concern on the factors of diseases spreading around the world or even the appearance of new strain as to make sure the public health is not threaten.

Reference

Borrebaeck, C. (e.d.). Cancer: how biotechnology is benefitting the patient. Retrieved from http://www.createhealth.lth.se/fileadmin/create_health/Pdf_publikationer/Create_Health.pdf

National Cancer Institute. (2015). Diagnosis. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/about-

cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis

Vellard, M. (2003). The enzyme as drug: application of enzymes as pharmaceuticals. Current

Opinion in Biotechnology, 14, 444-450.

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Puteh Nabilah Binti Moamat Mastam (45976) - G1-

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Puteh Nabilah Binti Moamat Mastam (45976) - G1-

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Impact of Food in Biotechnology to Society

As the number of global population increases, so does the food demands and needs which leads to the raises of food prices. The modern food biotechnology helps in increasing the improvement of the food traits as well as the speed of food production practices since the task of feeding the world becomes challenging nowadays. Biotechnology aims to improve the quality of people’s life but it is vary based on the people’s need, values and priorities, leading to different views of how biotechnology impact on them.

Genetic engineering is used to increase plant productivity and product quality. Food biotech is the application where scientist improves the production of plants, animals and microorganism to produce high quality, quantity and safety of food. The benefit of food biotech is the desirable traits can be selected from the plant and introduced to another in order to produce the desire plants such as pest resistant and increase nutritional value of food. This genetic engineering technique is better than conventional breeding that is time consuming and the result is not guaranteed.

Scientists have introduced Genetically Modify Organism (GMO) where the organism acquired new gene which added from other organisms to improve the quality and quantity of the crop or food produced in a more efficient way which also helps farmer and merchants in managing their crops and sources. The crops can be modified to withstand extreme and fluctuate weather so subsequently they will be in a good quality and sufficient yields even under a poor or severe weather condition. Besides that, it is easier to grow it.

The impacts of biotechnology have contribute to more production of food in good quality with high nutrients value and value-added. Biotechnology also improve the production of food via the used of enzyme and fermentation. Genes for many of the important food industry enzymes have been cloned and gene transfer systems that permit introduction and expression in generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms have been developed.

The modern biotechnology helps in reducing the used of agrochemicals too since some of the agrochemicals are costly. It also can imply fewer residues in final product towards the environment. Besides, with this technology, it can improve the method and time for food harvesting. Hence, the plants will have more uniform characteristics, grow at the same speed and ripen at the same time which not only improves the storage but also the food quality.

Nevertheless, there is increasing concerns on the use of genetic engineering for plant improvement and also GMO to human health and environment for food safety as well as food security.

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Anisa Aina Nadiah binti Md Ahsan (46313)              Lecture Group 2                                                                                         Impact of Genomics and Proteomics in Biotechnology to society

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Anisa Aina Nadiah binti Md Ahsan (46313)              Lecture Group 2                                                                                         Impact of Genomics and Proteomics in Biotechnology to society

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There are many sectors in Biotechnology that had brought various positive and negative impacts to society. One of the sectors includes genomics and proteomics.

The gene test is carried out under the genomics and proteomics sector. Gene test are used to diagnose and confirm diseases, and it can be carried out on asymptomatic individuals. Besides, it could provide the medical prognosis for patients. The risk of future diseases in healthy individuals and their progeny could also be predicted.

Currently, the gene tests identify mutations related to rare genetic disorders that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Some of the examples include Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia. Mutations of more complex conditions like ovarian and colon cancer can be detected by these tests. The gene tests are usually carried out in order to make risk estimates in presymptomatic individuals with a family history of the disorder.

One of the positive impacts of the gene test is that the physicians and patients could manage the disease more effectively by the information provided. However, there is a limitation to it, as the tests might not detect every mutation associated with a particular condition because many are yet to be discovered. Besides, the mutations detected may show diverse risks to various people and population.

The negative impacts of genes tests are regarding the issues of privacy and confidentiality of genetic information. This is because the knowledge about the risk of potential future disease could produce significant emotional and psychological impacts to the community. Moreover, genetic tests will reveal genetic information of individuals and their families, and this might affect family dynamics. Lastly, the test results could pose risks for population groups if they lead to group stigmatization.

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Impact of Biotechnology in Medical to the Society- Nurul Haziqah Alias (48582)- Lecture Group 1

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Impact of Biotechnology in Medical to the Society- Nurul Haziqah Alias (48582)- Lecture Group 1

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Biotechnology has helped improve the quality of people’s lives for over 10,000 years. Today’s biotechnologies vary in application and complexity. However, they all have potential to change our society. As biotechnology enters into medicine this entrepreneurial ethic is becoming more visible in the medical services being offered to the public. Recent bioethical commentaries have brought proper attention to dilemmas in medical practices but they have largely overlooked the impact on the nature of society.

Organ transplants, genetic manipulation, in vitro fertilisation, reproductive options such as cloning, ectogenesis and embryo transfer, are examples of high technology medicine which have provoked controversy and official enquiries, yet still continue to receive support for research. As well, there are increasing medical successes in life-saving surgical procedures and reconstructions following severe damage through trauma or disease. Genetic engineering application for human benefit include the production of insulin, human growth hormone, blood-clotting agents and interferon.

An important consequence of such a medicine for the future health and welfare of the society is that an increasing personal reliance on medicine may well develop, with correctives sought by the consumer for conditions including those related to lifestyle choices.

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Impact of Biotechnology in Food to the Society  - Feven Mehari (49542)

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Impact of Biotechnology in Food to the Society  - Feven Mehari (49542)

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The task of feeding the world’s population is becoming challenging as the population is growing rapidly and food prices are rising.  However, food biotechnology has contributed tremendously in order to help meet this challenge (Food Insight, 2016).  By utilizing the knowledge of plant science, animal science and genetics, food biotechnology has made the production of new products with desirable characteristics possible.  These characteristics include leaner meat, improved flavor and nutritional qualities of food and disease and drought resistance plants (“What is Food Biotechnology?”, n.d.).

The use of recombinant DNA technology in food production can have many advantages such as the production of more food on less land. This is achieved by reducing the number of crops that are lost to disease and pests (Food Insight, 2016). Other examples include, genes involved in the production of desirable oils from undomesticated plants can be introduced into traditional oil-producing plants so as to produce large quantities of these oils. The introduction of genes conferring drought resistance in the staple crops grown in Third World countries can also help in alleviating famine (Watson et al., 1992).

As a result, biotechnology will have a big impact in the production of food in large quantity at low prices. This will, in turn, reduce the lack of food seen in Third World countries.

REFERENCE :

Food Insight (2016). Fact Sheet: Benefits of Food Biotechnology. Retrieved March 30, 2017, from http://www.foodinsight.org/articles/fact-sheet-benefits-food-biotechnology

Watson, J. D., Gilman, M., Witkowski, J., & Zoller, M. (1992). Recombinant DNA. New York, NY, United States: Scientific American Books.

What is Food Biotechnology? (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2017, from http://ccr.ucdavis.edu/biot/what/index_new.shtml

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Nur Ainaa Nabihah Binti Mohd Ghazali 45836 (Group 3)

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Nur Ainaa Nabihah Binti Mohd Ghazali 45836 (Group 3)

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Impacts of Genomics and Proteomics in Biotechnology to Society.

According to National Human Genome Research Institute, Human Genome Project (HGP) was accomplished in April 2003 and there are many advances that have been brought to the society since then. The goal of HGP was to determine the accurate sequence of 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to identify almost 30,000 human genes.The complete sequencing of human genome allows studies on comparisons between human genes and those of other organisms to be conducted. This also enables scientists to determine specific functions of particular genes and the significance of the genes for life. Plus, the locations of many human genes can be determined together with their structure and organization.

Furthermore, HGP is also important as it uses information from DNA to improve the present medical treatments in order to treat human diseases (Akudo, 2001). Numerous medical advances from HGP have benefited the society, for an instance, the researchers’ ability to predict and prevent diseases. Doctors will be able to diagnose people with possibility to suffer from a particular disease and patients can have few options on his medical treatment or lifestyle changes. This is due to the possibility to determine the prognosis and diagnosis of diseases through genetic testing or screening for specific mutations.

On the other hand, genomic studies also helped in understanding the role played by the genetic make-up of an individual, in how well a medicine works and the possible side effects from consuming the prescribed medicine. By understanding the influence of genes towards an individual’s responsiveness to drugs, personalised medicine can now be developed (West et al, 2006). Suitable type of medicine with appropriate dosages can also be determined by looking at the genetic profile of a patient, based on variations in metabolism of drugs. This will help to prevent an individual from developing adverse reactions due to overdose of drugs.

Akudo, E. (2001). Biology 103: Human Genome Project. Retrieved on February 24, 2017 from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f01/

National Human Genome Research Institute (2015). All About The Human Genome Project (HGP). Retrieved on March 21, 2017 from https://www.genome.gov/10001772/all-about-the--human-genome-project-hgp/

West, M., Ginsburg, G. S., Huang, A. and Nevins, J. (2006). Embracing the complexity of genomic data for personalized medicine. Genome Research. 16: 559–566.

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Biotechnology impact to the society (medical)

One of the impact biotechnology in the medical field is new reproductive technology. On of example of new reproductive technology is genetic therapy. This therapy currently aiming removal of the causes of disabilities by splicing, adding, and removal of genetic materials in the embryonic stages of development. The development technique of in vitro fertilization (IVF) have made this therapy seem a possible for the next step. IVF allows for the cultivation of human life in the laboratory and, when a human embryo or gamete is outside the body, we can intervention in its structure. This genetic manipulation it is possible to correct inherited disease or conditions such as thalassemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Huntington’s chorea, haemophilia and others.

Biotechnology also made diagnostic of diseases easier. Analysis such as microarray, qPCR, sequencing, and bioinformatics made this possible. Biotechnology helps to study the disease in the molecular level. With this, more efficient medicine can be produce for specific disease and based on the individual diet, genotype, epigenetics and metabolism. Side effect form the medicine can be reduced or can be removed.

More powerful medicine had been invented. These powerful drugs can be develop targeting specific health problem that will maximize therapeutic effects but decrease damage to the nearby healthy cells. Safer drugs the first time also benefits of biotechnology. Based on the all the researchers that had been conducted, doctor could have an idea which drug to use based on a genetic profile versus trial and error decreasing the likelihood to adverse reactions. More accurate methods in determining the drugs dosage also one of the biotechnology impact. Instead of dosages being based on body weight and age, it would be based on a individual’s genetics. This would decrease the likelihood of an overdose.

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Vanessa anak Asas (46072) Group 2: Monday

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Vanessa anak Asas (46072) Group 2: Monday

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Impact of Biotechnology to Society: Food

Modern biotechnology refers to techniques used in order to create desired specific traits in plants, animals or microorganisms by utilizing the genetic knowledge. In food industry, the most common technique used is Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), where the DNA composition of the organisms has been altered or modified through genetic engineering. In genetically modified food according to National Library of Medicine (NLM), foreign genes from other plants or animals had been inserted into their genetic codes to increase the flavour, nutrition and resistance to diseases and droughts.

The used of GMO technology has been in large-scale in agricultural crops where most of the crops have been genetically engineered in order to build resistance towards pests and adverse weather such as droughts. The incorporation of gene for toxin production found in Bacillus thuriengiensis (Bt) is one of the widely used method in introducing insect resistance to plants according to World Health Organization (WHO). Crops that are modified with Bt gene have been proven to be insect-resistant, which in turn reduce the need for wide-scale-spraying of synthetic pesticides that posed harm towards the environment due to its chemical composition.

The introduction of GM crops also increased the yield which can reduce the anxiety on the food security problems that arises due to the increasing human population. Even though genetically modified food has been assured by the FDA to be safe for consuming, there are still some doubts in the usage of GMO for production of food. One of the major reasons is the introduction of foreign gene into the food product. The consumption of these foods can cause allergic reaction and also damage to the organ studied in lab animals according to Institute for Responsible Technology, a group of anti-GMO activists.

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Modern biotechnology’s fields have both fascination and fear. Fascination caused by the possibilities for new and improved products and processes that being outlined and fear caused by the possible consequences for people and environment in a widespread use of genetic engineering and biotechnology. On the other side there are positive environment expectation in the production, using fermentation process. The used of agricultural wastes in the fermentation process reduce the environmental pollution in way of which lower the used of nonrenewable fossil oil, natural gas and coal. The application of biotechnology also important in water contamination issues. For example the use of microorganisms to reduce or neutralize the contamination from water (Bioremediation).

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Natural product is a chemical substance produced by living organism. It is a term commonly used in reference to chemical substances found in nature that have distinctive pharmacological effects. This has contribute to drug discovery which is one of biotechnology industries. Throughout history, nature has been a source for medicines for thousands of years, and an impressive number of origin of modern drugs are in natural products. As large fraction of the world population still depends on medicines directly derived from natural sources, natural products have provided considerable value to the pharmaceutical industry over the past half century. Natural products are not only important in drug discoveries, but also contribute a lot to other with range of biotechnology industries such as bioenergy processes, consumer good and personal care.

Focusing on drug discoveries, the alternative drug discovery methods may not be able fully to deliver many lead compound in key therapeutic areas such as anti-infective, metabolic and immunosuppression causing a renewed interest in natural product research for drug discovery. The therapeutic areas of infectious diseases and oncology have benefited from numerous drug classes derived from the natural form and templates for synthetic modification. In between 2000 to 2010, the have been an article that reported about 40 new drugs launch on the market originate from terrestrial microorganisms, terrestrial plants, marine organisms and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. This article shows that natural products and natural product-derived compounds are being presently evaluated in clinical trials or are in the registration highlighting their mechanism action. A huge number of natural product compounds in various stages of clinical development highlighting the existing viability and significances of the use of the natural products as sources of new drugs candidates. However, improvements in natural products research need to be competitive with other drug discovery methods to be able to keep the pace with the ongoing changes in the modern drug discovery process.

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Impact of Food Biotechnology on Society 

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Impact of Food Biotechnology on Society 

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EMIL SEMETEI UULU (45380) G1

Food is one of the most important source of mankind. As the world faces rapid increase of Earth population, the deficiency of food becomes more and more important problem. It is hardly possible to increase plantation and farm territory to grow our food as it has very negative impact on environment. Fortunately, the new achieves in biotechnology allow us to solve this problem. As a relatively new and progressive branch of technology and science, it made a serious impact our society. Biotechnology changed our life. It is also made us think how genetic modification of food may affect us. There is no doubt of positive side of biotechnology. However society also thinks about its negative aspects.

First of all we need to say there almost no man or woman, who never eat genetic modified food. Most of GMO products are modified to increase production. Such kind of food we eat daily. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations certain GMO food are highly nutritious by vitamins and minerals. This helps our society to overcome vitamins and mineral deficiency, which is serious problem especially in poor countries. Beside this GMO is usually cheaper than usual food and helps us save money. Society always get concern about negative impact, which humanity does toward our planet. However food biotechnology allow us to reduce this negative impact. Owing to high productivity, GMO allows us to reduce deforestation. It also means that GMO reduce global warming. Beside this, GMO product may not need pesticides and herbicides. All of the factors means that GMO protect our environment. For example, enviro pig, produce less phosphorus in its excrement and by this reason are more friendly to environment than usual pig.

However there are also some concerns about GMO. One of the society’s concerns is its safety. GMO may cause allergic reactions. Some of the GMO produce antibiotics in order to protect themselves from diseases. This however may lead to antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and antibiotic inefficiency in human. There is also risk that GMO may cause new diseases, which are not exist yet. Another society concern is economic concern. Because of GMO made by companies, the rights of its cultivation belong to them. This may lead to certain price manipulation and monopolization. So certain companies may manipulate world economic, which may have very negative impact on society.

As you can see food biotechnology has its positive and negative sides toward society. On the one hand it may give big advantages in the form of high nutritious, cheap price, reduction of negative impact on environment. However on the other hand it also may cause certain disease and lead to word economic manipulation. By this reason it is our responsibility how we are going to develop food biotechnology.

Reference:27 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Foods. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://connectusfund.org/27-big-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-genetically-modified-foods

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Impact of biotechnology to the society ( food security)

As the number of world's population increased, it has become a challenge to fulfill the need of food supplies. So, to solve the problem, biotechnology has been considered as one way to meet the challenge of lack of food. Appropriate use of biotechnology offer considerable potential to improve food security. As in example, some of the technologies used areto such as tissue culture and molecular marker which are used safely to speed up conventional breeding and the other biotechnological process also involved modified in genetic pattern of plant and animal to create a new organism known as GMO.

The current biotechnology have help to increase crop yield and reduced the production costs, even for a small-scale farmers in developing countries, who make up large part of the world's poor and hungry population. Biotechnology even help farmers who struggle to make living in the marginal land by doing ongoing research on drought-resistant and salt-tolerant crops. Other than that, biotechnology helps into enriching staple foods through addition of essential vitamins for landless poor.

As conclusion, biotechnology play major role in helping to overcome food hunger worldwide.

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Impact of Biotechnology to the Society - Food

Biotechnology has involved in food production and processing since ages. One of the biotechnology technique that being used is fermentation. It is used to preserve wine, bread and honey. Now, a newer technique in biotechnology has been used. The modern method is used to improve food traits and production practices. This method manipulates gene for valuable traits and being incorporated into food (animal or plant) to produce a better quality of food. It is known as genetically modified food.

An example of genetically modified food is Bt corn, potatoes and tomatoes. All of this food is being modified in order to resist pest and disease. Biotechnology in food able to protect the ecosystem and human health. Fewer insecticides will be used and no nutrient run off will happen. Plus, food biotechnology help diminishes greenhouse global emissions. In the term of human health, genetically modified food can increase the nutritional value of food. One of the impacts of biotechnology in food to society is to increase work opportunity. Genetically modified food produce a high-yield and high-quality crop. In order to yield the high amount of crop, lots of workers are needed. And lastly, biotechnology in food can expand the sustainable food supply to meet demands. This can alleviate hunger and poverty that currently happened in the world. Food security is no longer a problem as biotechnology in food can meet the demands and at the same time does not undermine the ability of future generations.

Biotechnology in food can reduce food hunger and poverty in the future. The third world countries will no longer struggle in order to get food supply and there will be no more death because of hunger.

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Mazlyana binti Mohd Zainul 45649 Group 3

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Mazlyana binti Mohd Zainul 45649 Group 3

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Impact of Environmental Biotechnology to the Society

Biotechnology can be defined as the manipulation of a biological system to develop or create different products which can help to improve many lives and the environment (Conner et al., 2014). It can be applied in many fields such as medical, food processing, environmental and agricultural field. It is not only restricted for human but can also be developed for animals and plants. Environmental biotechnology in particular is a process of prevention environmental pollution using microorganisms and their products.

Biotechnology can be used to save the environment from pollution in several ways. One of it is through bioprocessing. Bioprocess technology is a specific process where a biological material or a living cell is utilized in an optimal condition to produce desired products. For example, yeast is used in fermentation of crops to produce bioethanol which can be a substitute for petrol to run vehicles (Demirbas & Gupta, 2010). Fuel combustion is one of the major causes of air pollution and global warming as it releases pollutants. Therefore, bioprocessing technology benefits the society by reducing the risk of air pollution.

Apart from that, in the environmental biotechnology field, there is also a process called bioremediation which utilizes microorganisms and fungi to breakdown or neutralize pollutants and contaminants (Sinha et al., 2009). This process is very useful for cleaning oil spills, contaminated soils and water. Moreover, biotreatment can also be used in solid, water and gaseous treatments such as sewage and wastewater treatment. Microorganisms are commonly used in the secondary stage of sewage treatments to remove dissolved and suspended biological matter.

It can be concluded that environmental biotechnology benefits the society in many ways as it helps to reduce the risk of air pollution, water pollution and global warming. It helps to provide a better living environment not only for human being but also for animals and plants.

Conner, J., Wuchterl, D., Lopez, M., Minshall, B., Prusti, R., Boclair, D., Peterson, J., & Allen, C. (2014). Chapter 26: The biomanufacturing of biotechnology products, in: Shimasaki, C. (Eds.), Biotechnology Enterpreneuship: Starting, managing, and leading biotech companies. Academic Press, Oklahoma, Pp 351-385.

Demirbas, A. & Gupta, R. (2010). Gasoline, diesel, and ethanol biofuels from grasses and plants. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Sinha, R. K., Valani, D., Sinha, S., Singh, S., & Herat, Sunil. (2009). Chapter 1 - Bioremediation of contaminated sites: A low-cost nature’s biotechnology for environmental clean up by versatile microbes, plants and earthworms, in: Faerber, T., & Herzog, J. (Eds.), Solid waste management and environmental remediation. Nova Science Publishers, New York, Pp 1-72.

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Food security is a worldwide major problem these days which lead to the advancement of technology to apply biotechnology approach in production of foods or crops and food industries. Higher production of foods and crops is one of the significant impact of biotechnology noticed by most people around the world. In food security, point to be concern is to increase the production of crops in agricultural field and foods in industrial field. Having less number of starving people around the world and providing an adequate supply of food are an important target to be achieve by nation worldwide. According to statistic, biotechnology will able to provide food to 7 Billion people on this planet by 2050.
Furthermore, the others impact of biotechnology is becoming a major player in a greener policy by producing higher quantity of foods or crops in an environmental friendly condition. Not only that, the others impact also help in reducing the use of land in agricultural fields but producing higher quality and quantity of foods or crops. Not only that, high yield with a green revolution by biotechnology able to overcome the world demanding crops phenomenon. The application of biotechnology not just producing a better version of food and crops but also help to improve the world food security for the future generation. The limited usage of chemical pesticides in agricultural plantation is another impact of biotechnology. Crop with genetic recombinant integration able to protect themselves from pest and other pathogens that is dangerous to them.
Besides, reducing energy consumption by reduction of fuel usage with minimal tillage practices is another impact of biotechnology in making a positive contribution to the environment. For instance farmer are going to planting crops in a few hectare land will get a similar crops production with a larger land with traditional crops. This will lead to minimize tillage and help in preserve carbon in the soil rather than increasing carbon dioxide in the air. The minimal land use for agricultural purposes will help to preserve our environment to be eco-friendly and reduce the carbon emission produce by plantation sector. In 2015 only, more that 8.5 Million farmers worldwide had grown biotechnology crops on 215 million hectare had reduce the carbon emission by 8.9 matrix tan which equivalent in taking 4 million cars out of the road. Therefore, biotechnology had given various impact to society and not just produce food but produce food that is better for you.

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NUR EMYLIANA BINTI YUNOS (45857) GROUP 1

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NUR EMYLIANA BINTI YUNOS (45857) GROUP 1

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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO THE SOCIETY - MEDICAL

Total Artificial Heart – The First and Only FDA Approved

Biotechnology had blurred the line between biology and technology in medical world. Development and impact of biotechnology in medical world had improve, restore and extend human lives. For instance, its hard and time consuming to find suitable donor for an organ transplant, especially for heart donor. One solution for the shortage is creating artificial organs. The main goal of development artificial organs is to keep the patient (serious organ failure) alive until they can receive the real organ.

Nowadays, SynCardia Systems, Inc. had provides patients with a full-functioning artificial heart. SynCardia temporary Total Artificial Heart is the first and only FDA approved Total Artificial Heart in the world. They also had gained FDA approval to conduct a clinical study of the effectiveness of the Total Artificial Heart for permanent use. Implanting the SynCardia Total Artificial Heart had eliminating the source of end-stage biventricular heart failure by replacing both failing heart ventricles and the four heart valves. They also eliminates the uses of pacemakers and defibrillators.

During the 10 years of pivotal clinical study which led to FDA approval, 75% of all Total Artificial Heart patients were out of bed just after one week of heart implant. Two week later, the patient liver and kidney function had trending to normal and 60% of all patients can walks more than 100 feet. The longest a patient has been supported by the SynCardia Total Artificial Heart was nearly over 4 years of use before receiving a successful donor heart transplant.

With the advances technology and future mindset, one day, it is possible for patient able to keep alive for long periods of time using artificial hearts.

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Fadhilah binti Karim 45552 (G1)

Biotechnology have hugely impacted the food we eat today. Various food we consumed have somewhat been “bettered” than it’s original natural state. Even though this development have positively impact food supply but it can cause unwanted hazard to the environment and even to consumer.

One of most talked about biotechnology effects to society is the genetically modified food(GMF) of crops and farm animals. These GMFs products are made for various reasons like increasing the yield, shelf life, nutritional values, endurance against parasites and diseases and cost reduction. Some people are choosing to avoid this kind of food product and prefer natural one over the fear of bad side effects like developing allergies reaction and toxins. Some plant and animal are made to reproduce more frequently than its usual seasonal cycle.

Another impact of biotechnology toward food taken by society is the development of food processing. Food are made to have longer shelf life by adding chemical preserver or by physical means. Some are used to aid production process. Some food are being enhanced to make it more flavourful, colourful and attractive. Some of these additives came from extracts of natural resources while some are synthetically made to resemble the natural one. One of the example is enzyme pectinase is used in juice production to improve juice extraction and clarification.

After all, biotechnology generally have greatly impacting the food industry. Various new developments and researches have bring prospers especially to poor, desert or infertile region of the world where food source are relatively scarce. Increasing world population also cause the rise in need of more food supply and nutrition source hence increase in opportunity in this field.

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Eunice Jalin Anak Freddy Jalin (46741) - Group 3

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Eunice Jalin Anak Freddy Jalin (46741) - Group 3

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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO THE SOCIETY – MEDICAL

Biotechnology is an area of research that concerns with the modification of living organisms in the development of new technologies. The main objective of biotechnology is to improve the quality of the lives of every single living thing on earth. Biotechnology uses applications of biology, chemistry, engineering and information technology in the development of new tools.

There is no doubt that biotechnology has brought great impacts for the society. There are many improvements and technology advancements which have certainly helped in various researches. This can be seen especially in the medical field. A lot of tools and findings developed by the applications of biotechnology have improved the quality of diagnoses and treatments of various diseases.

The applications of biotechnology which focus on medical research are termed as “red biotechnology”. According to Biology Online (n.d.), red biotechnology can be defined as the use of organisms for the improvement of medical processes. It includes the designing of organisms to manufacture pharmaceutical products like antibiotics and vaccines, the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation, and its use in forensics through DNA profiling. Through red biotechnology, new treatments for diseases such as cancer, AIDS and genetic diseases are developed. The new development of treatments for these diseases are able to minimize the side effects to the patients and they are also more cost-effective.

Gene therapy, for instance, is one of the applications of red biotechnology and considered to be very beneficial in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases especially cancer. It is a technique that allows a disorder treatment to be done by modifying the genes of the patient. Among the approaches of gene therapy include replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene, inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly and introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease (US National Institute of Health (NIH), 2017).

Besides gene therapy, pharmacogenomics is one of the applications of red biotechnology that has brought great impact in the medical field. As the term “pharmacogenomics” suggests, it studies the genetic information of the individual and develops drugs that can be inserted into that particular individual (Chawla, 2011). Thus, this allows a more specific drug to be administered to the patient and risks of hypersensitivity to certain drugs can be avoided. Not only that, pharmacogenomics ensure that the treatment is more effective as it is engineered according to the genetic information of the patient itself.

In a nutshell, biotechnology certainly has brought a great impact to the society especially in the medical world. Through biotechnology, a lot of advancements in medical researches, diagnosis and treatment are developed. This allows many diseases to be treated effectively and potential diseases could be avoided.

References:

BiologyOnline. (n.d.). Red Biotechnology. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from BiologyOnline: http://www.biology-online.org/kb/biology_articles/biotechnology/red_biotechnology.html

Chawla, V. (2011, March 29). Biotechnology In Medicine: Revolutionizing Lives Of People. Retrieved March 29, 2017, from Youth Ki Awaaz: https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2011/03/biotechnology-in-medicine-revolutionizing-lives-of-people/

US National Institute of Health (NIH). (2017, March 28). What is gene therapy? Retrieved March 30, 2017, from Genetics Home Reference | NIH: US National Library of Medicine: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/therapy/genetherapy

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Dalila Shahirah Binti Roslan (45512)-Group 1

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Dalila Shahirah Binti Roslan (45512)-Group 1

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Impact of Biotechnology to Society

Food Industry

Biotechnology can be defined as technology that uses living organisms or other biological systems in the manufacture of products such as hormones, drugs, biofuel and more. Furthermore, utilization of biotechnology can be seen in medicine, agriculture, industrial, marine and food. I will choose impact of biotechnology to society in food industry aspect.

Biotechnology is implemented in the food industry to enhance the flavours and colours of the food and also improved enzymes and emulsifiers. Moreover, the food is produced with improved nutritional value to make up for the nutrition that are lacked in the individual’s diet or lost in the food processing. There also more options in the accessing of food safety for human consumption. Farmers can also grow more food on less land by planting genetically modified crops.

Examples of biotechnology in food industry, pectinase assists in the increasing of the antioxidants quantity and colour of the vegetables and fruit juices. In cheese production, microbial rennet is used instead of rennet’s of animal origin. Moreover, protease enzymes are used in gaining flavours and cheese ripening.

Genetically modified organism (GMO) is also a technique of biotechnology. This technique can produce organism with the desired trait such as plants with cold tolerance and disease resistance or animals such as cow that yield more milk and tastier meat The advantages of GMO’s are the plants are pest resistance such as Bacillus thuringiensis gene are inserted into the corn which produce a corn that can create its own pesticide. By producing this pest resistant plant, the usage of pesticide and insecticide will decreased as it is harmful to the environment and also human. Another advantage of GMO’s is edible vaccines. It has low risk contamination, safe, cheap and needle free. Example of plants used for edible vaccines are carrot, peanuts, soybean, alfalfa, rice, tomatoes, banana and corn.

Genetically modified food also increase the nutrition in the food. For instance, genetically modified rice have more vitamin A can reduce the vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. Moreover, genetically modified organisms  can conserve water, soil and energy.

Apart from the positive impact of biotechnology to society in food industry, there is also negative impact on utilization of biotechnology in food industry. Genetically modified food is when the gene from other food inserted into another to enhance the food to be better. This will causes food allergies among society. For instance, genetically modified soybeans contain similar protein components as nuts which also produce soybeans that contain allergic properties of the nuts. Another negative impact includes unknown effects and antibiotic resistance.

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HAMIZAH BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN (45589) – GROUP 1: TUESDAY                                                                          Impact of Biotech to Society – Medical                     Medical biotechnology is also known as red biotechnology as it applied to medical processes. For instance, the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics to enhance the health of society. Also, through genomic manipulation, diseases can be cured by engineering genetic cures.                                                                                                       For the past two decades, medical techniques and apparatus for the diagnosis and treatment of a various of human diseases have made rapid progress. There are many of technological innovations which are well in advance of legal regulation. Genetic manipulation, organ transplants, in-vitro fertilization, reproductive options such as cloning, are examples of high technology medicine which have evoked controversy, yet still resume to receive support or research.                            The process of assessing the present research directions of biotechnology has prominently led bioethical commentators along a tormenting path. In fact, new reproductive technologies which can, likely, alter the fabric of society by changing the meaning of marriage, family, parenthood and so forth. The new reproductive technologies allow research opportunities in other apparently unrelated areas such as in the genetic manipulation of unicellular organisms, now part of the manufacture of insulin and human growth hormone. These techniques are same to those that required for the manipulation of multicellular organisms. So, the possibilities have been produced for the genetic manipulation of humans. These possibilities are currently prohibited to research into somatic therapy, which is, correcting and repairing conditions or disabilities that are manifested in the individual after birth.                                                                                       Other than that, the manipulation of genes, at the early stage of development, can be in response to other political or economic concerns. The example such as the market or client demands for children of specified proportion and ability. The development of positive genetic therapy can rise many problems for example who decides what characteristics should be offered and engineered and who should receive the services of gene therapy. Is it all pregnant women or only for those that can afford it? Thus, in the current climate, it would be the medical practitioner who has the greatest influence on these decisions.                                                                                                     Another impact of medical biotechnology towards society is the prolongation of life. A most common situation, is that the stroke victim who lives on with uncontrolled limbs, speech, facial muscles and so forth. Modern medicine provides these traumatized individuals to survive towards changing circumstances. Many of these stroke victims would find unacceptable the options of life passed in a wheelchair or getting isolated from common social activities. However, the medical response to trauma is aim to save the life with little attention being invested, as the consequences that the individual will have to endure.                                                       Other questions are raised regarding who received the most advantage from the practice of the mechanical or artificial prolongation of life. For example, a medical procedure that leaves the individual disabled or disfigured may be thought unacceptable by society or the individual itself even the medical procedures successfully saved that particular individual’s life. This can be seen when a young woman received a gun shot wound that resulted in the destruction of her face. To saved her life, she received extensive surgical repair which included a reconstructed mouth made from sections of bowl and a new jaw that fashioned from rib. As a conclusion, medical biotechnology is changing rapidly. Some changes may be desirable or accepted but it must also be concerned that some may not. The influence of medical biotechnology over the future society brings a great many promises which have functioned along together with innovative biomedicine.        References:                                                                                  Finkelstein, J. (1987). Social consequences of biotechnology in medicine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 11(1), 43-49.                                                             The Importance of Biotechnology in Today’s Time. (2014, March 13). Retrieved March 29, 2017, from https://raunakms.wordpress.com/2010/06/04/the-importance-of-biotechnology-in-todays-time/ 

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HAMIZAH BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN (45589) – GROUP 1: TUESDAY                                                                          Impact of Biotech to Society – Medical                     Medical biotechnology is also known as red biotechnology as it applied to medical processes. For instance, the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics to enhance the health of society. Also, through genomic manipulation, diseases can be cured by engineering genetic cures.                                                                                                       For the past two decades, medical techniques and apparatus for the diagnosis and treatment of a various of human diseases have made rapid progress. There are many of technological innovations which are well in advance of legal regulation. Genetic manipulation, organ transplants, in-vitro fertilization, reproductive options such as cloning, are examples of high technology medicine which have evoked controversy, yet still resume to receive support or research.                            The process of assessing the present research directions of biotechnology has prominently led bioethical commentators along a tormenting path. In fact, new reproductive technologies which can, likely, alter the fabric of society by changing the meaning of marriage, family, parenthood and so forth. The new reproductive technologies allow research opportunities in other apparently unrelated areas such as in the genetic manipulation of unicellular organisms, now part of the manufacture of insulin and human growth hormone. These techniques are same to those that required for the manipulation of multicellular organisms. So, the possibilities have been produced for the genetic manipulation of humans. These possibilities are currently prohibited to research into somatic therapy, which is, correcting and repairing conditions or disabilities that are manifested in the individual after birth.                                                                                       Other than that, the manipulation of genes, at the early stage of development, can be in response to other political or economic concerns. The example such as the market or client demands for children of specified proportion and ability. The development of positive genetic therapy can rise many problems for example who decides what characteristics should be offered and engineered and who should receive the services of gene therapy. Is it all pregnant women or only for those that can afford it? Thus, in the current climate, it would be the medical practitioner who has the greatest influence on these decisions.                                                                                                     Another impact of medical biotechnology towards society is the prolongation of life. A most common situation, is that the stroke victim who lives on with uncontrolled limbs, speech, facial muscles and so forth. Modern medicine provides these traumatized individuals to survive towards changing circumstances. Many of these stroke victims would find unacceptable the options of life passed in a wheelchair or getting isolated from common social activities. However, the medical response to trauma is aim to save the life with little attention being invested, as the consequences that the individual will have to endure.                                                       Other questions are raised regarding who received the most advantage from the practice of the mechanical or artificial prolongation of life. For example, a medical procedure that leaves the individual disabled or disfigured may be thought unacceptable by society or the individual itself even the medical procedures successfully saved that particular individual’s life. This can be seen when a young woman received a gun shot wound that resulted in the destruction of her face. To saved her life, she received extensive surgical repair which included a reconstructed mouth made from sections of bowl and a new jaw that fashioned from rib. As a conclusion, medical biotechnology is changing rapidly. Some changes may be desirable or accepted but it must also be concerned that some may not. The influence of medical biotechnology over the future society brings a great many promises which have functioned along together with innovative biomedicine.        References:                                                                                  Finkelstein, J. (1987). Social consequences of biotechnology in medicine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 11(1), 43-49.                                                             The Importance of Biotechnology in Today’s Time. (2014, March 13). Retrieved March 29, 2017, from https://raunakms.wordpress.com/2010/06/04/the-importance-of-biotechnology-in-todays-time/ 

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Izzati Zahiera Bt Kamarulzaman (49716) Group 2

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Izzati Zahiera Bt Kamarulzaman (49716) Group 2

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Impact of animal in biotechnology in society.

Animal biotechnology is study on how to use science in modified a living organisms. It is use to produce a products, improve animals and develop microorganisms for specific agricultural uses.

But, in social consideration that surrounding animal biotechnology are the significance importance. It is slightly true as researchers and developers worries on the future market success of any product related on cloned and genetically engineered animals. This part is clearly skeptical as well as its outright opponent. Those opponents thinks that there is something immoral about the processes of transgenic or cloning.

Another questions on impact of animals in biotechnology in the society is the needed of genetically engineer animals. Some will wonder if it is done so companies can increase its profits and agricultural production. It is believes that a compelling need should be made for those genetically modified animals and that means we should not use that animals only for our owns and needs.

Reference: Aboutscience.org. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2017, from http://www.aboutscience.org/topics/animalbiotechnology

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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO SOCIETY (PLANT)
Biotechnology has been used to improve the agricultural productivity for years. Selective breeding in plant is commonly applied in order to generate plants or crops with desirable traits. Genetic engineering is used in order to produce crops which have desirable traits. In genetic engineering, genetic manipulation in plants is performed to produce plants with new traits. Plants which has genetically modified is called as genetically-modified organism (GMO).

These genetically-modified plants have desirable traits such as resistant to diseases and spoilage. One of the examples of food that is genetically modified is the B.t corns. In B.t corns, the gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is incorporated into corn. Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium which can produce lethal crystal protein that can kills insect larvaes. Hence, by incorporating B.t crystal protein genes into corn, it allows the corns to self-produce its own pesticides against insect larvaes.

Due to the crop’s resistance to pests, the usage of pesticides can be reduced and hence less chemical will be used. The elimination of the use of pesticides will reduce the cost in maintaining the crops. In addition, the risk of loss of crops due to pests is reduced and this will enable the crops to be harvested in large quantities.

References:
Reece B. J., Lisa A. U., Cain L. M., Wasserman A. S., Minorsky V. P., and  Jackson B. R.. Global Edition Campbell Biology. Ninth ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2011.467. Print.

Bessin, R. (n.d). B.t-Corn: What it is and How it Works. UK College of Agriculture, Food and Environment. Retrieved from https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef130

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LYNJAWATY BHURY ANAK EJAN (47479) GROUP 2: MONDAY

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LYNJAWATY BHURY ANAK EJAN (47479) GROUP 2: MONDAY

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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO SOCIETY: BIO-PHARMACY

Biopharmacy is a scientific discipline of pharmacy, which is engaged in studying the influence of physical and physicochemical properties of medicinal substances and drugs on quantitative characteristics of the therapeutic effect in the organism of a human or an animal after taking medicinal substance in different medicinal forms. In short, biopharmacy is dealing with the interactions between medication and living organ. Primarily, it focused on elimination (drug release) and absorption process as well as the study of their subsequent changes. Biopharmaceutical research has grown considerably which the properties of active substances and preparations are examined in a living organism and modelling of accompanying processes of interaction of medication and organism. It explores the physical, chemical and pharmacological properties of the products including the complex relationships of pharmacodynamics, and toxicological response of the organism. The main goal of biopharmacy in the modern technology of medicines is to achieve maximum rise of therapeutic efficiency of medicinal substances and reduction to minimum of their side effects on organism.

Biopharmaceuticals hold great promise for treating some of the most intractable medical conditions such as cancer and autoimmune disease. Biopharmaceuticals are therapeutic agents intended to treat symptoms and/or underlying causes of numerous types of disorders and diseases. Drugs are assessed by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and other international regulatory agencies prior to sale for safety and efficacy. Individuals who choose to work in this industry enjoy the real satisfaction of knowing that they are working to produce drugs that could make a radical difference in the lives of thousands, even millions of people.

Biotechnology is the science which combines biology with technology that is being used rampantly in pharmaceutical sector. This scientific field has proved to be a boon especially in:

a) Manufacturing of vaccines:

Every pharmaceutical company aims at producing products that can help tackle severe health problems and benefit the society in a massive way. As the population increases, changing in lifestyles and economies around world is facing health problems and diseases that are tough to cure. With biotechnology, the cure for various diseases including cardiovascular disorders, arthritis, Hepatitis B, bone fractures and others are successfully found.

b) Genetic testing:

Biotechnology has made genetic testing a reality. Such testing has made it possible for medical science to unlock many mysteries of the human body. As examples, genetic testing can be used for forensic tests, determining the sex of to be born child, spotting early symptoms of cancer in individuals and detecting other possible deficiencies that otherwise are hard to detect. The production costs of biotech based products are cheaper and this is a main reason the pharma industry embraced this technology and has made it an indispensable part of its own self. Besides, pharmaceutical sector is service oriented where the safety of the end users has to be given prime importance. Even the minutest of errors in a formulation can lead to mishaps which later cannot be corrected. Pharmacy and biotechnology both have together created path breaking solutions and the future holds even more.

In a nutshell, biotechnology has a promising future. Recent advances in bioenergy, bioremediation, synthetic biology, DNA computers, virtual cell, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and bio-nanotechnology have made biotechnology even more powerful. In future, biotechnology will have great impact in world economy and a golden tool to solve some of the key global problems like global epidemic, fatal diseases, global warming, rising petroleum fuel crisis and above all poverty.

References:

BIOPHARMACY. (n.d.). Definitions.net. Retrieved March 29, 2017, from http://www.definitions.net/definition/BIOPHARMACY

Biopharmacy, basic terms and history of development. Influencing of the degree of grinding of medicinal matters on the speed of their releasing from medicinal forms. Influencing of nature of auxiliary substances on the process of release of medications from medicinal forms. Retrieved March 29, 2017, from http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/lik_tex/classes_stud/en/pharm/prov_pharm/ptn/Biopharmacy/5/Lesson%201%20.Biopharmacy,%20basic%20terms%20and%20history%20of%20development.htm

Ahern, M. (2016). What's the Difference Between Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology? Retrieved March 29, 2017, from https://www.morganmckinley.ie/article/difference-between-pharmaceutical-and-biotechnology

Reeve, C. (n.d.). Importance of Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved March 29, 2017, from http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/importance-of-biotechnology-in-pharmaceutical-industry

Shrestha, R. (2010). The Importance of Biotechnology in Today’s Time. Retrieved March 29, 2017, from https://raunakms.wordpress.com/2010/06/04/the-importance-of-biotechnology-in-todays-time/

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Biotechnology has helped society by improving their quality of lives and meets their daily needs and demands as well as environmental needs. It is a fundamental aim of biotechnology that has been over 10,000 years. However, there are so many concerns arise from the society and eventually could change society despite their benefits as well.

A biotechnology crop has contributed a lot to environmental impact. Biotechnology is definitely has it benefits to the environment especially its impact on pesticides use in agriculture. Insect resistant crop is used as alternative pesticides instead of chemical pesticides because insect resistant crops believed has develop more flexible, sustainable and yet a very effective pest in agricultural management proggrammes. Insect resistant crops are basically a product of biotechnology field that has engineered a plant to be resistant to any type of insects. It also believes to increase water usage efficiency, which is now 70% of water has been used for agricultural needs. It also causes an indirect benefit such as drought tolerance. Other than that, biotechnology industry has also contributed to a production of organic herbicide. It becomes a good enabler of agriculture of zero-tillage. Zero- tillage is when a seed is sowed directly into the field without ploughing to remove a seed. This has helped farmers in their everyday tasks. Enough about zero-tillage, organic herbicide can also improve conservation of beneficial soil insects and earthworms. Farmers and other nature lover need not to worry of the fact that biotechnology product could gives harm to living organisms. It also brings an indirect benefit such as increase soil quality, reduce global warming event as carbon dioxide also reduced.

However, there are also a lot of concerns from society regarding the environment due to the impact of production and activity of biotechnology. For instance, concern of pesticide use and its impact on environment. Early problem such as potato plant that is genetically transformed believed to not having any big impact on insecticide which it should be. Other than that, there is a current problem arise which is when the herbicide is overused, it will cause the resistance weed to evolve.

There are also concern on pest and virus resistant plant. Referring to weed production, it is undeniably a concern now that engineered plants would become a weed. But great concern than that which is if the engineered plant could become a weed itself or become herbicide tolerant, it would be very difficult to manage to its agricultural setting.

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Mohamad Nazren B. Mohamad Khairul Sahimi (47587) (G1-Tuesday)

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Mohamad Nazren B. Mohamad Khairul Sahimi (47587) (G1-Tuesday)

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Biotechnology gives significant impact on our society especially in producing natural product. Natural product is a useful chemical compound that produced by living organism which occur naturally.  Natural Product Biotechnology is a significant new approach for people with a desired in value of natural products especially in field of drug discovery, diet supplement and health, and also their various use in field of biotech industries, such as personal care products like cosmetic product, bioenergy processes and more.

Malaysia is one of the luckiest country which a very conducive environment for biotechnology investors. Abundant of natural resources with good infrastructure for research and development and high skilled of human resources related in this field, natural product can be one of potential factor for our country in increasing our economic throughout this bio-industry. Moreover, Malaysia is a gifted country that rich in botany which at least 20% of the estimated 12,000 number of plants possess medicinal or therapeutic properties. Therefore, it such a huge potential for our country to producing some of new natural drug that can be useful not only for us but the whole world.

Other impact of natural product in our society is environment safe and health. Since synthetic product is derived from chemical substance which somehow it can be dangerous or contribute to some of side effect towards our environment and also our health. Therefore, by applying natural product it can save your life and also our environment.

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Easther Mannye Anak Kennedy 46677 (G2-Monday)

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Easther Mannye Anak Kennedy 46677 (G2-Monday)

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IMPACTS-->ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Environmental biotechnology includes a wide range of applications such as bioremediation, prevention, detection and monitoring that comes with great impacts for sustainable development and better quality of living condition. The biggest outcome of environmental biotechnology is pollution prevention and management through an approach called bioremediation.  Bioremediation refers to the application of microbial technology to remove or detoxify pollutants that potentially harmful to the environment. Bioremediation can be performed in situ or in specialized reactors (ex situ) and involves the use of enzymes as substitute chemical catalysts.

In sewage treatment plants, microorganisms are used to remove the more common pollutants from waste water before it is discharged into rivers or the sea. The methods are varies from aerobic, anaerobic and physico-chemical processes in fixed-bed filters, and in bioreactors in which the materials and microbes are held in suspension. To speed up treatment and purification of sewage water, process bioremediation measures are used.

Due to the extensive human activities, the amounts of fertilizers and agricultural chemicals applied to soils and industrial and domestic waste-disposal practices is increasing, causing the soil pollution. Bioremediation method to treat contaminated soil has been considered as a safe, reliable, cost-effective and environment friendly method for degradation of various pollutants. This can be effected in a number of ways, either in situ or ex situ. In situ treatments include adding nutrient solutions, introducing microorganisms and ventilation. Ex situ treatment involves excavating the soil and treating it elsewhere above the ground. On the other hand, bioremediation of land is often cheaper than physical procedures and its products are mostly harmless.

Air and water gases can be treated with the aid of biological waste gas purification technology using bioreactors including the bio filters, bio trickling filters, bio scrubbers and membrane bioreactors. When the air containing volatile compound is flowed through the bioreactor, the volatile compound are moved from the gas phase into liquid phase where the microorganisms are grown and remove the compound from the air.

Biotechnology also contribute to the environmental detection and monitoring. It allows the scientist to measure the contamination level and submit them to analysis immediately by utilizing the biological detection methods; biosensors and immunoassays. For examples: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast that was used to detect cyanide in river water while Selenastrum capricornatum is a type of green algae which involves in heavy metal detection.

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Muhammad Ikhsanz Bin Mohd Nasir 45735 Group1

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Muhammad Ikhsanz Bin Mohd Nasir 45735 Group1

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Impact of Biotechnology to Society (Medical)

Expansion and advancement of biotechnology has brought mankind to another level lifestyle, medical and healthcare. As biotechnology enters into medicine this entrepreneurial ethic is becoming more visible in the medical services being offered to the public. Recent bioethical commentaries have brought proper attention to dilemmas in medical practices but they have largely overlooked the impact on the nature of society.
Advancement of bioengineering and physic in creating new medical machinery allow researcher and physicist  bring a better cure treatment to the people. With this, humankind able to do surpass the impossible. Recently, Italian neuroscientist Dr. Sergio Canavero made headlines last year when he announced his plans to perform the first human head transplant in December 2017. Since then, he’s recruited Chinese surgeon Dr. Xiaoping Ren to work with him, and now has found a volunteer patient for the procedure: a Russian man named Valery Spiridonov. Spiridonov suffers from Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease, a rare and often fatal genetic disorder that breaks down muscles and kills nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that help the body move.
This idea has been greatly debated as it touch the ethical issue.Many scientists have spoken out against Canavero and Ren’s plans, accusing them of promoting junk science and creating false hopes.
Recombinant DNA technology are also expected to give us a custom drugs and medicine based on individual genetic data. Back in 50 years ago, medicine and healthcare were limited and hardly to be access.
Its a life changing impact that biotechnology has brought to us and its getting better, even some of society might oppose this effort as it is too sensitive and against the odds.

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Impact of Biotechnology to Society  (Medical)

Nowadays, biotechnology can be applied in many field, for example food, medical, environment and natural products. It is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal purposes. Knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention of technology to manipulate and fix mutant genes provides methods to treat the disease.

One of the well-known application will be pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body's response to drugs. Therefore, the study of the relationship between pharmaceuticals and genetics. The vision of pharmacogenomics is to be able to design and produce drugs that are adapted to each person's genetic makeup. Pharmacogenomics results in the following benefits:

First, the tailor-made medicines are been developed. Using pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical companies can create drugs based on the proteins, enzymes, and RNA molecules that are associated with specific genes and diseases. These tailor-made drugs promise not only to maximize therapeutic effects, but also to decrease damage to nearby healthy cells.

Besides, the drug discovery and approval process had been improved. The discovery of potential therapies will be made easier using genome targets. Genes have been associated with numerous diseases and disorders. With modern biotechnology, these genes can be used as targets for the development of effective new therapies, which could significantly shorten the drug discovery process.

Better vaccines are been created. Safer vaccines can be designed and produced by organisms transformed by means of genetic engineering. These vaccines will elicit the immune response without the attendant risks of infection. They will be inexpensive, stable, easy to store, and capable of being engineered to carry several strains of pathogen at once.

Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing drugs more easily and cheaply. The first genetically-engineered products were medicines designed to combat human diseases. In 1978, Genentech joined a gene for insulin with a plasmid vector and put the resulting gene into a bacterium called Escherichia coli. Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from sheep and pigs. It was very expensive and often elicited unwanted allergic responses. The resulting genetically-engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of human insulin at low cost. Since then, modern biotechnology has made it possible to produce more easily and cheaply the human growth hormones, clotting factors for hemophiliacs, fertility drugs, erythropoietin, and other drugs.

Another application of Biotechnology in medicine field is gene therapy.  Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique used to cure disease. In its simplest form, it involves the introduction of a good gene at a random location in the genome to aid the cure of a disease that is caused by a mutated gene. The good gene is usually introduced into diseased cells as part of a vector transmitted by a virus that can infect the host cell and deliver the foreign DNA . More advanced forms of gene therapy try to correct the mutation at the original site in the genome, such as is the case with treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

Reference:
Boundless. (2016).  Biotechnology in Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/biotechnology-and-genomics-17/biotechnology-119/biotechnology-in-medicine-480-11702/

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Impact of Biotechnology (Food) to Society

Biotechnology is one of the greatest technologies that has been applied on daily basic life of human. This technology has marked a lot of achievement in different fields such as environment, agriculture and medicine. Recently, researcher has been focusing to apply this technology in biological systems in order to improve the production of goods and services. One of the most growing field with applications of biotechnology is food biotechnology.

With the increasing of the human population in the world, the demand for food supply also keep on increasing. Food biotechnology can help this problem by increasing the production of food supply to society through for example lower the spoilage of food during storage. For example, are fruit and vegetable. Before the existence of biotechnology, fruit and vegetable are not easily kept without having spoilage or disease during storage. They are fragile and easily infected by bacteria. It is estimated that losses during post-harvest of fruit and vegetables due to microbial attacks are 10 to 30% per year. The harvest can be increase by treating the fruit and vegetables with biological control agents such as strain of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas syringae, Cryptococcus infirmo-minutus and Candida sake. These bacteria can help to reduce control the disease in fruit and increase the food production and eventually increase and sustain the food supply to human.

Food biotechnology also benefits the consumers by increasing the nutrients in the foods. For example, is golden rice which was produced by genetic engineering. This rice was produced in order to reduce the rate of mortality of children who has the deficiency of Vitamin A in their diets. This rice was produced in order to biosynthesis beta-carotene which the precursor of vitamin A. Besides, researcher also produced cooking oils which contain less than 1% of trans fat.

However, the drawback of food biotechnology is that it can cause allergic reactions to the consumers. Application of genetic engineer whereas desirable trait is inserted into the host cell could change the genetic makeup of the host cell. This could trigger the allergic reaction of the consumers which normally does not have the allergic. They need to be careful with the ingredients of certain food in order to ensure that they do not trigger the allergic when consuming certain foods.

Besides, food biotechnology increase awareness in the food consumption of the society as they are not really clear about genetically modifies organism (GMO). This has been an issue since the consumers are more concern about the safety of the food that they took. Some of the consumers are more acceptance to GMO food as long as they foods were labelled with the correct information that consumers should know.

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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY MEDICINE TO SOCIETY

At its simplest, biotechnology can be defined as a broad discipline in which involves the use of biology and modern technology to improve human welfare. The United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity elucidates biotechnology as the implementation of any technological application which utilizes biological processes, living organism or cellular components in order to modify or develop any products or processes for a specific purpose. The applications of biotechnology are numerous and wide-ranging involving from improving seed variety in the agriculture sector, making pharmaceutical products, contributes to various innovations in the food sector and also aid in treating previously incurable diseases.

Over the past few years, biotechnology has made landmark breakthroughs in various areas such as food, animal, plant, bio-pharmacy and much more. One of the major areas in biotechnology is the medicine sector in which most current research is taking place, various breakthroughs are seen and arouse largest number of ethical and legal issues. Modern biotechnology occupies major portions of the medicine sector as it has brought revolution to the structure and organization of this field thus lead to the revolutionizing the peoples' lives. The medicine sector is a very large institute as it deals with every major and minor aspect of human life.  Therefore, the adapatations of biotechnology in the area of medicine is known as red biotechnology. Red biotechnology is a broad area which plays the notable role in several branches of medicine sector from a comparatively simple thing like the production of medicines that are more effective in term of effect-wise and cost wise to the most complicated branches of medicines which are treating genetic diseases. It also includes improving already existing medical therapies and techniques to treat malignant diseases such as cancer by reducing the side effects of the medicines without compromising with the effectiveness and develops drugs which can be used in our bodies artificially. The broad areas of red biotechnology can be majorly divided into four main branches which are gene therapy, genetic testing, biopharmaceiuticals, and pharmacogenomics.

Gene therapy is the branch of red biotechnology which also contributes to the development of the medical sector. It is an experimental technique which deals with genes for the diagnosis and treatment of various disease such as cancer and others genetic diseases. The technique employs in the gene therapy treatment usually involves correcting defective genes and manipulating genes by either inserting, deleting or modifying genes as the treatment requires to yield permanent or semi permanent cure. The insertion of functional genes to replace a dysfunctional or mutated gene into an unspecified genomic location is the most conventional form of gene therapy. Since gene theraphy technique is still new and currently developed, therefore numerous ongoing researchs are still taking place to ensure it is safe and effective. For example, researchers are testing several approches to gene therapy which include inserting a new gene into the body to help fight a disease, replacing a mutated gene which causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene and knocking out mutated and dysfunctional gene. Currently, the gene theraphy is only being tested to treat diseases with no cures. Gene therapy offers propitious treatment options for a number of diseases such as cancer, viral infections, and inherited disorders. Due to its promising potentetial, it is believed that this technique will permit doctors to treat numerous disorder easily by just inserting new gene to the patient’s cell without require to perform any surgery or the usage of drugs.

The establishment of the gene theraphy procedures in treating disease is view as more successful treatment as compared to any other conventional methods. This is because the technique itself work at the basic level of the human body which is our gene. Besides that, gene theraphy allow the treatment to certain diseases to became less cumbesome because it reduces the dependence on medicines and injections. Although gene theraphy beliefs to be the best solution for treating genetic and acquired disease such as cancer and AIDS, there are many obstacles it must face including limited knowledge of the functions of the gene, gene delivery tools and extremely expensive before it can become practical approch for treating disease.

As the world is facing new challenges like public health improvements and a newly birth of infectious disease, more advanced technology are required to provide a solution to this problem. Another biotechnology development such as tissue engineering also contributes to the advancement in the medical field. Tissue engineering can be defined as the ability to grow cells into whole tissue thus changing the way medicines is practiced and therapies are delivered. The development of biochip which can be used to measure the concentration of glucose in the human saliva has changed the way the therapies is delivered because it eliminates the need for the diabetes patients to draw their blood in order to check their glucose level. The latest biochip technology now enables fast and portable flu strain detection hence, allowing faster diagnosis of disease. Numerous methods of diagnostic imaging aid physicians to form a diagnosis of the disease by only examining  patient’s anatomy without requiring invasive procedure. Diagnostic imaging such as CT scans, Ultrasound and MRI scans employ the usage of the variety of machines and technique in order to establish pictures of the structures and activities inside the human body. The common procedure for imaging test is that doctors will insert a tiny camera attached to tiny and long tube also known as scope inside the patient body. The tubes are moves throughout the body passageway thus assist the doctors to view particular organs like lungs or colons. These procedures enable a faster diagnosis to be done and also painless. Another breakthrough for the diagnostic imaging in the medical field is the establishment of nuclear scans which utilize radioactive substances in order to view structures and functions inside the patient’s body. For that reason, this procedure also known as radioisotope scans. Special camera equipped with the technology to detect radioactivity is used to produce and makes images. This procedure only requires the patient to take a small amount radioactive materials either by injection or swallows it before lying on the beds so that camera can take images. This process is usually conducted for 20 to 45 minutes. The benefits of this procedure are it enables doctors to diagnose many conditions such as infections, injuries and also cancers by showing how organs like lungs and hearts are working.

As a conclusion, the impact of the biotechnology into medical advances contributed greatly to the improvement of the public healthcare due to the fact that the technology enables faster and accurate diagnosis of a disease. In addition, the development of advanced surgical instruments aids the surgeon to perform surgery in safety and minimally invasive ways. This achievement not only brings the medical field to a higher levele but also provides numerous advantages to the society.

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Nurul Sabrena Binti Hanafi 45963 Group 3

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Nurul Sabrena Binti Hanafi 45963 Group 3

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Recently, there are many arguments about Biotechnology, especially  those related to food production. The issues is particularly rises from production of Genetically Modified Food (GMO). Here, I'm listed the advantages and disadvantages of Food Biotechnology which gave impact to the society which  also the consumers.
The first advantage of biotechnology is the increased production of food. Biotechnology has made it possible to produce crops that are disease resistant, drought resistant so the yield of the crops is increased dramatically. The increased production of food has made it possible to feed the growing population. Increased quantity of food also means that consumers will pay a decent price for the food.
Biotechnology has also made it possible to grow crops without the use of much chemicals, pesticides and herbicides since the GM crops already have built in immunity to diseases and pests. This means that GM crops are environment friendly and will spare environment unlike the usual crops which required a bundle of chemicals to be sprayed on them which afterwards damaged the environment.
Some GM crops produced by biotechnology are also high in some nutrients that ordinary crops are not high in. This is a very good benefit,  since it is very healthy for the consumers to get the extra nutrients from GM crops. For example, golden rice which has extra iron and Vitamin A which can help save people from going blind in undeveloped countries due to vitamin A deficiency.
Another benefit from biotechnology is that it has increased the shelf life of some crops which is a good trait for the producers, seller and consumers. It will make food to stay fresh longer.
On the other hand, the genes could be transferred to other crops which they are not intended to go in and lead to problem, since the transfer of the genes would not be known.

Consumers could get an allergic reaction to the food when they consume food that is contaminated with the gene or bacteria transmitted through cross-pollination unknowingly.
Seeds of GM crops are relatively higher in cost, so the poor farmers have a hard time reaching them.
There are also some fear of health risks that might not be know now and developed later in the future.

References

Levetin, E and McMahon, K., 2006, Plant And Society,Fourth Edition,New York City, 524p.

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Nur Azira Zuleikha Binti Ahmad Zailani 49906 Group 1

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Nur Azira Zuleikha Binti Ahmad Zailani 49906 Group 1

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Biotechnology has created a positive impact in the society especially in the advancement of the medical field.  Some of the example application of biotechnology in the medical that give a great impact to the society is the pharmacogenomic, drug production, gene therapy and the genetic testing. Biotechnology plays important roles in the drug production in a way to produce a product that useful for treatment and prevention of disease for example is the production of insulin for diabetes treatment, use of the interferon to treat cancer and others.

The application of biotechnology in the medical field that give a huge impact to the society is the pharmacogenomic this application  is used for studying the response of  the genetic makeup of an individual to drugs. This application plays significant roles for  the development of suitable medicine for an individual where it can maximize the effectiveness of the drug as well as it can be used to determine more accurate drug dosage.Besides that pharmacogenomic also can create more effective and safe vaccine that useful , cheaper and more stable

Furthermore biotechnology also applied in the genetic testing where this approach is used for determining sex,identity testing, to detect various types of cancer,  as well as for  genetic diagnosis, this process are useful for identifying suitable drug to treat the disease. It also can be used for detecting the mutation that causes the genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia and others. Other is gene therapy this approach is used for cure the genetic disorder such as severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) by using the  genetic engineering technique to introduce the good gene in the genome. The application of biotechnology in the medical field is give a great impact to the society and improve the quality of medical sector.

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Priscilla Phoebe Behil    45975    Lecture Group: Group 1

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Priscilla Phoebe Behil    45975    Lecture Group: Group 1

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Biotechnology Impact to Society: Environment

Biotechnology are often associated with the creation of something that are not occurring in nature. It mostly involved the manipulation of organisms genetics by using genetic engineering techniques thus creating new organisms (GMO). Somehow, the society are divided in opinions about the application of biotechnology as some members may claim that biotechnology is the toolbox that solves problems while some may claim that biotechnology is slowly ruining the planet instead of sustaining or improving it. For example, improvement on agricultural crops brings benefits to the world by improving the plants genetic makeup; disease resistance, pest resistance etc.

However, with the benefits, the disadvantages also came along. The environment are harmed in such a way that the nature and function of ecosystem are disturbed. The release of GM crops into the environment may unintendedly harm other organism (non-target species). Popular example is the monarch butterfly caterpillars harmed by B.t corns causing high mortality rate. By these, there are more possible harms caused to other non-target species besides the monarch butterflies. Pest resistance crops also increases the possibilities of mutation in small organism such insects, causing resistance toward pesticides. An example is some mosquitoes  developed resistance against insecticides (DDT). The release of transgenic plant to the environment also allows possibilities of gene flow from GM plants to wild-type relative plants via pollination etc. If hybrid plants (GMO/wild) are produced and they have competitiveness advantages over the wild plants population, it disturbs the ecosystem thus leading to the reduction of diversity of wild plants. It may not only occurs among plants but also in simpler organisms, insects or smaller animals.
Back to the source of GMO production, biotechnology companies and research center releases effluent or biological waste of researches to the environment. If the effluent containing modified microorganism or biological products are not properly treated, there will be possibilities of harms. All the above situations not only causes nuisance to the society but also causes health risks as well as another high-cost researches to reverse the situations. Also, a damaged ecosystem will harm the human society as the human survival is dependent on the health of the ecosystem if the risk of biotechnology researches are not well evaluated.

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Biotechnology itself gives meaning to the application of technology in biology. This broad discipline has proved the new tools and products that are useful in research, agriculture, industry, and medical. The term “biotechnology” is no longer an unknown subject to society. It has already helps mankind in many ways. Its main aim is to meet human needs and demands in order to improve the quality of human’s life. It was developed by the people to benefit society. As the population of human all over the world has increases, the needs and demands for food supply also have increases. With the application of biotechnology, they can provide a reliable and sustainable food sources for the mankind. For an example, farmers nowadays have practice growing genetically-modified (GM) crops. They grow GM crops which are the herbicide-tolerant soybeans, insect-resistant maize and insect-resistant canola. They are using GM crops in order to increase the productivity of the foods thus fulfill society’s food demands. GM food is created because of the desirable characteristics that scientists can choose for a better taste, increased the nutritional value and longer shelf life.

GM foods or crops can bring a lot of benefit to farmers because they can reduce the production costs, increasing the yields, reducing environmental damage done by crop spraying and producing food with extra benefits. The advancement in food biotechnology can benefit society in two main ways; by aiding growing more food on less land and through new nutritionally enhanced foods. Scientists have conducting research to make foods such as soy and peanuts, with fewer allergens by removing the proteins which cause allergic reactions in people. As conclusion, application of biotechnology in food gives many benefits such as environmental, economic and nutritional to society and people can recognized the safety of these food products with respect to human health and environment.

References:

Food Insight. (2016). Fact sheet: Benefits of food biotechnology. Retrieved from http://www.foodinsight.org/articles/fact-sheet-benefits-food-biotechnology

Saunders, C., Kaye-Blake, W., & Cagatay, S. (2007). Economic impacts of GM crops. Retrieved from https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2180-economic-impacts-of-gm-crops

Saunders, C., Kaye-Blake, W., & Cagatay, S. (2007). GM food and New Zealand consumers. Retrieved from https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2179-gm-food-and-new-zealand-consumers

Science Learning Hub. (2010). Impacts of biotechnology on society. Retrieved from https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1209-impacts-of-biotechnology-on-society

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XAVIER YEE KAR SENG (49463) - Lecture Group 2

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XAVIER YEE KAR SENG (49463) - Lecture Group 2

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Biotechnology is a very vast field and can be applied to various fields of science and its application is proven to have a positive impact on the society. One of the sector which biotechnology is applied to is the field of medicine.

Biotechnology is known to be the basic for the exploration and manipulation of living organisms may it be in terms of structure or processes, and also to the most specific molecular level. With the aid of modern technologies, biotechnology had contributed and brought medicine advancement to the next level and kept improving ever since. For example, the study of specific and differential gene expression had a significant impact in the field of medicine especially in the understanding of cancer development and immunopathologic diseases. With the deep understanding of these diseases, scientists had successfully developed or currently developing therapeutic agents which targets specificly against these pathogenic agents. In addition, since some pathogenic agents are rapidly developing resistance against these therapeutic agents, continuous development of new drugs is a must and biotechnology plays a crucial role in this matter.

For example, recombinant DNA technology, which is one of the field of biotechnology had been applied to produce modified cytokines which had been established as an effective therapeutic agent which can control the development of cancer and some other infectious diseases. However, although the advancement of the medical sector had significantly increased the health of the society, but there are still some other concerns which may require more attention such as epigenetics since each individual may react differently towards these medicines and no therapeutic agent is known to have one hundred percent effectiveness towards a specific disease.

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Impact of genomics and proteomic in biotechnology to society.

Genomic and proteomic are always the interested subject to be learnt and research on it. The society began to aware about it when the theory of central dogma was published to the public (National Research Council, 2006). This theories of genetic code include replication of DNA, transcription of DNA into RNA and translation of RNA into protein. A huge impact that influence the society when the Human genome project was accomplished at year 2003. Since then, scientists are able to access a complete human genome and in the future our understanding of human health and cancer can be done through the study of proteomic. Genomic is the study and exploration of gene through its sequence and function while proteomic is to study the dynamic protein changes when response to intracellular and extracellular signal (Primer, n.d.). Basically, contribution of genomic and proteomic can be looked through three perspective, which are medicine, forensic science, and edible vaccine.

Medicine
Genomic and proteomic have been adoption in medicine and biology-pharmacogenetics. After the accomplishment of Human Genomic Project, scientists currently are trying to utilised the known human genome set to prescript medicine with suitable dosage to each individual patient according to their metabolisms, absorption and without trigger any allergic effects. Moreover, with the advance technology scientist now are able to transform spinach leaf into a beating human heart tissue.

Forensic science to solve crime.
Forensicist can now rely on DNA finger printing for conviction. Flakes of DNA present in almost every cell of living organisms can be used as an evident to identify criminal among the suspects. This techniques can be done because of the different length of repeated units of DNA (short tandem repeat) and the unknown region of DNA that encodes for proteins (Norrgard, 2008).

Edible vaccine
This invention requires knowledge from both genetic and proteomic to modified and produce vaccine in our daily diet such as banana, rice, tomato and potato. Edible vaccines is cost-effective, easy to administer, and accepted by the social especially poor developing countries (Lal et al., 2008).It involves transfer the desired genes into plant and culture them to express the gene for protein synthesis. The vaccine-contained plant does not require freeze storage and are safe from any diseases cause by unsterile needles.

References:

Lal, P., Ramachandran, V. G., Goyal, R., & Sharma, R. (2007). Edible vaccines: current status and future. Indian journal of medical microbiology, 25(2), 93.

National Research Council. (2006). Reaping the benefits of genomic and proteomic research: intellectual property rights, innovation, and public health. National Academies Press.

Norrgard, K. (2008). Forensics, DNA fingerprinting, and CODIS. Nature Education, 1(1), 35.

Primer, A. (n.d.).  Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society.

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Mohamad Fadzillah bin Mohamad Bejimin (45658) Group 1

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Mohamad Fadzillah bin Mohamad Bejimin (45658) Group 1

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Biotechnology is no longer an unfamiliar topic in today’s society. It has wide variety of application and one example is in the field of food biotechnology. As the world population increases, the demand for food and the amount of people suffering from malnutrition will eventually increases. Thus, biotechnology plays a big role to solve these food problems around the world. However, by using biotechnology to solve food problem, it may also causes negative impacts to the society. So, below are some brief discussions on positive and negative impact of food in biotechnology to society.

One of the benefits of food in biotechnology to society is more food can be produce in a shorter time for the ever-increasing population. This can be achieved by modifying the gene so that the speed of growth time can be increased. For instance, salmon with the modified gene can grow faster than the wild-type salmon (US Food & Drug Administration, n.d.). They are also active most of the year, as opposed to only part of the year (Park, 2015). Besides, biotechnology can also reduce the risk of malnutrition among the population especially in developing countries. This is because by biotechnology, food with higher nutrition can be produced. For example, golden rice is produced through genetic engineering and it is rich in beta-carotene. Thus, it can be used to solve the vitamin A deficiency in the developing nations (IRRI, n.d.). Other benefits of food in biotechnology include removing common allergen in peanuts and producing fruits with longer shelf-lives to prevent spoilage.

Nevertheless, biotechnology also has its negative impacts. For example, the salmon with modified gene may outcompete the wild-type population in its natural habitat. Meanwhile, the cultivation of golden rice may cause widespread use of the Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) which may causes the loss of biodiversity. In conclusion, although biotechnology can help to solve the food problem in the world, the use of biotechnology should be well regulated to reduce the negative impacts and at the same time, maximize its benefits.

References:

US Food & Drug Administration (n.d.). AquAdvantage Salmon Fact Sheet. Retrieved March        27, 2017, from             https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngine            ering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/ucm473238.htm

Park, A. (2015). Salmon That's Genetically Engineered: What You Need to Know. Retrieved         March 27, 2017, from http://time.com/4120648/fda-approved-aquabounty-gmo-        salmon/

IRRI. (n.d.). Golden Rice. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from http://irri.org/golden-rice

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Effect of biotechnology to society (plants)

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Noorzaileen Eileena binti Zaidi (45796) Group 1

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Noorzaileen Eileena binti Zaidi (45796) Group 1

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When it comes to biotechnology in medicine, there have been many different findings that have been discovered and even more on the near horizon. Because of the vastness of biotechnology specifically to medicine, the society will be helped over the development of modern biotechnology. To begin with, artificial lymph nodes have been successfully developed by Japanese scientists by using the biotechnology application. The researchers, from RIKEN’s Research Centre for Allergy and Immunology in Yokohama, constructed their mouse artificial lymph nodes which initially implanted into mice with a healthy immune system, which has been previously been injected with a harmless antigen compound in order to trigger an immune response (MedGadget, 2007). This discovery is a complete revolutionary as these organs are significant in our body in order to produce immune cells that help in infections.

Another amazing discovery that has been using biotechnology application is the development of special tooth decay fighting microbes. A company in Florida, United States of America known as ONI Biopharma has been able to develop a strain of bacteria called SMaRT. This bacterium unable to produce lactic acid, however it able to release an antibiotic that can kill the bacteria strains that causing tooth decay. Advances in DNA sequencing produced vast gene databases for many of tooth decay cause bacteria. These bacterial blueprints help scientist to identify specific genes essential to decaying process, and with possibility to directly target these genes and inactivate the ability of these bacteria to cause tooth decay (Davis, 2015).

Lastly, another example of discovery through the advancement of biotechnology in medicine is sensory for asthma. University of Pittsburgh has been used biotechnology in medicine to create a polymer-coated carbon nanotube which can monitor level of nitric oxide in the breath of a person. A person with asthma will have a spike of nitric oxide level as the airways grow inflamed. This research was led by Alexander Star, in which he worked on the Nanomix Sensation nano-electronic detection company which launches biodetection devices (University of Pittsburgh, 2007).

As a conclusion, the advancement of modern technology is without doubt has been giving positives impact to society specifically in medicine wise. With all of the revolutionary discoveries that have been or will be developed by scientists will give benefits to the society in order to improve and enhance human life.

References

Davis, C. E. (2015). Tooth Decay. Retrieved from http://www.drcheryldavis.com/tooth-decay.html

Ew Content Team. (2011). Biotechnology in Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com/business-technology/biotechnology/biotechnology-in-medicine.html

MedGadget. (2007). Scientist Create Artificial Lymph Nodes; Demonstrate Strong Immune Response. Retrieved from http://www.medgadget.com/2007/07/scientists_create_artificial_lymph_nodes_demonstrate_strong_immune_response.html

University of Pittsburgh. (2007). People With Asthma Could Breathe Easier Anywhere With Nano-Sensor That Could Indicate Oncoming Attacks and Help Monitor Symptoms. Retrieved from http://www.news.pitt.edu/news/Star-asthma-nano-sensor

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Bio-pharmacy has been the risen star in this modern science era. It was referred to as the manufacturing of biopharmaceutical which in turn involve biotechnology in the production of medical and drugs. Various biological macromolecules such as hormones and antibodies as well as cellular components such as blood products and stem cell from organisms are widely used to produce biopharmaceuticals. They have played an important role in keeping us alive. For example, antibiotic such as penicillin which derived from Penicillium fungi are widely used to treat bacterial infections. On the other hand, diabetic patients require biological derived hormone insulin injection to ensure their body can function normally. Not to mention also the life-saving treatments such as blood transfusion and organ transplant.

Biopharmaceutical production is a potentially growing industry and was seen as the future of medicine since people will be more and more relying on these products. According to Otto and his colleague (2014), the global revenue of biopharmaceutical has reached $163 billion, which is 20% more than conventional pharmaceutical market. The use of biotechnology in discovering and manufacturing new medicines has also been increased dramatically among pharmaceutical industry. In today’s trend, biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms were significantly involve in high level of consolidation as well as unlimited acquisitions and investments on biopharma industry over the past few years (Mukherjee, 2015). Hence, biopharma is not only benefits human in the aspect of health protection but it also ensures economic growth as well as job security.

While seeing on current development, biopharma has highly dependent on technologies, particularly in creation of more comprehensive products that goes beyond drugs. For example, precision medicine is an evolving approach which integrates genetic information and lifestyle of a person for disease treatment and prevention (National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2017). These pre-diagnostic tools can help researcher to figure out the most effective therapies for individual patient by analysing their genomic data. While nanotechnology is also an emerging scope in biopharma as the nanoparticles was believed to travel easily around human body to assist in delivery of anti-cancer drugs. The challenge nowadays is that there is still shortage of expertise to handle the sophisticated operational and technological challenge. It is also undeniable that high cost production often results in high command of selling price in society. Biopharma has numerous foreseen opportunities in future and hopefully their development can truly provide us with a lot of benefits.

Reference

Mukherjee, S. Y. (2015). 10 top trends driving the biopharma industry today. Retrieved from http://www.biopharmadive.com/news/10-top-trends-driving-the-biopharma-industry-today/405822/

National Institutes of Health (NIH). What is precision medicine? Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/precisionmedicine/definition

Otto, R., Santagostino, A., & Schrader, U. (2014). Rapid growth in biopharma: Challenges and opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/pharmaceuticals-and-medical-products/our-insights/rapid-growth-in-biopharma

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Impact of biotechnology to society
Genomics and proteomics

Genomics is a global  study of the entire genome of a species, in order to identify how genes within the genome interact with each other, and in turn activate or repress genes. Proteomics however, predicts the overall function and structure with underlying biological processes, including disease mechanisms.  Genomics and proteomics impacts society in multiple ways. Genomes and proteomes constitute the building blocks of all life, and is therefore a fundamental area that is integral to the development of all sectors of biology. Its impact extends into areas such as health, bioprocess and manufacturing. However, to society, its biggest impact would most certainly be in the area of health. In health, genomics and proteomics can stimulate development in the following areas:

i)                    Understanding disease mechanisms

ii)                   Drug development and response

iii)                 Accurate diagnosis

Firstly, genomics and proteomics would enable scientist to understand mechanisms of disease much better. The linkages between disease and genetic factors have become more visible since the genomic revolution. In 1983, researchers found that diseased patients with colorectal cancer had less DNA methylation then normal tissue from the same patient (Feinberg and Vogelstein, 1983). DNA methylation causes a genomic occurrence known as epigenetics which is the activation or deactivation of particular genes due to triggers in the environment. Using genomic information, researchers are able to diagnose diseases from the source of the mutation. Treatment such as epigenetic therapy can be employed to deal with genomic problems especially related to epigenetics. These new found therapies can deal with the problem right at the core. In epigenetic therapy, drugs are produced that are able to prevent DNA methylation which silences genes, thus, reactivating them. Examples of drugs used in epigenetic therapy are 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (Egger, Liang, Aparicio, & Jones, 2004). Proteomics also play a vital role as proteins act as the machinery of the genome. Understanding protein functions and production will give a better understanding on disease pathways and mechanisms. More effective drugs can be developed which can interfere with the disease pathway to breakdown the proteins that function in the disease mechanism.

Thanks to accelerated progress that has been made in sequencing technology, integrating genomic knowledge into the everyday healthcare treatment has become possible. Human disease, has recently been understood to be heterogenous in nature. However, classical modes of diagnosis and treatment, such as histopathological exams do not take this into account. This creates multiple known problems in drug discovery, that are, significantly reduces drug discovery and drug development success rates. It compromises the overall drug efficacy by administering drugs that patients may have no response to. Lastly, It may harm patients by triggering unnecessary or dangerous side effects. It has been proven that 20%-95% of the variation of drug response can be attributed to genomics      differences (Wood, Evans, & McLeod, 2003). Therefore, genomics and proteomics would completely revolutionise medicine and drug administration. Personalised medicine would become possible, and drugs can be developed to deal directly with the genomic irregularity as opposed to symptoms of the disease.

Also, diagnosis would become more accurate with genomics and proteomics. Patients can be sequenced using New-Era sequencing methods, which will be able to give accurate information to physicians before they make any decisions. Advances in proteomic analysis tools such as mass spectrometry and 2D gel-electrophoresis has made simultaneous analaysis of thousands of low molecular weight proteins, which may reveal patterns of disease and potentially useful for early detection of and assessing prognosis.

Egger, G., Liang, G., Aparicio, A., & Jones, P. (2004). Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature, 429(6990), 457-463.

Feinberg, A., & Vogelstein, B. (1983). Hypomethylation distinguishes genes of some human cancers from their normal counterparts. Nature, 301(5895), 89-92.

Wood, A., Evans, W., & McLeod, H. (2003). Pharmacogenomics — Drug Disposition, Drug Targets, and Side Effects. New England Journal Of Medicine, 348(6), 538-549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra020526

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Biotechnology is an application of biology to improve the quality of live. It helps people to have many kind of better changed in order to survive in the world. There is a few fields of biotechnology such as genomic and proteomic, plant and animals, environment, medicine and others.
Medical biotech is wild known as red biotechnology. The aim of this field is to produce effective medicine that can cure diseases with a cheap cost and easy to find. Besides that, more research on diseases such as genetic disease, AIDS and cancer to identify cause and effect of diseases and fine the suitable medicine to prevent diseases.
Besides that, biotechnology help in improving existing technique by improving and produce vary of suitable machine to make high effective. It involves gene therapy, biopharmaceuticals and genetic testing. Different kind of drug with a multiple function also be made and safe to used.
One of the techniques used to cure genetic diseases is gene therapy. In this technique it will manipulated vary of genes and correcting a mutant gene. Gene will be modified by inserting, deleting or translocate gene that can cure permanently or semi-permanent. This technique is still under research but it gives great hope and potential technology to a genetic diseases patient.
Vaccine is a one of application in biotechnology. It is create from bacteria itself and protect user from infect and spread the diseases. Vaccine can be from a natural or artificial product. With a production of vaccine, more diseases can be control and it give a new hope for a infected area.
Medicine biotechnology is a one of the application in biotechnology to improve our live. Without this field, more cost is need to by a medicine and only certain disease can be cure. Besides that, long time research to cure disease.
References :
1. Vineeta, C. (March 29, 2011) Biotechnology in Medicine: Revolutionizing Lives Of People, Available at: https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2011/03/biotechnology-in-medicine-revolutionizing-lives-of-people/
2. Borden, E. (March 20, 1991) Biotechnology: Its Impact On Medicine And Oncology., Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1715679

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NUR SYAZANA BT MOHD ZAKI (45909)

Biotechnology is the phenomenon in biological science where transformation of science into technology occur. Biotechnology is defined as the application of scientific and engineering principals in processing of material by biological agents to provide goods and services. Biotechnology comprises a number of technologies based upon increasing understanding of biology at the cellular and molecular level.

The use of biotechnology in plant production is one of the impacts in biotechnology to society. First, plant breeding has been improved by in vitro development for better adaptation to a specific environment. Technique of tissue culture being used and has several advantages such as the rapid reproduction and multiplication of cultivars, production of healthy cultivars that free from viruses and pathogenic agents, the availability of seed material throughout the year rather than seeds which involved the seasonal cycle. It also does not need expensive tools and can be applied easily in developing countries that help to improve local varieties of food-crops. For example, one tuber yields several kilograms of tubers after two years by using traditional methods to propagate potatoes while tissue-culture technique can yield several thousand kilograms of tubers using the same tuber.

Next, biotechnology can help reduce the use of agrochemicals which small farmers in developing countries often cannot afford. A reduction in the use of agrochemicals implies fewer residues in the final product. For example, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are being used to inoculate the soil thus allowing reduced inputs of fertilizer that expensive and often presents a heavy drain. Biotechnology can helps to identify the strains of bacteria that most suitable for specific crops and soils. Biological pesticides and improved screening techniques at an early stage may also reduce the amount of agrochemicals needed to fight specific diseases.

Lastly, biotechnology can be used to increase production. For example by improving flowering capacity, increasing photosynthesis and the intake of nutritive elements. Cassava and rice are the main sources of calories for millions of people. However, the protein content of both staples is low and this may lead to a diet which is not well balanced for those who lack access to a variety of foods. Genetic engineering can be play a role to modify the amino acid composition of plant proteins in order to increase the nutritional value of these staple crops

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Fadzilah Hanum Bt Mohd Hudzri (45555) Group 3

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Fadzilah Hanum Bt Mohd Hudzri (45555) Group 3

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Impact of biotech to society

Biotechnology has helped improve the quality of everyday live since it is implemented. It is well known in upgrading the food sources quality and quantity such as by using of more reliable method in agricultures and domesticating animals rather than depending on traditional ways such as hunting. Besides food industry, other biological research that is famous for its improvement due to employment of biotechnology uses are health care, pharmaceutical, chemistry, environmental protection and information technologies. Through innovative manipulation and adaptation of existing products, most of these areas of activity are competitively fighting in striving for new development in their produces.

Despites everything, many negative effect also had shown corresponding with the development of biotechnology. Numerous problems regarding human health, agricultural and environmental protection had arisen and need to be addressed. Biotechnologies have elevated environmental threats, ethical and social issues that demand attention. The example of negative impact is when people consume of such crops that contain combination of foreign genes and crop genes; it has high potential to be hazardous to human health which often results in cancer.

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Haifa Arghnia A. Jamal (45586) Group 1                     Impact of Biotechnology to Society 

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Haifa Arghnia A. Jamal (45586) Group 1                     Impact of Biotechnology to Society 

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Biotechnology is broadly defined as the application of scientific knowledge and tools to modify and create products or services that are beneficial to the society (Wiekzorec, 2003). In the span of a few decades, the powerful tools of biotechnology have revolutionized various industries such as medicinal industry, agricultural industry, pharmaceutical industry, and so forth. For instance, agricultural biotechnology is an efficient and cost-effective means to produce a diverse array of novel, value-added products, and tools. However, concerns and questions arise when considering the release of new technology. The frequently asked question is none other than “how will it impact the society?”.

According to Biotechnology Innovation Organization (2017), there are decades of documented evidence that demonstrated agricultural biotechnology as a safe and beneficial technology that contributes to environmental, economic, and society sustainability. An example of agriculture biotechnology is the development of genetically modified crops or GM crops. Basically, it is a transgenic plant that have been genetically modified using recombinant DNA technology. For instance, insect resistant GM maize are grown on 10.6 million hectares’ area in the USA. This can lead to the increase of crop and food yield worldwide and eradicate the problems of poverty and hunger (Key et al., 2008).

Besides that, it can prevent the dependency of farmers on using chemicals such as pesticides, weedicides, and herbicides on crops. It was stated that the use of pesticides has been reduced by 790 million pounds which is 8.8 percent reduction since the year 1997 (Biotechnology Innovation Organization, 2017). Thus, lowering the farming costs and enhancing the environmental conditions and safety at the same time. It was also stated that farmers get a greater financial return by implementing more environmentally farming practices through the use of biotechnology. In addition to that, the food produced will have increased nutritive value, better quality, and safe to be consumed by the society (Caswell, 1994). Therefore, it can be concluded that biotechnology have various positive impacts not only to the economy and environment but to the society as a whole.

References

Biotechnology Innovation Organization. (2017). Agricultural              Biotechnology Benefits Farmers and the Environment. Retrieved from https://www.bio.org/advocacy/letters/agricultural-biotechnology-benefits-farmers-and-environment

Caswell, M. F., Fuglie, K. O., & Klotz, C. A. (1994). Agricultural Biotechnology: An Economic Perspective. Herndon, VA: United States Department of Agriculture.

Key, S., Ma, J. K. C., & Drake, P. M. W. (2008). Genetically Modified Plants and Human Health. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101(6), 290-298.

Wiekzorek, A. (2003). Use of Biotechnology in Agriculture: Benefits and Risks. Retrieved from https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/BIO-3.

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Nur Aimi Aizzah binti Azmi (48155) Group 1

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Nur Aimi Aizzah binti Azmi (48155) Group 1

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Impact of biotechnology to society (Medical)
Biotechnology helps to improve human life. Medicine is one of the major areas in biotechnology. Biotechnology in medicine field is known as red biotechnology. Red biotechnology can be divided into gene therapy, gene testing, pharmacogenomics and bio-pharmaceuticals.

Biotechnology has a potential to rapidly identify biological threats, develop and manufacture potential cures; and develops accurate, cheap, fast and personalized diagnostics and prognostics system. Biotechnology is now offering the potential to rapidly develop therapeutics and vaccine against virtually any target. These technologies, including targeted immunotherapies, messenger therapeutics, structure-based engineering and conjugated nanoparticles have already produced candidates with the substantial potential to improve human health.

One of the fields in red biotechnology is gene therapy where it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and also other diseases like cancer. Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses gene to treat or prevent genetic diseases. Although this technique is still new but it has a great potential to develop as one of the treatments to treat diseases.

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Impact of Biotechnology to Society (Plant)
As the world population increases from time to time, it is expected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030 (United Nations News Centre, 2015). Therefore, in this case, there is an urgent need in food supply. With this, biotechnology is believe that could be one of the solutions for food security. To improve food output, crop yield must be increased and crop loss should be reduced to minimum.
First, the crop can be genetically modified by introducing the resistance genes to enable them to withstand pest, drought or disease. For example, cold and heat tolerance gene could be transported into papaya, increases their survival rate (Figueroa-Yañez et al., 2016). Once the survival rate of the crop increased, the crop loss can be reduced, in turns, a higher yield can be guaranteed.
Second, the ripening mechanisms could be controlled well to increase the shelf life of the fruits. With the aids of modified atmosphere, the farmers can export their produces to other countries or continentals without worrying the over-ripening of the fruits. By lowering the concentration of oxygen and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide, the ripening can be slowed down while transporting to the final users. Besides, the plant growth regulator ethylene can be introduced to speed up the ripening process.
Third, the quality of plants can be optimized with the help of biotechnology. Not only the size or taste of the produces, the nutritional value can be improved as well. For example, rice can be genetically modified to provide beta-carotene which is well-known as "golden rice" (Ye et al., 2000).
Forth, the edible vaccine is one of the new trend in pharmaceutical field. People can get immunization against disease by eating the transgenic fruit and vegetable. Edible vaccine is easy to be administered, without the usage of needles, parents could buy the edible vaccine and give their children to consume it. Tomato and banana are favorite candidates for edible vaccine as both of them can be eaten raw without cooking as cooking may destroy the proteins that required for immunization.
In conclusion, plant biotechnology not only is the solution for food security, but also in healthcare and pharmaceutical field.

Reference
Figueroa-Yañez, L., Pereira-Santana, A., Arroyo-Herrera, A., Rodriguez-Corona, U., Sanchez-Teyer, F., Espadas-Alcocer, J., . . . , Rodriguez-Zapata, L. C. (2016).RAP2.4a is transported through the phloem to regulate cold and heat tolerance in papaya tree (Carica papaya cv. Maradol): Implications for protection against abiotic stress.  PLoS ONE, 11(10). Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165030

United Nations News Centre. (2015). UN projects world population to reach 8.5 billion by 2030, driven by growth in developing countries. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51526#.WNSRUTuGPIV

Ye, X., Al-Babili, S., Klöti, A., Zhang, J., Lucca, P., Beyer, P., & Potrykus, I. (2000). Engineering the provitamin A (β-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science, 287(5451), 303-305.

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Impact of biotechnology to medical

The application of biotechnology in medicine area is known as red biotechnology. Red biotechnology included designing organism to produce pharmaceutical products like antibiotics and vaccines as well as designing engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation. Red biotechnology majorly divided into biopharmaceuticals, pharmacogenomics, gene therapy and genetic testing (Biotechnology in Medicine: Revolutionizing Lives, 2011).

Biopharmaceuticals deal with pharmaceuticals or drugs that used as medicines, which produced using biotechnology. They are proteins (antibodies), nucleic acids (DNA, RNA or antisense oligonucleotides) used for in vivo diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, and are produced by means other than direct extraction from a non-engineered (native) biological source (Biopharmaceutical, 2016). No chemicals are involved in the synthesis process. The proteins are synthesis naturally from micro-organisms.  The first such substances approved for therapeutic use was recombinant human insulin, which can replaced pig insulin (Biotechnology in Medicine: Revolutionizing Lives, 2011). Human insulin which prepared from recombinant DNA technology can make unlimited supply, unlike those from animal insulin (Insulin, 2015).

Pharmacogenomics derived from words ‘pharmacology’ and ‘genomics’. Therefore, it is a study of relationship between pharmaceuticals and genomics. It is a study on the designing and producing of drug that is adapted to each person’s genetic make-up. The drugs that developed from pharmaceutical companies are based on the proteins, enzymes and RNA molecules that associated with specific genes and diseases. These tailor-made medicines not only maximize therapeutic effects, but also decrease damage to nearby healthy cells (Biotechnology in Medicine, 2017).

Gene therapy deals with the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases and cancer in red biotechnology. The treatment of gene therapy included manipulating gene and correcting defecting genes, for example insertion, deletion and modification of genes. The most common form of gene therapy is the insertion of functional genes into an unspecific genomic location to replace a dysfunctional or mutated gene. Gene therapy can provide permanent or semi-permanent cure effect (Biotechnology in Medicine, 2017).

Genetic testing is a medical test that identifies the changes in genes, chromosomes or proteins. There are two types of gene tests. For the first type, a short piece of DNA sequences that complementary to mutated sequences will be design. These probes seek for complement base pair, bind to it and flag the mutation. In the second type, gene test may be conduct by comparing the DNA sequence of patient’s gene to a normal version of gene. Understanding the cause of genetic disorder is helpful to many families (Biotechnology in Medicine, 2017).

Biotechnology is therefore occupy a major portion in medicine industry and is revolutionizing the human lives.

Reference:

Biopharmaceutical.(2016). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/biopharmaceutical.htm

Biotechnology in Medicine. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/biotechnology-and-genomics-17/biotechnology-119/biotechnology-in-medicine-480-11702/
Biotechnology in Medicine: Revolutionizing Lives Of People. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2011/03/biotechnology-in-medicine-revolutionizing-lives-of-people/

Insulin. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.idf.org/worlddiabetesday/toolkit/pwd/insulin

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Biotechnology reserved numerous opportunities for the food industry nowadays. The focused on utilization of biotechnological strategies can, in addition to other things, help diminish the amount and number of undesirable ingredients in foods and additionally eliminates allergenic substances. Research about genomic and focused on breeding likewise significantly encourage advance in agriculture. Food biotechnology, therefore contributes essentially to reduce the usage of resources, streamlining harvest yields and delivering better and greater nourishment's in our daily food intakes to keep us stay healthy!

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Wilhemina Cherida anak William (49424) Group3

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Wilhemina Cherida anak William (49424) Group3

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Impact of biotechnology to society : Plant

From the aspect of agriculture, application of biotechnology in plant seems to have the potential to change our society. The benefits of biotech crops clearly have a positive impact on society as a whole. Through the knowledge of biotechnology in plant, scientists are able to provide more reliable food source by growing plants.

Farmers who applied the biotech crops in farming have reduced the amount of greenhouse gas emissions which is almost equivalent to removing 6.3 million cars from the road for one year.

The applications of biotechnology in farming have contributed to the development of insect and disease resistance. Particular genes which are resistant to an insect or disease are inserted into the plant that formerly susceptible to pest. For example, the use of B.t cotton has been inserted with Bacillus thuringiensis, a common soil bacterium. Introduction of that gene has enabled plants to be resistant to bollworm infestation.

Besides, crops yield are able to be produced in multiple amount through tissue culture techniques. It is possible to grow our desire plant in laboratory within just a short period of time. In directly, economy of the farmers can be improved.

Varieties of food products also have been produced through biotechnology applications. Different genes are inserted and removed from the plants in order to yield new products with minor changes in the plant’s nutrients.

Plants are known to be the food source for society. Therefore, it is important to yield products with sufficient nutrients. However, malnutrition in the world has reached epidemic proportions. The urge to develop foods with higher nutrition levels has reached the bio-technologist. There are few examples of these products which available in the market, such as peanuts that no longer contain a common allergen and the “golden rice” which is richer in beta-carotene and iron.

As the conclusion, biotechnology has yield products that benefits society especially the consumers, growers and environment.

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Siti Norasiah Binti Junaha (48995) – Group 3

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Siti Norasiah Binti Junaha (48995) – Group 3

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Impact of Food in Biotechnology to society

Today variety biotechnology applications have been designed to meet human needs or demands in order to improve our quality of life that we as humans were responsible for creating especially in food production due to human needs and increases in human population. These can be known as genetically modified plants to produce genetically modified food. Generally, food biotechnology is defined as the application of technology to modify genes of animals, plants, and microorganisms to create new species which have desired production, marketing, or nutrition related properties. Undeniable biotechnology has its own pros and cons to society. In my opinion, application of biotechnology in food production contributes positive impact and negative impact.

Positive impacts of food biotechnology to society include:
i.            Offer better overall quality and taste.
ii.            Lowered the risk of crop failure.
iii.            Seeds are resistance to insects and generating healthier     crops.
iv.            Genetically modified foods have a longer shelf life.
v.            Less chemicals, time, machinery and land are needed.
vi.            New nutritionally enhanced foods.
vii.            Scientists have engineered plants to produce vaccines.

Negative impacts of food biotechnology to society include:
i.            Pose significant allergy risks.
ii.            Cause environmental damage.
iii.            Lowered resistance to antibiotics.
iv.            Cause genes to migrate.
v.            Offer no economic value compared to growing non-GMO foods.

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Impact of plant in biotechnology towards the society.

As we know that biotechnology has given an enormous contribution to all mankind in enhancing many aspects such as economic sector, human health, food security, and many others.

Breeding the plant in which is using tissue culture gives several benefits including rapid reproduction and multplication of cultivars, producing healthy cultivars which are free of any kinds of viruses and pathogenic agents, rapid adaptation and selection of cultivars that are resistant to certain stress factors, the seed material is available troughout the year, and so on. This kind of application is quite achievable (which means does not require high cost to conduct) and can be applied easily in developing countries whereby this can help to improve local varieties of food crops whereby it is much well-known as genetically modified (GMO) food.

Another benefit of plant in biotechnology is that agrochemicals is no longer required which small farmers in developing countries often cannot afford. A reduction in the use of agrochemicals implies smaller residues in the final product. Until now, many researchers efforts regarding the genetic engineering of plants have been spent making crop resistant to important herbicides rather than increasing their resistance to pest. But then again, it is no longer a high priority for researchers in most developing countries.

However, there are always pros and cons regarding the impact of plant in biotechnology to most society whereby mostly people are concerned whether the GMO products are actually safe to be consumed or not.

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NURUL ATIKAH BINTI YUSUP 45945 / GROUP 3

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NURUL ATIKAH BINTI YUSUP 45945 / GROUP 3

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Impact of medical in biotechnology to society.

Year by year, many evolutions and developments of biotechnology in medicine have taken into account to uplift and enhance human life and health. It cannot be denied anymore that the advantages of biotechnology in medicine have come to the maximum level especially for the people around the world. Biotechnology is being applied to enhance the lifestyle of society by developing many powerful vaccines and drugs, introducing sophisticated procedures for many kinds of diagnostics and transplant organs and determining the origins and causes of the diseases.

Biotechnology has overcome many problems in term of access to medical treatment. Due to the betterment research and development in medical field, nowadays, the society can easily get powerful and advanced medical treatments even at a low and affordable cost. For example, in pharmacogenomics, it is basically a study of genetics and pharmaceuticals which explains how a gene from human reacts towards different drugs due to many factors such as age, weight, environment and genetic influences. Pharmacogenomics widely applies biotechnology in order to produce drugs that can adapt within the genetic makeup of individual so that the drug is effective enough to treat the individual. The society will not having any worries during the prescription of the drugs because it is safe and effective enough to cure diseases with accurate dosages even for the first time taken.

Besides that, Nano medicine is another example of advanced therapies that use the application of biotechnology in medicine, specifically nanotechnology to improve human health by using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body (Parmar, 2016). Nano medicine gives a big impact to the society without any doubt as it is the most advanced and sophisticated therapy that involves an operation of the biological system inside living cells at the Nano scale to treat diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Nano medicine can target and repair the mutant molecules so well that the drug is working efficiently in the human body without causing so much invasiveness and negative effects to human. It also helps the society to get treatment within short period of time at the reasonable cost. Mortality and morbidity rates among society can also be reduced with Nano medicine.

Other example of application is genetic therapy that treats various genetic diseases such as cancer by introducing new desired genes to replace the mutant genes. In this case, application of biotechnology helps the researcher to determine the origin of structure and function of the mutant genes and the importance of the genes for human body so that the affected human with genetic diseases can be cured.

References:

EW Content Team. (2011). Biotechnology in medicine. Retrieved on March 11, 2017 from http://www.economywatch.com/business-technology/biotechnology/biotechnology-in-medicine.html

Arnold, Paul & Zaykoski, Leigh A. (2008). Medicinal applications in biotechnology: the uses and applications of biotechnology in the medicinal world continue to grow. Retrieved on March 11, 2017 from http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/2103.aspx

Parmar, Priyanka. (2016). Nano medicine: meaning, advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved on March 11, 2017 from http://www.biotechnologynotes.com/nano-biotechnology/nano-medicine-meaning-advantages-and-disadvantages/809

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As traditional food processing are often causes the loss of proteins and vitamins, fermentation processes may offer a way to preserve them. The fermentation process can be improved by biotechnology. For example the procedures used to produce gari, a fermented, gritty and starchy food derived from cassava.

Besides, the toxic component can be eliminated by biotechnology either by genetic engineering or through food processing. The inexpensive production of additives that increase the nutritive value, flavour, texture or appearance of the final product can be done by eliminating unwanted components.

By having microbial fermentation, many of the amino acid supplements, vitamins, flavor and flavor enhancers are added to breakfast cereals and specialized high-purification systems will removed all microbes prior to final food production.

There are many foods produced by enzymatic activity or microbial fermentation such as cheese, bread, yogurt, beer and wine. Biotechnology help to improve the production of food:

Natural flavors and colors

New vitamins

Improved enzymes and emulsifiers

Besides, the efficiency of food manufacture can be enhanced by enzymes as processing aids. For example, chymosin is an enzyme that found in the stomachs of animals which is used to make cheese. Thus, biotechnologist had make an effort on yeast, molds and bacteria to produce chymosin which then eliminating reliance on livestock for this enzyme.
Productivity increases may lead to lower prices. Food shortages would not exist in many countries if the problem of post-harvest losses could be solved

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FILDZA HAIFA BINTI HARON (45576) - GROUP 1

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FILDZA HAIFA BINTI HARON (45576) - GROUP 1

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Impact of Medical in Biotechnology

Biotechnology changes the way humans live since it is the most recent research area. Medicine sector is one of the foremost areas in biotechnology. Greatest research is taking place in this sector and various discoveries are seen in this sector. Medical biotechnology concerns with many major and minor features of human life, ranging from a relatively simple thing like manufacturing more effective medicines which are cost-wise and effect-wise to the more complex divisions of medicine which is curing genetic related diseases. This also includes discovering medicines for diseases such as cancer, tumours and AIDS, refining the present techniques for numerous malignant diseases to lower the side effects without dealing with the efficiency, refining drugs and manufacturing numerous artificial proteins that are utilized in our bodies. Medical biotechnology can be mainly separated into biopharmaceuticals, gene therapy, pharmacogenomics and genetic testing.

Biopharmaceuticals concerns with pharmaceuticals or drugs which are utilized as medicines. It majorly concerns with manufacturing of medicinal drugs that may be proteins or nucleic acids without the involvement of chemicals in the manufacturing process. They are developed from microorganisms that naturally synthesizing them. The first material that was permitted for therapeutic usage was biosynthetic human insulin manufactured through recombinant DNA technology. Pig insulin which was used previously is replaced by this and transformed the industry with its achievement.

Another division of medical biotechnology is gene therapy that concerns with analysis and treatment of genetic related diseases and other diseases such as cancer. The treatment in gene therapy includes gene manipulation and rectifying defecting genes. Genes are incorporated, removed or altered according to the requirement of the treatment. This leads to permanent or semi-permanent healing.

Both pharmacogenomics and genetic testing are individual specific. Pharmacogenomics examines the individual genetic information and manufactures drugs that can be incorporated into that specific individual. Genetic testing examines the family tree to reveal the genetic diseases, sex and carrier diagnosis.

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Biotech Crops (Plant)
Biotechnology helps in reducing the environmental impact of productive agriculture by introducing the genetic modified crops. These biotech crops increase the global food security without the need for increased land clearance. Besides, the transgenic plant for instance Bt. corn which is insect resistance offer an alternative to chemical inputs on certain crops and have allowed development of more targeted, flexible, effective and sustainable integrated pest management programmes. Furthermore, biotech crops could reduce the environmental footprint of agriculture.

On the other hand, biotechnology could increases the efficiency of water usage. Biotechnology offers an alternative and sustainable way in agriculture field by conserving and maintaining the availability of water globally. This is proven by the first biotech maize hybrids with a degree of drought tolerance introduced in 2013 in USA. Drought tolerance is expected to have a major impact on more sustainable cropping systems worldwide, particularly in developing countries, where drought will likely be more prevalent and severe than industrial countries.

In conclusion, biotech crops have helped reduce the use of pesticides for several economically important crops, contributing to reductions in fuel, water and packaging that are eliminated from the manufacturing, distribution and application processes. Furthermore, biotech crops also assist in bringing higher yields per hectare, making farming more efficient and productive on limited land area. Habitat destruction is the biggest single threat to biodiversity. Higher yields mean farmers can produce increasing amounts of food without increasing arable land and this has a major impact on protecting wildlife habitats.

Extra notes:
Herbicide tolerant crops are great enablers of zero-tillage agriculture, a substantial contributor to sustainable agriculture. Zero-tillage means sowing seed directly into the field, without first ploughing to remove weeds. By leaving the soil undisturbed, more moisture is retained, which is good for water conservation. Other indirect benefits of zero-tillage are improved conservation of beneficial soil insects and earth worms. By using fewer fuel powered agricultural machines, carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere are decreased and fossil fuels are conserved. Less tractor traffic also causes indirect benefits to soil quality, and hence a reduced contribution towards global warming.

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NURSYAHRIL SYAZREENA ‘AZMI (48508) GROUP 2

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NURSYAHRIL SYAZREENA ‘AZMI (48508) GROUP 2

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Impact of environmental biotechnology to the society.

Biotechnology is no longer an alienated term, it is a technology which manipulated the use of biological processes and systems to improve the human health and life. Biotechnology can be divided into few sectors. One of the important sectors introduced by scientist to create a better living environment is environmental biotechnology. Environmental biotechnologists utilize microorganisms and its derivatives to prevent environmental pollution. The microorganisms help prevent pollution through biotreatment of wastes, bioremediation and biomonitoring of the environment. The applications of environmental biotechnology have diverse implications and benefits to the society. Bioremediation is one of the applications of environmental biotechnology. Microorganisms are exploits to detoxify pollutants and degrade organic matter and toxic chemicals. For example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa could produce biosurfactant called rhamnolipids which degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of oil spillage. PAHs are detrimental to human health and the marine lives. Besides, environmental biotechnology helps reduce environmental damage by converting energy from biomass and composting thus reduce incineration method which contribute to greenhouse gas emission to the atmosphere. Anaerobic bacteria are also used in the water treatment which benefits greatly to the society which providing us with a clean water to drink, bath and do our domestic chores. Furthermore, environmental biotechnology is not only able to sustain our environment, it also produce useful products from our effluents and help reducing the usage of chemical substance.

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NURSYAHRIL SYAZREENA ‘AZMI (48508) GROUP 2

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NURSYAHRIL SYAZREENA ‘AZMI (48508) GROUP 2

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Munashamira binti Mokhzan (47845) Group 1

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Munashamira binti Mokhzan (47845) Group 1

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Impact of biotech to society

From my view, biotechnology had make a huge impact to society in a positive and negative way. Todays biotech vary in application and complexity but they all have potential to change our society. This biotechnologies leads to numerous application and one of the biggest uses in biotechnology is for medical purposes

For instance, human insulin is made in genetically engineered bacteria to treat diabetes. Other than that, antibiotics and vaccines are products of microorganisms which help in preventing as well as lowering the impact of illness which are very difficult to control. Lastly, gene therapy also one of the application of biotech. Recently, gene therapy used for treating and have possibility to curing genetic disease such AIDS, Parkinson disease and etc.

For agriculture, biotechnology have improve the quality of food. For example, the grape was modified to become seedless and improve the colour to make it more attractive and fulfill human needs. Moreover, the nutrient of the food can be increase to provide more nutrition to the consumer and also can give benefits to the farmer indirectly by increasing their incomes. By biotechnology also, plants become more resistant to viruses and any communicable pets.

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UMMUHATUL JANNAH bt YATIM (50181) Group:3

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UMMUHATUL JANNAH bt YATIM (50181) Group:3

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Topic: FOOD
The topic of food in biotechnology actually involves both plant and animal. It involve in either from the production part, agrochemical, breeding or the food processing part. In animal, we can relate it with the experiment that helps in improving the production of meat or milk. While in plant, we can relate it with the pest and herbicides resistance corps. All of the products are foods that can be consumed by human, and these foods are more popularly known as genetically modified (GMO) foods. Biotechnology can also be applied and used in food processing. As we know, nutrients are often lost during processing process of the food. One of the methods to prevent it is by using fermentation. Now with the advancement of biotechnology, additive that can increase nutritional value and improve the food flavor, texture and appearance are available and can be used.

All of the above do affect society in a way that it helps in improving the world food situation for example increasing the food production and improving the food quality and also the processing method. However despite the advantages, there are also some obstacles, for example some country such as poor or undeveloped country may not be able to apply the techniques and knowledge.  Some people may also lest receptive to the food products, ethics and safety become their main concerns.

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Topic: Plant

The global demand for wood and wood products is growing along with the human population. To reduce pressure on existing forests, forest plantations that grow transgenic trees are expected to play an increasingly important role in meeting the demand for tree products.  The first traits being genetically engineered into trees are herbicide tolerance and insect resistance, which are useful for establishing and maintaining young trees. Several traits are under development to better adapt trees to postharvest processing, and these may become commercially available in the near future. For example, there is research under way to modify the lignin content of certain tree species, in order to improve pulping, the process by which wood fibers are separated to make paper. Reduced lignin may improve the efficiency of paper production and may reduce environmental pollution from the paper production process.

Research is also directed toward new Bt genes which can provide protection against additional types of insect pests such as the gene that protects corn against corn rootworm damage ). It is estimated that damage to corn roots by this pest result in losses approaching $1 billion annually. By reducing the impact of this pest, it is expected that not only will there be better corn yields but also better drought tolerance and fertilizer utilization due to the healthier root system. Research is also being done to genetically engineer tree crops to make them resistant to insects and herbicides and to increase their rate of growth. For example, a Bt gene has been inserted into hybrid poplars to protect them against defoliation by a leaf beetle. Acreage of hybrid poplars has increased because of their good wood pulp characteristics, but they have been susceptible to insect attack, which has prompted applications of insecticides. Many of these new traits for improving agricultural production on farm are ones that could have environmental impacts that are similar in kind to the present generation of transgenic crops.

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Biotechnology leverages our understanding of the natural sciences to create novel solutions for many of our world problems. It can use in food production that will benefit the society

In my opinion, biotechnology give a huge impact of food biotechnology to the society. By using the knowledge of biotechnology, food can be increased in number of production as well increasing the quality of the food production. Genetically modified food (GMO) created by scientist is one of the biotechnology application that help in increasing both the quantity and the quality of the food production. GMO is done by adding a new interest gene into a organisms and example of such food is such as corn, soybean, potatoes and many more. This eventually help in increasing nation food livestock to support the increasing population in the world.

Besides, the food can be modified to increase the nutritional value in the food that been produce. The high value of nutrition in the food can benefits the society as when they consume the food produce, they can recieve a high amount of nutrition by the using biotechnoogy application than the naturally produce food.

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Genomic and proteomic approaches are impactful in biotechnology field and medical field which subsequently benefits to society. Genomic is the study of genome of a particular organism, and it represents the whole genes of a cell type or an organism. It consists of mapping, sequencing and analysis for all the genome. For proteomics, it is the study of proteome of an organism, it refers to the whole protein set coded by the genome of a cell type or an organism. It focuses on characterization of all proteins of an organism or study of structure and function of proteins.

For the study of genomic, the medical genetics has primary goal of identifying genes linked to disease, either in directly or indirectly way (after modifying the host response to particular disease genes). The field of medical genetics are interested on the discovery of targets for therapeutic intervention for patient who at risk for disease. For example, the Human Genome Project has revealed probably about 20,500 human genes and each of the location of genes can now be identified. It has given the world a resource of genomic and proteomic information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes.

Such study can have a profound impact on the method disorders are diagnosed, treated and prevented and will bring in changes in future clinical and public health practices. It can improve the public health of society via gene testing and pharmacogenomics. The DNA-based tests can diagnose disease even in asymptomatic individuals. The current tests can even detect mutations associated with rare genetic disorders that results from Mendelian inheritance patterns. The diseases are including myotonic, cystic fibrosis, neurofibromatosis, sickle cell anaemia and Huntington’s disease. Nowadays, tests for more complex mutations such as breast, ovarian and colon cancers are available to check whether it is family history of the disorder or other factors. It could be benefits to patient in order to provide information to help physicians and patients manage the disease more effectively. This application has prevented thousands of deaths each year.

For proteomics, the mass spectrum allows thousands of proteins to be analysed vastly. An enzyme (trypsin) is used to digest a protein at specific amino acid sequence. Those resulting peptide fragments are energised by laser, they are then separated in spectrometer according to their mass-to-charge ratio. Development of proteomic databases are aided by the identification of a protein from the mass spectrum result. Some of the example of protein database are Swiss-Prot, Protein Information Resource and Protein Data Bank.

This study is beneficial to the society as it creates therapeutic opportunities such as cancer chemotherapy and treatment of infectious disease. For example, an understanding of the causes of cancer cells at protein level could improve the use of existing therapies and reveal new treatment strategies. For the infectious disease, Chloroquine has been one of the most successful drugs to treat Malaria disease, but the vast emergence of these drug has created Chloroquine resistance. To solve this problem, the knowledge of proteomic applied in medical field to identify the differences between Plasmodium species (pathogen for malaria), identify the immune targets for vaccination and better understanding of the cellular targets of mechanisms of chloroquine resistence. In short, proteomics is expected to have major impact on drug development and improve the human health by treating the infectious or cancer-based diseases.

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Biotechnology has developed over the time in order to improve the quality of our life. Biotechnology has been applied in various field such as medicine, food industries, agriculture and molecular biology. Through biotechnology, scientists are able to modify plants, animals and other organisms so that the conditions can be improved. One of the techniques in biotechnology is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is common in agriculture as it has various benefits such as improved growth and resistancy in nature, for example, climates and insect infestations. It can be done by altering the genes in an organism by uses of vectors and plasmids, and commonly involved genes of other organisms as insert gene. This results in production of genetically modified organism (GMO). Genetic engineering requires advanced technologies and involve complicated procedures. Although the condition of GMOs are better than the wild type, it has not been widely accepted in most of countries. This is because of the high cost needed to produce GMOs. Besides that, GMO products are very controversial among the society. This is because there might be unknown effects to human’s health such as toxic and the product that may be formed from the inserted virus gene. Biotechnology has also contributed in medical fields in such a way that many human and animals diseases can be cured by studying the molecular mechanisms of the diseases combining with knowledge of biotechnology.

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Advancement in biotechnology have generated new insights in bio-pharmaceutical field. Biotechnology created opportunities for the development of more powerful and safer drugs. Application of biotechnology such as pharmacogenomics helps in designing the more effective and accurate drug therapy based on the specific genetic profile of a patient. Different individuals react differently to the same drug or treatment. Therefore, drugs’ contents and dosage that determined based on an individual’s genetics is able to decrease the likelihood of adverse effects or overdose. Instead of chemically synthesizing products which are costly, biopharmaceuticals such as proteins which synthesized by using microorganism are targeted to be used to treat various diseases like cancer and hepatitis specifically. Biotechnology has created a new level in developing treatment and provide great improvement in drugs manufacturing. For example, one of the breakthroughs of biotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry is production of genetically engineered human insulin which replaced the pig insulin and revolutionized the industry.

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FLOWRENCE VIANNEY SYLVESTER (45582) G1 TUESDAY

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FLOWRENCE VIANNEY SYLVESTER (45582) G1 TUESDAY

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First thing first, biotechnology is the knowledge of application in the life science which can be used to create some product or any services that give benefits to the human. Besides, biotechnology provides the environmental benefits which can reduce the impact of productive agriculture.

In addition to that, biotechnology helps in increment of the production yields for the several important of economy crops. From that, it will cause the reduction of fuel, water and eliminate the packaging procedure which involves the manufacturing, distribution and application.

Furthermore, the herbicide tolerant crops will contributes to the use of no-till farming practices, improves the content of the soil moisture which means that the seeds are sow directly into the field and does not ploughing to removes weeds. It also can limits the emission of carbon dioxide by using the power agricultural machines with the fewer fuel. Besides, it helps in the reduction of the soil erosion when there is less tractor traffic that can improves the soil quality and prevent global warming.

Biotechnology also helps in the reduction use of pesticides which can helps in the eco-friendly environment and reduction of on-farm energy consumption. In year 1996 to 2012, there is the accumulative reduction in pesticides on the environmental impact as measured by the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ). It was estimated at ~500 million kilograms of active ingredient that saves 8.7% in pesticides that are equal to 18.5%.

Apart from that, the reduction of waste production which comes from the livestock feedlots and operations of concentrated animal agriculture will helps in the improvement of the feed-products and nutritional supplements of biotech in livestock.

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Biotechnology and Natural Products

Nature is the world largest medicine cabinet. People have known about nature’s healing powers for thousands of years. The medicinal used of products derived from natural resources have precedes recorded human history. Throughout human evolutionary timeline, natural products had inevitably gives an enormous impact for medicine and health. Ever since earlier time where our ancestors chewed herbs to relieve pain, or wrapped leaves around wounds to improve healing, natural products have often been the sole means to treat diseases and injuries. Biotechnology has ushered in a new era for the study and use of natural products. Advancement in analytical and structural biochemistry together with molecular biology have provided the tools to purify various compounds and to determine their structures. This in turn has given insights into their action on the human body. Structural biology has made possible the exact determination of the crystal structures of protein target–inhibitor complexes and their effects upon their interaction with molecules extracted from natural compounds. This ensures that natural products made by modern biotechnology is safe for the use of mankind without any long term effects. Subsequently, huge numbers of well-known natural compounds have been identified, analysed and synthesized. These include: salicin from Salix alba (white willow), emetine from Cephaelis ipecacuanha (ipecacuanha), and quinine from Cinchona ledgeriana (cinchona bark). Research organization like Fraunhofer is one of the leading organization that make use of mothernature’s reserves as the main source of nature derived products. Biotechnology have made it possible to utilize nature’s reserves without having the fear of scarcity.

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Najihah Binti Ab Nasir (45771-Lecture group 3)

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Najihah Binti Ab Nasir (45771-Lecture group 3)

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In my opinion, biotechnology gave a huge impact of medical in biotechnology to society. Some of the biggest areas of application in medicinal field are drug production, pharmacogenomics, genetic testing and genetic therapy. This advancement in biotechnology applications brings a whole new approach in improving medicinal applications.

Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetically determines variations that are revealed solely by how the body responds to drugs. This is important because adverse drug reactions are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Through biotechnology, drug designing and drug production possible to be offered. This designing can be adapted specifically to each individual and their genetic makeup. Pharmacogenetics give many benefits towards the medicinal such as development of custom medications depends on the patient genetic background, prevent taking less or over in drug dosages of medications and producing safer vaccines.

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Impact of Biotechnology on society:Animal
Biotechnology is defined as the application of knowledge in the life sciences to create products or services that are beneficial to humans (BioResource International, 2014). Scientists used biotechnology as tools to produce enzyme that improve animal feed efficiency which broadly used to increase the animal development. Animal feed usually contain ingredients such as phytate phosphorus and non-starch polysaccharides that hardly for animal to digest (BioResource International, 2014). Hence, scientists produce enzyme feed additives to remove anti-nutrients which can increase digestibility of the nutrients, fibre and supplement to the animals food (BioResource International, 2014). These enzyme will catalyse biochemical processes that convert nutrient into energy and new tissue which can increase the animal’s growth. For example, phytase enzyme will break down phytate so that phosphorus can be absorbed by the animals (BioResource International, 2014). These enzyme will lowering the amount of exogenous phosphorus supplementation required and decreasing phosphorus release into the environment.

Reference: BioResource International. 2014. Biotechnology and its impact on agriculture. http://briworldwide.com/biotechnology-and-its-impact-on-agriculture/

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Impact of Biotechnology to Society.

Biotechnology has helped in improving the quality of people’s lives for over than 10,000 years and today’s biotechnologies has vary in their application and complexity. However, they all have the potential to change our society. Biotechnology by definition is the use of living organisms or systems in developing or making products or in more specific definition by UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art 2 says " Biotechnology is any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use". It may also depend on the tools and applications where it often overlaps with the related fields such as biomedical engineering, molecular engineering, bioengineering and so on.

According to Daejeon, Republic of Korea, February 25, 2013--The Global Agenda Council on Biotechnology, one of the global networks under the World Economic Forum (WEF), which is composed of the world's leading experts in the field of biotechnology, announced today that the council has identified "ten most important biotechnologies" which could help meet rapidly growing demand for energy, food, nutrition, and health. These new technologies,The council said, these new technologies have the potential to increase productivity and also create new jobs. Furthermore, biotechnology is also known as the third wave in biological science and represents such an interface of basic and applied sciences, where gradual and subtle transformation of science into technology can be witnessed.

Biotechnology comprises a number of technologies based upon increasing understanding of biology at the cellular and molecular level. Therefore, it has many impacts towards the society in many ways. One of the impacts are on agricultural because due to the revolutionary development of this part of science during last couple of decades has advanced drastically. The appalling achievements were made in animal husbandry and also plant cultivation where in plants have been enhanced in four different ways :

· Boost potential for more vigorous growth and maximizing yields

· Strengthen resistance to natural predators and pests that includes insects and disease-causing microorganisms.

· Production of hybrids exhibiting a combination of superior traits derived from two different strains or even different species

· Selection of genetic variants with desirable qualities such as increased protein value, inflate content of limiting amino acids, that are essential in the human diet, or reduce plant size, smaller vulnerability to adverse weather condition.

Another important area of biotechnology is the improvement of livestock. Advancement in efficiency of reproduction, yields of livestock products disease control. For example  milk, wool, eggs, meat, composition of livestock products such as leaner meat, feed value of low quality feeds like straw; are some of the applications of biotechnology.

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Impact of biotech to society.

Nowadays biotechnology have an important role in meeting human needs and demands in medicine, agriculture, forensics, bioremediation, biocontrol and biosecurity. In a modern biotechnologies many useful products are made from whole organism or parts of organism such as cell, tissue and organs.

One of the biggest uses in Biotechnology is for medicinal purposes. Recent development of application in the medicinal field include pharmacogenomics, drug production, genetic testing and genetic therapy. For example, human insulin is made in genetically engineered bacteria used to treat diabetes. Antibiotics and vaccines are products of microorganisms that are used to treat disease. Vaccination greatly reduced the prevalence of disease and continues to be important for global health today. Gene therapy are used for treating and possibly curing genetic diseases such as AIDS, cancer, Parkinson’s disease and cystic fibrosis.

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Puteri Azira Binti Azmin 45979 G2 (Monday)

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Puteri Azira Binti Azmin 45979 G2 (Monday)

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Biotechnology affects our society and everyday lives. It provides medicine, diseases detection and treatment to treat diseases such as cancer, diabetes, sickle cell anemia and antibiotics production.  It also help our society to discover new medices and diseases that also solving the crimes with DNA and forensic testing. High quality of pharmaceutical molecules have been produced which can substantially regulate cell function. This progress of biotechnology of human medicine will even be wider than that of today to meet human needs and improve the quality of our life.

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Biotechnology have done many contribution to society. For the last century, biology is one of the field that give many benefits to us whether in term of environment, resources and so on.

For examples, biotech crops help reduce emission of greenhouse gas. Thus, it reduces the negative impact to our environment. In 2007, biotech crops have been reported to remove 14.2 billion kg carbon dioxide from atmosphere. On the other hand, it helps to conserve soil fertility and energy, and minimize use of toxic herbicide.

Besides that, by using knowledge in biotechnology, we can manage the sewage and waste product efficiently. For examples, there are many sewage treatment plant establish in Malaysia that involve biological process to manage the sewage. Other than that, biological process also involve in management of waste product in landfill.

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Impact of biotechnology on society

In my opinion, biotechnology is one of the greatest advancement towards all society no matter human, animals and also plants. For example in medicine, biotechnology have come across the solution to invent or create many new medicine to cure diseases. Besides that, the society also can know their identity by intercalating their parent genes so that they can appreciate their parents.

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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ON LIVING THINGS

Biotechnology has brings huge impact towards human, plant as well as animals. With the advancement of technology, human can manipulate genetics to generate something new or to modify existing living things on the earth. Biotechnology clearly has changed and improved the human and animal living conditions.

Below are the examples of POSITIVE impact of biotechnology:

1.      The existence of pest resistance traits of plants. Due to this matter, plants currently can resist towards the pest attack on them and reducing the use of harmful pesticides and insecticides on the farms.

2.      With biotechnology helps, we can produce better quality of fruits and also vegetables.

3.      Plants become more resistant towards viruses and bacteria.

4.      Creation of enzymes that plays major role in the food processing.

Below are the examples of NEGATIVE impact of biotechnology:

1.      The rise of mutant that could kill the native species of plants or animals.

2.      Increase in environmental threats. For example, genetically modified crops often infect monarch butterflies and other species of insects.

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AMIR SYAHMI BIN SHARUDDIN (45454) G1 (TUESDAY)

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AMIR SYAHMI BIN SHARUDDIN (45454) G1 (TUESDAY)

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Impact of Biotechnology to Food

In my opinion, biotechnology had made a huge impact in food in a positive way. For example, people do not need to worry about food whether it is enough or not (food security) with the creation of processed food and also the transfer of genetics into crops so that the crops can grow faster. Biotechnology also help to improve the quality of food. For example, the carrot was modified to become red color so that it is more attractive. The nutrient of the food also can be increased to provide more nutrition to the consumer.

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NOR ALIAH BINTI MOHAMAD DALI (45798) GROUP

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NOR ALIAH BINTI MOHAMAD DALI (45798) GROUP

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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO SOCIETY: PLANT

Biotechnology can be defined as a technology based on biology. The study uses manipulation of biological system for specific purpose which is to improve the quality of society’s living.

Due to the increase in world population, food scarcity is the most worrying problems. The demands on products of agriculture become high. Farming will need to increase their production on fewer acres to fulfill the needs. Therefore, with the advancement in biotechnology this problem can be slightly solved.

Biotechnology introduces the Genetic Modification (GM) crops which give extra production and yields. Other than that, Biotechnology also provides the build-in insect and disease protection in plants by identifying suitable strains or gene for modification. Such as Bt. Corn and Bt. Cotton. With that, the crops are no longer can be affected by diseases. Besides, it helps environment by decreasing greenhouse gas.

Somehow, this GM crops still become a concern and issues for certain people as it could introduced to a new health risks.

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LINDA IDAYU BINTI KUNDURIANTO (49765) G2

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LINDA IDAYU BINTI KUNDURIANTO (49765) G2

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IMPACT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO SOCIETY : MEDICINE

Biotechnology can be defined as the application of technology in biological science. In medicine, the benefits of biotechnology are enormous that bring the practice of medical and healthcare to another whole level. But the biggest application of biotechnology in medicinal field include pharmacogenomics, drug production, genetic testing and genetic therapy.

One, the modern biotechnology are used to develop new drugs through pharmacogenomic that capable to design medicine that are specific to each individual and their genetic make up without the side effect of developing antibiotic or drug resistance. Pharmacogenomics enables more accurate means in determining drug dosages, improvements in drug discovery and approval, and the development of safer vaccines.

Second, genetic diagnosis that involves the process of testing for suspected genetic defects before administering treatment through genetic testing. The treatment of the defected gene can be done through gene therapy that aims in insertion of genes into patient's cells in order to replace the defective ones.

Third, biotechnology also capable in creating xenotransplant organs, developing advanced and throughput diagnostic techniques and equipment such as microarray, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Expression Sequence Tags that gives more indepth understanding of certain disease and method to cure it.

Fourth, medical advancement with biotechnology with impressive breakthrough to cure the past impossible disease likes the creation of artificial lymph node. This creation aims in filling these artificial nodes with cells that could help fight and treat specific types of illnesses, included cancer.

Another example, breakthrough of medical and healthcare are development of sensory for asthma. By using biotechnology knowledge, these sensory are build by University of Pittsburgh using polymer-coated carbon nanotube that can analyze tiny amounts of nitric oxide, gas that is produced within the lungs just before the asthma attack.

Moreover, medical biotechnology has advanced that we are capable in regenerating nerves. Creation of nanogel which can be injected as a liquid to help regenerate nerves. Fibers that have peptide are capable of sending signals to stem cells to produce healthy cell that support regrowth of damaged nerves.

There are so many more list of advantages and benefits of biotechnology in medicine or medical biotechnology that can improves society healthcare, treatment and disease diagnosis. These list will continue to increase and broaden in the future as the knowledge of biotechnology continues to uncover.

REFERENCES

EW Content Team. (2011). Biotechnology in Medicine. Retrieved on 18 March 2017 from http://www.economywatch.com/business-technology/biotechnology/biotechnology-in-medicine.html.

Boundless. “Biotechnology in Medicine.” Boundless Biology Boundless, 08 Aug. 2016. Retrieved 18 Mar. 2017 from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/biotechnology-and-genomics-17/biotechnology-119/biotechnology-in-medicine-480-11702/

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NUR SHAFIQAH HANIM BINTI RAKWI (45898) GROUP 3

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NUR SHAFIQAH HANIM BINTI RAKWI (45898) GROUP 3

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Biotechnology had enabled human today to apply variety of techniques in manipulating the living cells and organisms. The advancement of the biotechnology gives impact in all aspect of human life such as in medicines, foods, animals production and also in plant production which will be explains more after this.

The applications of biotechnology in plant production give benefit to not only the farmer or the plant producer, but also to the consumers in the society.  The most popular application of biotechnology in plant production is the tissue culture technique. Tissue culture is important in increasing the production of high quality of the plant produce. So how do they affect those groups in the society?

First thing first, is the farmer or plant producer will have a great impact when it comes to tissue culture. This technique enables a rapid production of plant with variety properties such as able to adapt and resist the variety of environmental stress. The adaptation characteristic can be achieved by combining the genetic modification technique together with the plant tissue culture, which will help in rapid production of plant produce. Advance technique applied with low cost of production of these plant produce will give the farmer chance to get and plant the cultivar in inexpensive way. Farmer or the plant produce can also reducing their plant production cost by reducing the application of agrochemicals, that are harm to human and other organism, as pest control as the plant itself are genetically modified to fight the pest on its own. The high yield of production in other hand will help to increase the availability of that plant produce for consumers. This situation is a benefit to the farmer or the plant producer to increase their income. The farmer or the plant producer can also plant the plant that are relatively hard to grow (slow growth) from seed but only use the cultivar that produce by the tissue culture techniques. In the storage and transportation aspect, the farmer or the plant producer will be able to maintain the plant quality from the genetically modified plant that can control the microbial reaction or virus attack. Also, the transportation of high quality of plant produce that is available for different place will increase the farmer’s or plant producers’ income.

The consumer is also one of the groups in society that gain a benefit from the application of the biotechnology in plant production. Consumers, especially the vegetarian take the plant produce as their food (the plant crops such as vegetables and fruits). The rapid production of these plant crops and better storage and transportation will make the foods are available to anyone and solve the food scarcity in certain population. However, the genetically modified plant crops may not as good toward the consumer as there are the unknown effect of these plant crops towards human health either the short term effects or the long term effects.

REFERENCES:

Junne, G. (n.d.). Biotechnology: the impact on food and nutrition in developing countries. Retrieved March 17, 2017, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/U3550t/u3550t0h.htm

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Biotechnology has brought many transformation in human, plant as well as animal life. Modern scientist have been able to improve some living organisms by modifying several characteristics of plant, organisms, human beings as well as animals by using various techniques and tools of biotechnology that have been conducted.

Biotechnology apply all methods and process to transform natural raw materials into beneficial product by the application of living organism. The aims of biotechnology are specific based on what area that the techniques and tools are applied.

There are wide range of application of the techniques and tools of biotechnology in medicine. Red biotechnology - refers to medical biotechnology. It mainly used for human and animal health care. It helps to prevent, diagnose and cure diseases that are related to human and animal. By the aid of biotechnology, scientist will be able to manufacture existing drugs more easily and cheaply. Through genetic engineering, there are lots of modern techniques such as gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology, and other techniques which helps to diagnose diseases and create new genes which able to resist the disease to occur. There are many applications of biotechnology in medicine which commonly used nowadays and gives positive results to the society. Some of the applications are biopharmaceutical, gene therapy, pharmacogenomics, and genetic testing.

Hence, biotechnology could save peoples life by triggering their health issue through the application of biotechnology in medicine itself. Therefore, we could say that biotechnology gives many benefits to the society.

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Mohd Nazirul Asyraf bin Wahid (47665) Group 1

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Mohd Nazirul Asyraf bin Wahid (47665) Group 1

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Biotechnology is a field of implementing technology for biology use. Biotechnology nowadays is necessary especially for food security and safety. Study of biotechnology in plants helps in increase the viability of plant for longer time. Genetic engineering in plant helps in maintain resistance of plant from pesticide, increase its nutrition and larger yield. Example is corn which is the staple food for society. Thus, the corn in engineered its gene to enhance resistance against pesticide. It is called as Bt corn.

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The main purpose of biotechnology in human daily life is to fulfill human necessity and demands in order to make human`s life easier and more productive. There are a lot of aspects in which biotechnology is applied such as health, animal and plants, textile, food industry and else. However, there are some limitation to where biotechnology can be applied such as religion barrier in which certain religion does not permit their followers to consume animal that has been modified, cultural barrier in which experiment towards animal offend some people with belief that no animal should be experimented and location in which certain country have certain need and biotechnology in health for example will only be applied in that country. The effect that biotechnology might have in the future also has been a worry despite its advantages.

Biotechnology has been widely applied in New Zealand to meet certain demand such as in health which include the introduction of fluoride in toothpaste that has known to be responsible in reducing tooth decay. In corps and plantation, control of insects and introduction of disease resistance plants has been an innovation that benefits the plant health professionals and the farmers. The most popular example is the introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis in plants such as cotton, where when Bacillus thuringiensis is introduced in cotton, the cotton will be resistant to infestation of the bollworm. This will benefit the farmers as the cost for pesticides can be cut off as the plants itself has been resistant to all those pests. Biotechnology also help to produce crops that can be planted in harsh condition and crops that help with eliminating pollution and save species that undergoes extinction. In medical sector, biotechnology helps in producing protein that is used to fight disease at much faster rate and lower cost. Protein that used as the backbone in medicine production can be incorporated in plants and thus can be used widely. The example of biotechnology application in medicine are vaccinations, blood protein and hormones.

Reference
Science Learning Hub. (2010). Impacts of biotechnology on society. Retrieved on 16th March 2017 from https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1209-impacts-of-biotechnology-on-society

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Biotechnology in medical field is also known as Red Biotechnology. In medical biotechnology, living system or molecular engineering were utilised for research purpose or used to produce pharmaceutical and diagnostic products in order to enhance the human health (Doelle, 2009). The application of biotechnology in medical field includes pharmacology, gene therapy, stem cells and tissue engineering. With the aid of biotechnology, disease can be diagnosis via a more accurate and advance method such as using proteomic and genetic tests (Doelle, 2009).

In biotechnology, pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics is the determination of how an individual response to drug by analysing the genome, RNA and protein through a series of high throughput approaches and the study of variability in drug responses regarding the hereditary factors respectively (Roses, 2001). Currently, drugs are designed as “one size fits all”, however, the drug may not suitable for everyone, and might cause some adverse effects on some individual. This is due to genes that responsible to code for drug metabolizing enzymes, receptors and transporters are variant (Surendiran et al., 2008). In pharmacogenetics clinical studies, patients are stratified based on their metabolizing capacity through pharmacogenetics tests (Surendiran et al., 2008). For instance, gene expressing profiling is demonstrated by using microarray in order to differential the distinct sub-sets of genes may expressed differentially in disease and healthy tissue (Roses, 2001). While in recent, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps is used in order to create an SNP profile for patients that suffered from adverse events or who respond clinically to the drug efficacy (Roses, 2001).

With the aid of human genome project, it has been estimated that there will be around 8000 drug targets, out of which 2329 acts for antibodies while 794 acts for drug proteins (Surendiran et al., 2008). For many years, NIH-funded researchers had put efforts in studies of effect of genes on medication on a wide range of condition, including depression, asthma, cancer and heart disease. The aim is to facilitate doctor select the best suit or tailor-made drug and dosage for each individual. Several pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics products and services are now available. For instance, drugs such as ImClone Systems' (Branchburg, NJ, USA) Erbitux (cetuximab) is used to target specific disease subtypes (Hopkins et al., 2006).

The field of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are still in its infancy, as it is an elaborate and time consuming process. Currently pharmacogenetics methods are being used worldwide, particularly for assessing the safety profile of drugs. Nevertheless, development of custom medications are believe able to bring a lot of benefits such as determining precise dosages of medications and better and safer vaccinations toward the society.

Reference

Doelle, H. W., Rokem, S., & Berovi, M. (Ed.). (2009). Medical biotechnology – fundamentals and modern development – part 1. Oxford, UK: Eolss Publishers Co. Ltd.

Hopkins, M. M., Ibarreta, D., Gaisser, S., Enzing, C. M., Ryan, J., Martin, P. A.,..Forde, T. (2006). Putting pharmacogenetics into practice. Nature Biotechnology, 24, 403-410.

Roses, A. D. (2001). Pharmacogenetics. Human Molecular Genetics, 10(20), 2261-2267.

Surendiran, A., Pradhan, A. A., & Adithan, C. (2008). Role of pharmacogenomics in drug discovery and development. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 40(4), 137-143.

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FATIN NADIAH BINTI MD NAZRI -46819 GROUP 1-

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FATIN NADIAH BINTI MD NAZRI -46819 GROUP 1-

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In 2016, Assoc Prof Karin Michels stated that biotechnology sector gave huge impact to society particularly in food production. Mostly staple food for instance rice, wheat and fish source were consumed by most people in specific country. Bio-based knowledge and technology such as fortification of folic acid in rice is crucial in most developing countries because it can counter nutrition deficits in the population. Fortified rice is vital for women who are pregnant because it can affect their unborn fetuses (abnormal development of oral cleft and neural tubes).

The percentage of neural tube defect is high in some countries like Vietnam. Some studies of fortified rice have been done by researcher from Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health and reported that fortified white rice has about four times more folic acid then in brown rice. In additional, it is an easier way to ensure that everyone in the population has sufficient intake of folic acid through fortification. Recent studies have been reported that there was no side effect on health on fortified rice, wheat and maize flour.

Furthermore, Abah J. and Ishaq M. N. reported that one of the most significant environmental challenges in developing countries is how to meet current food supply with adequate amount in the population. Other than that, world hunger and food insecurity is a frequent problem in most parts of the developing world. Hence, in the future, advanced technologies have to be exploited in response to enable sufficient food supply. Improving yield of food production and nutritional quality of crops can be fulfilled by utilizing genetic engineering of biotechnology. GM crops will hopefully produce more yield on less land. This may increase the overall productivity and may offer developing countries a means to sustain themselves and reduce worldwide hunger.

Reference.

Food Fortification Initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved 2017 from http://www.ffinetwork.org/about/faq/faq_nutrition.html

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Modern food biotechnology involve the knowledge of plant science and genetics in order to improve food traits. Moreover, food biotechnology offers many different ways in improving our food production. For example, natural flavors and colors, new vitamins, improved enzymes and emulsifiers, increase food safety and security. This modification in plants is also known as genetically modified plants to produce genetically modified food.

The positive impacts of food biotechnology to society includes:

• Enhanced nutritional content and product quality such as the “golden rice”

• Aiding in growing more food on less land

• Help to prevent crop loss and loss of money

• Food security

• Benefits to the farmer by increasing their incomes

• Improve processing characteristics leads to reduce waste and lower food costs to the consumer

The negative impacts of food biotechnology to society includes:

• Human health concerns, whether or not new food products or genetically modified food pose any threat to human health

• Might cause allergy to babies and to those who previously had no history of that allergy

• Might cause loss to the traditional farmers

Biotechnology Innovation Organization. (2017). Biotechnology’s Impacts on Food Ingredients. Retrieved March, 16 2017, from https://www.bio.org/articles/biotechnologys-impact-food-ingredients

Food Insight. (2016). Fact Sheets: Benefits of Food Biotechnology. Retrieved March, 16 2017, from http://www.foodinsight.org/articles/fact-sheet-benefits-food-biotechnology

Habibi- Najafi, M. B. (2006). Food biotechnology and its impact on our food supply. Global Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1(1), 22-27.

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Wu long 49575 G2   The impact of medical in biotechnology to societyWith more than three decades development, the field of biotechnology has had an extraordinary impact on medical and health care. Biotechnology is changing the way of humans live.Modern application of biotechnology in the area of medicine can be majorly divided into biopharmaceuticals, gene therapy, pharmacogenomics and genetic testing.These main four applications of biotechnology bring a whole new approach for improvement in the world of medicinal applications. It deals with many major and minor aspects of human life, from a comparatively easy thing like making medicines more effective cost-wise and effect-wise to the one of most difficult branches of medicine curing genetic diseases. Biotechnology has ability to exploration and manipulation of life structures and processes at the molecular level. Regulation of expression of specific genes has impacted on understanding of cancer development and immune-pathologic diseases. So Biotechnology also finding medicines for diseases like cancer, tumors and AIDS, improving the already existing techniques for various malignant diseases to decrease the side effects without compromising with the effectiveness, improving drugs and producing the various proteins used in our bodies artificially. Every year over 3 million people in Europe are diagnosed with cancer. More than 50 per cent of these will die as a result of the disease. The cancer researcher is to identify these molecular defects to develop effective diagnostic, treatment and prevention regimens. The researchers looking for predictive biomarkers that are molecules presence indicates various disease states. Such as biomarker may be a protein whose expression levels correlate with the risk or progression of cancer. Once a proposed biomarker has been confirmed, it can be used to predict the disease risk, diagnose the disease, or even be used as an indicator of which treatment to use. An even greater impact has been the production of new therapeutic molecules. Cytokines have been produced by recombinant DNA technology and are established as effective therapeutic modalities for cancer and infectious diseases. Interferon typify this progress and are now licensed for both viral and neoplastic disease in more than 43 countries around the world. 

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Wu long 49575 G2   The impact of medical in biotechnology to societyWith more than three decades development, the field of biotechnology has had an extraordinary impact on medical and health care. Biotechnology is changing the way of humans live.Modern application of biotechnology in the area of medicine can be majorly divided into biopharmaceuticals, gene therapy, pharmacogenomics and genetic testing.These main four applications of biotechnology bring a whole new approach for improvement in the world of medicinal applications. It deals with many major and minor aspects of human life, from a comparatively easy thing like making medicines more effective cost-wise and effect-wise to the one of most difficult branches of medicine curing genetic diseases. Biotechnology has ability to exploration and manipulation of life structures and processes at the molecular level. Regulation of expression of specific genes has impacted on understanding of cancer development and immune-pathologic diseases. So Biotechnology also finding medicines for diseases like cancer, tumors and AIDS, improving the already existing techniques for various malignant diseases to decrease the side effects without compromising with the effectiveness, improving drugs and producing the various proteins used in our bodies artificially. Every year over 3 million people in Europe are diagnosed with cancer. More than 50 per cent of these will die as a result of the disease. The cancer researcher is to identify these molecular defects to develop effective diagnostic, treatment and prevention regimens. The researchers looking for predictive biomarkers that are molecules presence indicates various disease states. Such as biomarker may be a protein whose expression levels correlate with the risk or progression of cancer. Once a proposed biomarker has been confirmed, it can be used to predict the disease risk, diagnose the disease, or even be used as an indicator of which treatment to use. An even greater impact has been the production of new therapeutic molecules. Cytokines have been produced by recombinant DNA technology and are established as effective therapeutic modalities for cancer and infectious diseases. Interferon typify this progress and are now licensed for both viral and neoplastic disease in more than 43 countries around the world. 

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Bak Zaibah binti Fazal (46388)
Group 3, Tuesday

Biotechnology has definitely impact every aspect of our society. Through many field such as agriculture, industrial and food production, biotechnology modify living organism according to human purposes and producing ‘improve’ product that supposedly make human life easier, thus better.  However, with the advancement of biotechnology there is always the potential of harm and risk of the technology as well.

In medical biotechnology, the development has since increases majorly in the area of pharmaceutical drug discovery and production, pharmacogenomics and genetic screening. This development enable better treatment based of an individual need as it directly treat the individual’s genetic makeup. Pharmacogenomics for instance, analyse how genetic makeup affects an individual response to drug. Thus, personalized medicine can be develop and ensuring maximum efficiency with minimal adverse effects for a patient.

Biotechnology often processes at molecular level to explore and manipulate life structure. The regulation of expression of specific genes gives us a better understanding of cancer development and immunopathologic diseases (Borden, 1991). This new knowledge and advancement result in the production of therapeutic molecules for cancer and infectious diseases.

As a conclusion, the finding assist with biotechnology will continuously evolve in the future. However, the implications or the impact on this advancement will not only create positive vibe and benefit only, but will also create debate mainly regarding appropriate use such as ethical value.

Reference

Borden, E. C. (1991). Biotechnology: Its Impact on Medicine and Oncology. Ann Acad Med Singapore.

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NUR SYAHIDAH BT SAMAH (45905) GROUP 2, MONDAY

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NUR SYAHIDAH BT SAMAH (45905) GROUP 2, MONDAY

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The potential benefits of biotechnology are enormous. Biotechnology has a long history of use in food production and processing. Selective breeding of essential foods such as rice, corn and wheat have created thousands of local varieties with improved yield compared to their wild ancestors. Scientists use techniques such as recombinant DNA to transfer one gene from one organism to another, omit the undesirable traits and produce new products with desirable characteristics such as disease and drought-resistant plants. Besides, in food biotechnology, the food additives help to enhance flavor and nutritional quality of the foods. To sum up, food biotechnology offered better food quality to the society.