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(1862)
The Dakotan people (part of the Sioux) had a problem with the miners because they agreed to live on a remote reservation in exchange for annuities (food and supplies) that often never reached them. In this period of time the Dakota were struggling and starving, so when the settlers refused to provide food on credit, they staged and uprising that killed hundreds of citizens. In the end more than 300 Dakota were sentenced to death, until President Lincoln managed to reduce the number to 38 while the rest eventually fled to the reservations and became exiles in their own land.

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Posterazzi: Dakota Uprising 1862 Nthirty-Eight Dakotas Hanged At Mankato Minnesota 26 December ...

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Posterazzi: Dakota Uprising 1862 Nthirty-Eight Dakotas Hanged At Mankato Minnesota 26 December ...

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Sand Creek Massacre 1864- Jessica Brown 

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Sand Creek Massacre 1864- Jessica Brown 

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In Colorado, tensions rose between the new mining settlers searching for gold and the Cheyenne/Arapaho tribes. The Native Americans began attacking settler homes and wagons until they were persuaded to surrender at Fort Lyon. Those who did not surrender negotiated a peace treaty, however their camp was attacked by another group of settlers during the meeting.

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Red Cloud War- 1866     Emily Anderson      

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Red Cloud War- 1866     Emily Anderson      

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The US army built forts on a path to the Montana Gold Mines and one of the Chiefs, Crazy Horse set up a trap. The chief tricked forts commander into Captain Fetterman and a small group of soldiers to leaving for a raiding hunt. Warriors waiting destroyed the unit, known as the Fetterman's Massacre. In 1868,the Sioux resistance to the military convinced the army to abandon the trail.

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Battle of Little Bighorn 1876 - Reese Oswald p.1

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Battle of Little Bighorn 1876 - Reese Oswald p.1

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In 1876 prospectors from the Lakota reservation headed to the Black hills in search of mining gold. They didn't understand the treaty of settlers so they left to hunt in the Bighorn Mountains of Montana. The government then got involved and sent an expedition to fight the Lakota and launched an attack on June 25th, 1876. The lakota quickly defeated Custer who was leading the battle and had killed all of his soldiers. Once the newspaper got ahold of the information they painted Custer as a victim and quickly portrayed the Lakota as leaders of a massacre. The Lakota fled to Canada and/or returned to the reservation in the Black hills due to threats from the army.

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Further west the Nez perce people led by their Chief named Joseph, refused to be moved into a smaller reservation in Idaho in 1877. Due to there refusal, the army was brought to relocate them but the Nez perce people fled and traveled 1,300 miles. Finally in October of 1877 chief Joseph acknowledged that there struggle was over. But him and his followers were unfortunately exiled to Oklahoma
By Edward Elkin

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Tragedy at Wounded knee, December 29th, 1890; Mason Surprenant

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Tragedy at Wounded knee, December 29th, 1890; Mason Surprenant

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Native Americans continued to resist U.S. orders and performed rituals that the U.S. feared would lead to violence. They turned their attention to Chief Sitting Bull, who they thought was the source of the problem. Other supporters tried go stop the arrest and were killed alongside the Chief. A later battle took the lives of 25 U.S. soldiers and 200 Lakota men woman and children.

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In 1887 the Dawes Act was passed. Leading up this act being passed, Americans were trying to Americanize Native Americans. At first they did this by putting in American schools on the reservations. The Native's were required to act like American kids and the discipline there was very strict. Lots of abuse was reported from those schools and they proved to be unsuccessful which caused the Dawes Act. This divided up the reservation land into plots of land for the Native Americans to farm. Each family was given a certain amount of land and if they stayed on their allotments for 25 years, they were granted American citizenship. Very few Native Americans actually stayed long enough to get their citizenship which meant this act was incredibly ineffective.

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In the Badlands area, members of the Oglala Lakota tribe had to contend with the Dawes Act -- how could they advocate for their rightful land? How could they fight the pressure to assimilate?
NPS Photo

How did the Dawes Act affect Native Americans?

If they accepted the allotment divisions, the Dawes Act designated 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land to the head of each Native American family. These acreages were comparable to those promised by the Homestead Act, but there were important differences between the two acts. Tribes already controlled the land that was being returned to them at a fraction of the acreage, Native Americans were not accustomed to a life of standardized ranching and agriculture, and the lands allotted to them were often unsuitable for farming.

In order to receive their allotment, Native Americans were required to enroll with the Office of Indian Affairs, now known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). By enrolling, the individual registered themselves with the office and their name went on the "Dawes rolls," which assisted government agencies in determining whether or not that individual was eligible to receive their allotment.

Although Native Americans controlled about 150 million acres of land before the Dawes Act, they lost the majority of it due to these allotment divisions and selling of surplus. When tribes were paid for their land, they were underpaid. In addition to scant payment, Native Americans were not used to spending money and quickly spent most of what they received. Many were left with little land and little money. Inheritance also became an issue for many Native Americans who enrolled to receive land from the Dawes Act. When young children received allotments, some did not know how to farm because they had spent their youth in boarding schools. When there were multiple inheritors, the size of the plots was too small to divide among children and still be suitable for farming.

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The Dawes Act (U.S. National Park Service)

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If they accepted the allotment divisions, the Dawes Act designated 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land to the head of each Native American family. These acreages were comparable to those promised by the Homestead Act, but there were important differences between the two acts.