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https://www.dogonews.com/2021/10/6/monterey-bay-aquariums-resident-sea-otter-kit-invents-the-shrimp-game

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Kit is one of Monterey Bay Aquarium's largest sea otters (Credit: Montereybayaquarium.org)

Most seafood lovers - animal or human - would find it hard to resist a tasty shrimp morsel. However, not Kit, a mischievous sea otter that resides at California's Monterey Bay Aquarium. Rather than gulping down the tiny crustacean, Kit used it as a game piece to play what the aquarium officials dubbed "The Shrimp Game."

In the video, captured by sea otter aquarists Stephany and Jess, the clever otter repeatedly pops out from the holes in the enrichment board - first to "hide" the shrimp and then to "find" it. Kit's fun game takes a surprising twist when fellow otter Ivy gets wind of the "free" food. What happens next has to be seen to be believed!

Kit was just five weeks old when she was found stranded in California's Morro Bay by a biologist in January 2010. The tiny pup was brought to the aquarium and, at just 11 months of age, became the youngest sea otter to go on exhibit. Her caretakers say the smart otter rapidly learned critical survival skills, like cracking open clams and eating live crabs without getting bitten! Kit, who now weighs 50 pounds, is one of the aquarium's largest otters. The talented mammal spends her time taking care of abandoned otter pups and . . . inventing new games!

Resources: montereybayaquarium.org

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Monterey Bay Aquarium's Resident Sea Otter Kit Invents "The Shrimp Game"

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Most seafood lovers - animal or human - would find it hard to resist a tasty shrimp morsel. However, not Kit, a mischievous sea otter that resides at California's Monterey Bay Aquarium. Rather than gulping down the tiny crustacean, Kit used it as a game piece to play what the aquarium officials dubbed "The Shrimp Game."

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https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/lets-learn-about-whales-dolphins-cetaceans

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acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing.

baleen: A long plate made of keratin (the same material as your fingernails or hair). Baleen whales have many plates of baleen in their mouths instead of teeth. To feed, a baleen whale swims with its mouth open, collecting plankton-filled water. Then it pushes water out with its enormous tongue. Plankton in the water become trapped in the baleen, and the whale then swallows the tiny floating animals.

behavior: The way something, often a person or other organism, acts towards others, or conducts itself.

blowhole: (in biology) Nostrils on the top of the head of a cetacean (whale, porpoise or dolphin) through which the animal breathes. Toothed whales (like orcas) have one, baleen whales, such as right whales, have a pair. (in ecology) A hole in ice through which marine mammals periodically come to breathe.

blue whale: A species of baleen whale ( Balaenoptera musculus) that is the largest animal ever known to have existed. They can grow to lengths of 30 meters (almost 100 feet) and weigh up to 170 metric tons.

brackish: A term for water that contains a mixture of saltwater and freshwater.

cetaceans: The order of marine mammals that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. The baleen whales (Mysticetes) filter their food from the water with big baleen plates. The remaining cetaceans (Odontoceti) include some 70 species of toothed animals that include beluga whales, narwhals, killer whales (a type of dolphin) and porpoises.

conservation: The act of preserving or protecting something. The focus of this work can range from art objects to endangered species and other aspects of the natural environment.

culture: (n. in social science) The sum total of typical behaviors and social practices of a related group of people (such as a tribe or nation). Their culture includes their beliefs, values and the symbols that they accept and/or use. Culture is passed on from generation to generation through learning. Scientists once thought culture to be exclusive to humans. Now they recognize some other animals show signs of culture as well, including dolphins and primates.

dolphins: A highly intelligent group of marine mammals that belong to the toothed-whale family. Members of this group include orcas (killer whales), pilot whales and bottlenose dolphins.

drone: A remote-controlled, pilotless aircraft or missile.

echolocation: (in animals) A behavior in which animals emit calls and then listen to the echoes that bounce back off of solid things in the environment. This behavior can be used to navigate and to find food or mates. It is the biological analog of the sonar used by submarines.

filter: (n.) Something that allows some materials to pass through but not others, based on their size or some other feature. (v.) The process of screening some things out on the basis of traits such as size, density, electric charge.

freshwater: A noun or adjective that describes bodies of water with very low concentrations of salt. It's the type of water used for drinking and making up most inland lakes, ponds, rivers and streams, as well as groundwater.

gills: The respiratory organ of most aquatic animals that filters oxygen out of water. Fish and other water-dwelling animals use gills to breathe.

humpback: A species of baleen whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae), perhaps best known for its novel "songs" that travel great distances underwater. Huge animals, they can grow up to more than 15 meters (or around 50 feet) long and weigh more than 35 metric tons.

invertebrate: An animal lacking a backbone. About 90 percent of animal species are invertebrates.

keratin: A protein that makes up your hair, nails and skin.

killer whale: A dolphin species ( Orcinus orca) whose name means whale killer. These animals belong to the order of marine mammals known as Cetacea (or cetaceans).

mammal: A warm-blooded animal distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for feeding their young, and (typically) the bearing of live young.

orca: The largest species of dolphin. The name of this black-and-white marine mammal, Orcinus orca, means killer whale.

penguin: A flightless black-and-white bird native to the far Southern Hemisphere, especially Antarctica and its nearby islands.

prey: (n.) Animal species eaten by others. (v.) To attack and eat another species.

robot: A machine that can sense its environment, process information and respond with specific actions. Some robots can act without any human input, while others are guided by a human.

salmon: A popular game fish that tends to live most of its life in the ocean, then enters coastal rivers (and freshwater) to breed and lay eggs.

sea: An ocean (or region that is part of an ocean). Unlike lakes and streams, seawater - or ocean water - is salty.

sharks: A family of primitive fishes that rely on skeletons formed of cartilage, not bone. Like skates and rays, they belong to a group known as elasmobranchs. Then tend to grow and mature slowly and have few young. Some lay eggs, others give birth to live young.

social: (adj.) Relating to gatherings of people; a term for animals (or people) that prefer to exist in groups. (noun) A gathering of people, for instance those who belong to a club or other organization, for the purpose of enjoying each other's company.

species: A group of similar organisms capable of producing offspring that can survive and reproduce.

sperm whale: A species of enormous whale with small eyes and a small jaw in a squarish head that takes up 40 percent of its body. Their bodies can span 13 to 18 meters (43 to 60 feet), with adult males being at the bigger end of that range. These are the deepest diving of marine mammals, reaching depths of 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) or more. They can stay below the water for up to an hour at a time in search of food, mostly giant squids.

squid: A member of the cephalopod family (which also contains octopuses and cuttlefish). These predatory animals, which are not fish, contain eight arms, no bones, two tentacles that catch food and a defined head. The animal breathes through gills. It swims by expelling jets of water from beneath its head and then waving finlike tissue that is part of its mantle, a muscular organ. Like an octopus, it may mask its presence by releasing a cloud of "ink."

tool: An object that a person or other animal makes or obtains and then uses to carry out some purpose such as reaching food, defending itself or grooming.

whale: A common, but fairly imprecise, term for a class of large mammals that lives in the ocean. This group includes dolphins and porpoises.

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Whales, dolphins and porpoises are all cetaceans - mammals that live in water and have a streamlined body similar to a fish.

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https://www.dogonews.com/2021/3/5/when-life-gives-you-oranges-make-electricity

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When Life Gives You Oranges Make . . . Electricity?

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When Life Gives You Oranges Make . . . Electricity? has 186 reviews and 0 ratings. Reviewer 131291 wrote: "i like the video "

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https://www.dogonews.com/2021/9/27/this-ingenious-portable-desalination-device-makes-seawater-drinkable

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WaterPod s a sustainable desalination pod that naturally turns seawater into drinkable water Credit:Jamesdysonaward.org)

Humans have flown to the Moon and may even make it to Mars. But providing clean water to all remains a challenge. The World Health Organization estimates that one in three people globally still do not have easy access to clean water. While desalinating ocean water is an obvious solution, the current process is both expensive and harmful for the environment. Now, some Malaysian students may have found a cheaper, more sustainable way to transform seawater into drinkable water.

WaterPod was created by students from the Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (Credit: Jamesdysonaward.org)

Bennie Beh Hue May, Loo Xin Yang, and Yap Chun Yoon of the Asia Pacific University of Technology came up with the idea of WaterPod after observing the hardships of ethnic groups like the Sama-Bajau. The "sea nomads" reside in homes atop stilts in the shallow waters off the coast of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. While the ocean provides the legendary divers with plenty of food, they often have to barter with nearby communities to obtain fresh water.

Made using recycled plastic waste, WaterPod is designed to draw up water from the sea with minimal salt intake. The salt that remains is filtered through a process of evaporation and condensation in the clear plastic-covered, dome-shaped container at the top. The water retrieved is collected in a storage chamber that can hold between 8 to 10.5 gallons (30.28 to 39.75 liters). The sustainable, self-cleaning device can work as an individual unit of water desalination. However, its modular design also allows for the creation of a network of WaterPods that could provide water for entire communities.

WaterPod is cost-effective and environmentally friendly (Credit: Jamesdysonaward.org)

The ingenious device beat out 120 entries to win the national James Dyson Award in Malaysia on August 25, 2021. The team will now compete with 84 finalists worldwide for the International 2021 James Dyson Award. The annual contest aims to encourage students to develop unconventional ideas to solve real-world problems. The winners, announced by the end of 2021, will receive a cash prize of $38,167 and an additional $6,440 for their university. If WaterPod wins, the inventors plan to use the funds to develop the device beyond the prototype stage.

Resources: www.jamesdysonaward.org, thebossmagazine.com

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This Ingenious Portable Desalination Device Makes Seawater Drinkable

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Humans have flown to the Moon and may even make it to Mars. But providing clean water to all remains a challenge. The World Health Organization estimates that one in three people globally still do not have easy access to clean water.

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https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/top-10-tips-study-smarter-not-longer-study-skills

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As a teen, Faria Sana often highlighted books with markers. "The colors were supposed to tell me different things." Later, she recalls, "I had no idea what those highlighted texts were supposed to mean."

She also took lots of notes as she read. But often she was "just copying words or changing the words around." That work didn't help much either, she says now. In effect, "it was just to practice my handwriting skills."

"No one ever taught me how to study," Sana says. College got harder, so she worked to find better study skills. She's now a psychologist at Athabasca University in Alberta, Canada. There she studies how students can learn better.

Having good study skills is always helpful. But it's even more important now during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many students worry about family or friends who may get sick, Sana notes. Others feel more general stress. Beyond that, students in many countries are facing different formats for learning. Some schools are holding in-person classes again, with rules for spacing and masks. Others schools have staggered classes, with students at school part-time. Still others have all online classes, at least for a while.

These conditions can distract from your lessons. Plus, students are likely to have to do more without a teacher or parent looking over their shoulders. They will have to manage their time and study more on their own. Yet many students never learned those skills. To them, Sana says, it may be like telling students to learn to swim by "just swimming."

The good news: Science can help.

For more than 100 years, psychologists have done research on which study habits work best. Some tips help for almost every subject. For example, don't just cram! And test yourself, instead of just rereading the material. Other tactics work best for certain types of classes. This includes things like using graphs or mixing up what you study. Here are 10 tips to tweak your study habits.

1. Space out your studying

Nate Kornell "definitely did cram" before big tests when he was a student. He's a psychologist at Williams College in Williamstown, Mass. He still thinks it's a good idea to study the day before a big test. But research shows it's a bad idea to cram all your studying into that day. Instead, space out those study sessions.

In one 2009 experiment, college students studied vocabulary words with flash cards. Some students studied all the words in spaced-apart sessions throughout four days. Others studied smaller batches of the words in crammed, or massed, sessions, each over a single day. Both groups spent the same amount of time overall. But testing showed that the first group learned the words better.

Kornell compares our memory to water in a bucket that has a small leak. Try to refill the bucket while it's still full, and you can't add much more water. Allow time between study sessions, and some of the material may drip out of your memory. But then you'll be able to relearn it and learn more in your next study session. And you'll remember it better, next time, he notes.

2. Practice, practice, practice!

Musicians practice their instruments. Athletes practice sports skills. The same should go for learning.

"If you want to be able to remember information, the best thing you can do is practice," says Katherine Rawson. She's a psychologist at Kent State University in Ohio. In one 2013 study, students took practice tests over several weeks. On the final test, they scored more than a full letter grade better, on average, than did students who studied the way they normally had.

In a study done a few years earlier, college students read material and then took recall tests. Some took just one test. Others took several tests with short breaks of several minutes in between. The second group recalled the material better a week later.

3. Don't just reread books and notes

As a teen, Cynthia Nebel studied by reading her textbooks, worksheets and notebooks. "Over and over and over again," recalls this psychologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn. Now, she adds, "we know that's one of the most common bad study skills that students have."

In one 2009 study, some college students read a text twice. Others read a text just once. Both groups took a test right after the reading. Test results differed little between these groups, Aimee Callender and Mark McDaniel found. She is now at Wheaton College in Illinois. He works at Washington University in St. Louis, Mo.

Too often, when students reread material, it's superficial, says McDaniel, who also co-wrote the 2014 book, Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Rereading is like looking at the answer to a puzzle, rather than doing it yourself, he says. It looks like it makes sense. But until you try it yourself, you don't really know if you understand it.

One of McDaniel's coauthors of Make it Stick is Henry Roediger. He, too, works at Washington University. In one 2010 study, Roediger and two other colleagues compared test results of students who reread material to two other groups. One group wrote questions about the material. The other group answered questions from someone else. Those who answered the questions did best. Those who just reread the material did worst.

4. Test yourself

That 2010 study backs up one of Nebel's preferred study habits. Before big tests, her mom quizzed her on the material. "Now I know that was retrieval practice," she says. "It's one of the best ways you can study." As Nebel got older, she quizzed herself. For example, she might cover up the definitions in her notebook. Then she tried to recall what each term meant.

Such retrieval practice can help nearly everyone, Rawson and others showed in an August 2020 study in Learning and Instruction. This research included college students with an attention problem known as ADHD. It stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Overall, retrieval helped students with ADHD and those without the disorder equally well.

"Create a deck of flash cards every time you learn new information," Sana suggests. "Put questions on one side and the answers on the other side." Friends can even quiz each other on the phone, she says.

"Try to quiz yourself the way the teacher asks questions," Nebel adds.

But really grill yourself and your friends, she says. And here's why. She was part of a team that asked students to write one quiz question for each class period. Students would then answer a question from another classmate. Preliminary data show that students did worse on tests afterward than when the daily quiz questions came from the teacher. Nebel's team is still analyzing the data. She suspects the students' questions may have been too simple.

Teachers often dig deeper, she notes. They don't just ask for definitions. Often, teachers ask students to compare and contrast ideas. That takes some critical thinking.

5. Mistakes are okay - as long as you learn from them

It's crucial to test your memory. But it doesn't really matter how many seconds you spend on each try. That finding comes from a 2016 study by Kornell and others. But it's important to go the next step, Kornell adds: Check to see if you were right. Then focus on what you got wrong.

"If you don't find out what the answer is, you're kind of wasting your time," he says. On the flip side, checking the answers can make your study time more efficient. You can then focus on where you need the most help.

In fact, making mistakes can be a good thing, argues Stuart Firestein. A Columbia University biologist in New York City, he actually wrote the book on it. It's called Failure: Why Science is So Successful. Mistakes, he argues, are actually a primary key to learning.

6. Mix it up

In many cases, it helps to mix up your self-testing. Don't just focus on one thing. Drill yourself on different concepts. Psychologists call this interleaving.

Actually, your tests usually will have questions mixed up, too. More importantly, interleaving can help you learn better. If you practice one concept over and over "your attention decreases because you know what's coming up next," Sana explains. Mix up your practice, and you now space the concepts apart. You can also see how concepts differ, form trends or fit together in some other way.

Suppose, for instance, you're learning about the volume of different shapes in math. You could do lots of problems on the volume of a wedge. Then you could answer more batches of questions, with each set dealing with just one shape. Or, you could figure out the volume of a cone, followed by a wedge. Next you might find the volume for a half-cone or a spheroid. Then you can mix them up some more. You might even mix in some practice on addition or division.

Rawson and others had groups of college students try each of those approaches. Those who interleaved their practice questions did better than the group that did single-batch practice, the researchers reported last year in Memory & Cognition.

A year earlier, Sana and others showed that interleaving can help students with both strong and weak working memory. Working memory lets you remember where you are in an activity, such as following a recipe.

7. Use pictures

Pay attention to diagrams and graphs in your class materials, says Nebel. "Those pictures can really boost your memory of this material. And if there aren't pictures, creating them can be really, really useful."

"I think these visual representations help you create more complete mental models," McDaniel says. He and Dung Bui, then also at Washington University, had students listen to a lecture on car brakes and pumps. One group got diagrams and was told to add notes as needed to the diagrams. Another group got an outline for writing notes. The third group just took notes. The outlines helped students if they were otherwise good at building mental models of what they were reading. But in these tests, they found, visual aids helped students across the board.

Even goofy pictures might help. Nikol Rummel is a psychologist at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany. In one study back in 2003, she and others gave cartoon drawings to college students along with information about five scientists who studied intelligence. For example, the text about Alfred Binet came with a drawing of a race car driver. The driver wore a bonnet to protect his brain. Students who saw the drawings did better on a test than did those who got only the text information.

8. Find examples

Abstract concepts can be hard to understand. It tends to be far easier to form a mental image if you have a concrete example of something, Nebel says.

For instance, sour foods usually taste that way because they contain an acid. On its own, that concept might be hard to remember. But if you think about a lemon or vinegar, it's easier to understand and remember that acids and sour go together. And the examples might help you to identify other foods' taste as being due to acids.

Indeed, it helps to have at least two examples if you want to apply information to new situations. Nebel and others reviewed studies on this in July 2019. Their Journal of Food Science Education report describes how students can improve their study skills.

9. Dig deeper

It's hard to remember a string of facts and figures if you don't push further. Ask why things are a certain way. How did they come about? Why do they matter? Psychologists call this elaboration. It's taking class material and "asking a lot of how and why questions about it," Nebel says. In other words, don't just accept facts at face value.

Elaboration helps you combine new information with other things you know. And it creates a bigger network in your brain of things that relate to one another, she says. That larger network makes it easier to learn and remember things.

Suppose you're asked to remember a string of facts about different men, says McDaniel. For example, "The hungry man got into the car. The strong man helped the woman. The brave man ran into the house." And so on. In one of his studies back in the '80s, college students had trouble remembering the bare statements. They did better when researchers gave them explanations for each man's action. And the students remembered a whole lot better when they had to answer questions about why each man did something.

"Good understanding produces really good memory," McDaniel says. "And that's key for a lot of students." If information just seems sort of random, ask more questions. Make sure you can explain the material. Better yet, he says, see if you can explain it to someone else. Some of his college students do this by calling home to explain what they're learning to their parents.

10. Make a plan - and stick to it

Many students know they should space out study periods, quiz themselves and practice other good skills. Yet many don't actually do those things. Often, they fail to plan ahead.

Back when Rawson was a student, she used a paper calendar for her planning. She wrote in the date for each exam. "And then for four or five other days," she recalls, "I wrote in time to study."

Try to stick to a routine, too. Have a set time and place where you do schoolwork and studying. It may seem odd at first. But, Kornell assures you, "by the time week two rolls around, it becomes a normal thing." And put your phone somewhere else while you work, adds Nebel.

Allow yourself short breaks. Set a timer for 25 minutes or so, suggests Sana. Study during that time, with no distractions. When the timer goes off, take a five or 10 minute break. Exercise. Check your phone. Maybe drink some water - whatever. Afterward, set the timer again.

"If you have a study plan, stick to it!" adds McDaniel. Recently, he and psychologist Gilles Einstein at Furman University in Greenville, S.C., looked at why students don't use good study skills. Many students know what those skills are, they report. But often they don't plan when they intend to put them in action. Even when students do make plans, something more enticing may come up. Studying has to become a priority, they say. The team published its report in Perspectives on Psychological Science on July 23.

Bonus: Be kind to yourself

Try to stick to a regular routine. And get enough sleep - not just the night before the test but for weeks or months on end. "Those things are really, really important for learning," Nebel says. Exercise helps as well, she says.

Don't stress out if all of this seems like a lot, she adds. If a lot seems new, try adding just one new study skill each week or two. Or at least space out your study sessions and practice retrieval for the first few months. As you get more practice, you can add more skills. And if you need help, ask.

Finally, if you struggle to follow the advice above (such as you can't keep track of time or find it very hard to just sit and focus on your work), you may have an undiagnosed condition, such as ADHD. To find out, check with your doctor. The good news: It may be treatable.

Doing schoolwork during a pandemic is a tough situation at best. But remember your teachers and classmates also face challenges. Like you, they have fears, concerns and questions. Be willing to cut them some slack. And be kind to yourself as well. After all, Kornell says, "we're all in this together."

Power Words
More About Power Words

abstract: Something that exists as an idea or thought but not concrete or tangible (touchable) in the real world. Beauty, love and memory are abstractions; cars, trees and water are concrete and tangible. (in publishing) A short summary of a scientific paper, a poster or a scientist's talk. Abstracts are useful to determine whether delving into the details of the whole scientific paper will yield the information you seek.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: (ADHD) This is a disorder characterized by not being able to focus or pay attention, being physically overactive, not being able to control behavior, or a combination of these.

biologist: A scientist involved in the study of living things.

coauthor: One of a group (two or more people) who together had prepared a written work, such as a book, report or research paper. Not all coauthors may have contributed equally.

cognition: The mental processes of thought, remembering, learning information and interpreting those data that the senses send to the brain.

colleague: Someone who works with another; a co-worker or team member.

concrete: To be solid and real.

COVID-19: A name given the coronavirus that caused a massive outbreak of potentially lethal disease, beginning in December 2019. Symptoms included pneumonia, fever, headaches and trouble breathing.

data: Facts and/or statistics collected together for analysis but not necessarily organized in a way that gives them meaning. For digital information (the type stored by computers), those data typically are numbers stored in a binary code, portrayed as strings of zeros and ones.

disorder: (in medicine) A condition where the body does not work appropriately, leading to what might be viewed as an illness. This term can sometimes be used interchangeably with disease.

distraction: Any event or situation that draws someone's attention away from whatever had been his or her main focus. Distractions can be external events, such as sounds or sights; or they can be internal events, such as thoughts or emotions.

journal: (in science) A publication in which scientists share their research findings with experts (and sometimes even the public). Some journals publish papers from all fields of science, technology, engineering and math, while others are specific to a single subject. The best journals are peer-reviewed: They send all submitted articles to outside experts to be read and critiqued. The goal, here, is to prevent the publication of mistakes, fraud or sloppy work.

model: A simulation of a real-world event (usually using a computer) that has been developed to portray something or to predict one or more likely outcomes. Or an individual or thing that is meant to display how something would work in or look on others.

online: (n.) On the internet. (adj.) A term for what can be found or accessed on the internet.

pandemic: An epidemic that affects a large proportion of the population across a country or the world.

preliminary: An early step or stage that precedes something more important.

primary: An adjective meaning major, first or most important. (In reference to colors).

psychological: An adjective that refers to how the human mind works, especially in relation to guiding actions and behavior.

psychologist: A scientist or mental-health professional who studies the human mind, especially in relation to actions and behaviors.

random: Something that occurs haphazardly or without reason, based on no intention or purpose.

recall: To remember.

spheroid: A term for something that is roundish, but not perfectly spherical.

stress: (in biology) A factor - such as unusual temperatures, movements, moisture or pollution - that affects the health of a species or ecosystem. (in psychology) A mental, physical, emotional or behavioral reaction to an event or circumstance (stressor) that disturbs a person or animal's usual state of being or places increased demands on a person or animal; psychological stress can be either positive or negative.

superficial: Something that is on the surface (hence, not deep), such as the skin of the body. Or, something that appears important until, looked at more closely, there is little substance to the claim.

tactic: An action or plan of action to accomplish a particular feat.

working memory: The ability to hold something in the mind for a short period of time and to adapt it for use, such as hearing a sequence of numbers, then reciting them backwards.

Kathiann Kowalski reports on all sorts of cutting-edge science. Previously, she practiced law with a large firm. Kathi enjoys hiking, sewing and reading. She also enjoys travel, especially family adventures and beach trips.

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Top 10 tips on how to study smarter, not longer

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As a teen, Faria Sana often highlighted books with markers. "The colors were supposed to tell me different things." Later, she recalls, "I had no idea what those highlighted texts were supposed to mean." She also took lots of notes as she read. But often she was "just copying words or changing the words around."

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On April 9, a volcano called La Soufrière erupted on Saint Vincent. Thousands of people on the island in the Caribbean Sea were forced to evacuate their homes. The massive explosion sent hot ash 32,000 feet into the sky. For days, the volcano continued to erupt, spewing ash and rock fragments.

"It's destroying everything in its path," Erouscilla Joseph says. She's director of the Seismic Research Centre at the University of the West Indies. "More explosions could occur," she says, adding that it's impossible to know whether they'd be bigger or smaller than what the island has seen so far.

Government-run shelters and empty cruise ships have taken in some evacuees. Others have fled to nearby islands to get out of harm's way.

More than 30 islands make up the country of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Ralph Gonsalves is its prime minister. He says people should stay calm and continue to protect themselves against the coronavirus.

La Soufrière began showing signs of activity in December. Until then, it had been inactive for decades. It last erupted in 1979. Elford Lewis, a farmer who evacuated his home on April 11, remembers the last big eruption. "This one is more serious," he says.
Stop and Think! What information does the author provide in the first paragraph of the article? How do the details in the rest of the article help you understand that information?

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On April 9, a volcano called La Soufrière erupted on Saint Vincent. Thousands of people on the island in the Caribbean Sea were forced to evacuate their homes. The massive explosion sent hot ash 32,000 feet into the sky. For...

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https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/scientists-say-anthropocene

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acidic: An adjective for materials that contain acid. Acidic materials often are capable of dissolving some minerals such as carbonate, or preventing their formation in the first place.

Anthropocene: Term coined by scientists to describe the age in which humans have been the strongest force of change on the planet. It is generally believed to date from at least the dawn of the Nuclear Age (in the middle 1940s), and possibly even earlier - from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s.

asteroid: A rocky object in orbit around the sun. Most asteroids orbit in a region that falls between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Astronomers refer to this region as the asteroid belt.

atmosphere: The envelope of gases surrounding Earth, another planet or a moon.

atomic: Having to do with atoms, the smallest possible unit that makes up a chemical element.

climate: The weather conditions that typically exist in one area, in general, or over a long period.

debris: Scattered fragments, typically of trash or of something that has been destroyed. Space debris, for instance, includes the wreckage of defunct satellites and spacecraft.

epoch: (in geology) A span of time in the geologic past that was shorter than a period (which is itself, part of some era ) and marked when some dramatic changes occurred.

eruption: (in geoscience) The sudden bursting or spraying of hot material from deep inside a planet or moon and out through its surface. Volcanic eruptions on Earth usually send hot lava, hot gases or ash into the air and across surrounding land. In colder parts of the solar system, eruptions often involve liquid water spraying out through cracks in an icy crust. This happens on Enceladus, a moon of Saturn that is covered in ice.

extinction: The permanent loss of a species, family or larger group of organisms.

fossil fuel: Any fuel - such as coal, petroleum (crude oil) or natural gas - that has developed within the Earth over millions of years from the decayed remains of bacteria, plants or animals.

fuel: Any material that will release energy during a controlled chemical or nuclear reaction. Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and petroleum) are a common type that liberate their energy through chemical reactions that take place when heated (usually to the point of burning).

geological: Adjective to describe things related to Earth's physical structure and substance, its history and the processes that act on it. People who work in this field are known as geologists.

greenhouse gas: A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing heat. Carbon dioxide is one example of a greenhouse gas.

Holocene: The current period in geologic time. Meaning "entirely recent," the Holocene began at the end of the last ice age, 11,700 years ago, and continues to the present time.

ice age: Earth has experienced at least five major ice ages, which are prolonged periods of unusually cold weather experienced by much of the planet. During that time, which can last hundreds to thousands of years, glaciers and ice sheets expand in size and depth. The most recent ice age peaked 21,500 years ago, but continued until about 13,000 years ago.

Industrial Revolution: A period of time around 1750 that was marked by new manufacturing processes and a switch from wood to coal and other fossil fuels as a main source of energy.

planet: A large celestial object that orbits a star but unlike a star does not generate any visible light.

plastic: Any of a series of materials that are easily deformable; or synthetic materials that have been made from polymers (long strings of some building-block molecule) that tend to be lightweight, inexpensive and resistant to degradation.

radioactive: An adjective that describes unstable elements, such as certain forms (isotopes) of uranium and plutonium. Such elements are said to be unstable because their nucleus sheds energy that is carried away by photons and/or and often one or more subatomic particles. This emission of energy is by a process known as radioactive decay.

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acidic: An adjective for materials that contain acid. Acidic materials often are capable of dissolving some minerals such as carbonate, or preventing their formation in the first place. Anthropocene: Term coined by scientists to describe the age in which humans have been the strongest force of change on the planet.

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Alfvén wave: A type of magnetic wave that can develop in hot plasma.

Antarctica: A continent mostly covered in ice, which sits in the southernmost part of the world.

arc: A curve, often mapping out what appears to be part of a circle.

atmosphere: The envelope of gases surrounding Earth, another planet or a moon.

atom: The basic unit of a chemical element. Atoms are made up of a dense nucleus that contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The nucleus is orbited by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

aurora: A light display in the sky caused when incoming energetic particles from the sun collide with gas molecules in a planet's upper atmosphere. The best known of these is Earth's aurora borealis, or northern lights. On some outer gas planets, like Jupiter and Saturn, the combination of a fast rate of rotation and strong magnetic field leads to high electrical currents in the upper atmosphere, above the planets' poles. This, too, can cause auroral "light" shows in their upper atmosphere.

aurora borealis: Also known as the northern lights, this light display in the Northern Hemisphere sky is caused when incoming energetic particles from the sun collide with gas molecules in Earth's upper atmosphere.

comet: A celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust. When a comet passes near the sun, gas and dust vaporize off the comet's surface, creating its trailing "tail."

crest: The highest part of a hill, a mountain or a swell of water. (in physics) The top, or highest point, in a wave.

diffuse: adj.) To be spread out thinly over a great area; not concise or concentrated. (v) To spread light or to broadly release some substance through a liquid (such as water or air) or through some surface (such as a membrane).

distort: (n. distortion) To change the shape or image of something in a way that makes it hard to recognize, or to change the perception or characterization of something (as to mislead).

ejection: A sudden or forceful removal or jettisoning of something from its position, container or housing.

electron: A negatively charged particle, usually found orbiting the outer regions of an atom; also, the carrier of electricity within solids.

equator: An imaginary line around Earth that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Europa: One of the moons of Jupiter and the sixth-closest satellite to the planet. Europa, 1,951 miles across, has a network of dark lines on a bright, icy surface.

excite: (in chemistry and physics) To transfer energy to one or more outer electrons in an atom. They remain in this higher energy state until they shed the extra energy through the emission of some type of radiation, such as light.

field: (in physics) A region in space where certain physical effects operate, such as magnetism (created by a magnetic field), gravity (by a gravitational field), mass (by a Higgs field) or electricity (by an electrical field).

frequency: The number of times some periodic phenomenon occurs within a specified time interval. (In physics) The number of wavelengths that occurs over a particular interval of time.

friction: The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over or through another material (such as a fluid or a gas). Friction generally causes a heating, which can damage a surface of some material as it rubs against another.

gale: A very strong wind at sea or coming off of the sea. To qualify as a gale, winds must be at least 51 to 102 kilometers per hour (32 to 63 miles per hour).

gas giant: A giant planet that is made mostly of helium and hydrogen, which on Earth are gases. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants.

Greenland: The world's largest island, Greenland sits between the Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic. Although it is technically part of North America (sitting just east of Northern Canada), Greenland has been linked more politically to Europe. Ice covers roughly 80 percent of Greenland. Indeed, the Greenland ice sheet is the world's largest. If its frozen water were to melt, it could raise sea levels around the world by 6 meters (about 20 feet).

Iceland: A largely arctic nation in the North Atlantic, sitting between Greenland and the western edge of Northern Europe. Its volcanic island was settled between the late 800s and 1100 by immigrants from Norway and Celtic lands (ones governed by the Scots and Irish). It is currently home to roughly a third of a million people.

infrared: A type of electromagnetic radiation invisible to the human eye. The name incorporates a Latin term and means "below red." Infrared light has wavelengths longer than those visible to humans. Other invisible wavelengths include X-rays, radio waves and microwaves. Infrared light tends to record the heat signature of an object or environment.

Jupiter: (in astronomy) The solar system's largest planet, it has the shortest day length (9 hours, 55 minutes). A gas giant, its low density indicates that this planet is composed mostly of the light elements hydrogen and helium. This planet also releases more heat than it receives from the sun as gravity compresses its mass (and slowly shrinks the planet).

magnetic field: An area of influence created by certain materials, called magnets, or by the movement of electric charges.

mass: A number that shows how much an object resists speeding up and slowing down - basically a measure of how much matter that object is made from.

moon: The natural satellite of any planet.

New Zealand: An island nation in the southwest Pacific Ocean, roughly 1,500 kilometers (some 900 miles) east of Australia. Its "mainland" - consisting of a North and South Island - is quite volcanically active. In addition, the country includes many far smaller offshore islands.

nitrogen: A colorless, odorless and nonreactive gaseous element that forms about 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere. Its scientific symbol is N. Nitrogen is released in the form of nitrogen oxides as fossil fuels burn. It comes in two stable forms. Both have 14 protons in the nucleus. But one has 14 neutrons in that nucleus; the other has 15. For that difference, they are known, respectively, as nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 (or ¹⁴N and ¹⁵ N).

oxygen: A gas that makes up about 21 percent of Earth's atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their growth (and metabolism).

parallel: An adjective that describes two things that are side by side and have the same distance between their parts. In the word "all," the final two letters are parallel lines. Or two things, events or processes that have much in common if compared side by side.

particle: A minute amount of something.

phenomena: Events or developments that are surprising or unusual.

photon: A particle representing the smallest possible amount of light or other type of electromagnetic radiation.

planet: A large celestial object that orbits a star but unlike a star does not generate any visible light.

plasma: (in chemistry and physics) A gaseous state of matter in which electrons separate from the atom. A plasma includes both positively and negatively charged particles. (in medicine) The colorless fluid part of blood.

plume: (in biology) A single large feather. (in environmental sciences) The movement of some gas or liquid, under the direction of gravity, winds or currents. It may be in air, soil or water. It gets its name from the fact that it tends to be long and relatively thin, shaped like a large feather. (in geology) Fluids (air, water or magma typically) that move, largely intact, in a feather-like shape over long distances.

poles: (in Earth science and astronomy) The cold regions of the planet that exist farthest from the equator; the upper and lower ends of the virtual axis around which a celestial object rotates. (in physics and electrical engineering) The ends of a magnet. (in chemistry) two areas of opposite electrical charge, one positive and one negative.

Saturn: The sixth planet out from the sun in our solar system. One of the two gas giants, this planet takes 10.6 hours to rotate (completing a day) and 29.5 Earth years to complete one orbit of the sun. It has at least 82 moons. But what most distinguishes this planet is the broad and flat plane of bright rings that orbit it.

shroud: A cloth sometimes used in burials to cover the body. It can also mean any cover that drapes over something, hiding its details.

Siberia: A region in northern Asia, almost all of which falls within Russia. This land takes its name from the language of the Tatar people, where Siber means sleeping land. This region is vast. It has become famous for its long, harsh winters, where temperatures can fall to −68° Celsius (−90° Fahrenheit).

solar: Having to do with the sun or the radiation it emits. It comes from sol, Latin for sun.

solar wind: A flow of charged particles (including atomic nuclei) that have been ejected from the surface of the star, such as our sun. It can permeate the solar system. This is called a stellar wind, when emitted by a star other than the sun.

sun: The star at the center of Earth's solar system. It is about 27,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Also a term for any sunlike star.

Tasmania: A major, mountainous island of Australia, south of the eastern part of the mainland across the Bass Strait. Until 1856, Tasmania had been known as Van Diemen's Land. Home to nearly 500,000 people, it's capital city is Hobart. The name also refers to a state in Australia that comprises this island and several smaller ones.

thermal: Of or relating to heat. (in meteorology) A relatively small-scale, rising air current produced when Earth's surface is heated. Thermals are a common source of low level turbulence for aircraft.

thermosphere: An upper region of the atmosphere that extends from 85 to 600 kilometers (53 to 372 miles) above Earth's surface. In the thermosphere, temperature increases with height because of the sun's energy. It's upper boundary is known as the thermopause.

ultraviolet: A portion of the light spectrum that is close to violet but invisible to the human eye.

unique: Something that is unlike anything else; the only one of its kind.

velocity: The speed of something in a given direction.

wave: A disturbance or variation that travels through space and matter in a regular, oscillating fashion.

wavelength: The distance between one peak and the next in a series of waves, or the distance between one trough and the next. It's also one of the "yardsticks" used to measure radiation. Visible light - which, like all electromagnetic radiation, travels in waves - includes wavelengths between about 380 nanometers (violet) and about 740 nanometers (red). Radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light includes gamma rays, X-rays and ultraviolet light. Longer-wavelength radiation includes infrared light, microwaves and radio waves.

X-ray: A type of radiation analogous to gamma rays, but having somewhat lower energy.

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Alfvén wave: A type of magnetic wave that can develop in hot plasma. Antarctica: A continent mostly covered in ice, which sits in the southernmost part of the world. arc: A curve, often mapping out what appears to be part of a circle. atmosphere: The envelope of gases surrounding Earth, another planet or a moon.

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Go to the window and look outside. Are there clouds in the sky? How many? Are they puffy or wispy? Are they blocking sunlight or letting it through?

NASA scientists are interested in your answers. They're using the power of "citizen science" to gather information about clouds from people all over the world. Amateur scientists contribute to professional research by making observations × observation TONY ROWELL-GETTY IMAGES something you notice (noun) The astronomer's observations led to the announcement of a new planet. and processing data.

DIY Research

Citizen scientists don't usually need special training or equipment. It may not even matter where they live. Often, projects are open to people of all ages. Many participants are kids.

"This is a fundamental × fundamental TETRA IMAGES-GETTY IMAGES basic (adjective) The United States Constitution ensures our fundamental rights. , real way for young people to engage in science that is useful and important," Darlene Cavalier says. She founded a website called SciStarter. It helps people find projects they might like to participate in.

For NASA's GLOBE Observer program, volunteers use an app on a mobile device to submit cloud observations. While satellites photograph clouds from above, volunteers study them from below. "By combining the two, we get a more complete picture," says Jessica Taylor, of NASA. Researchers use the data to learn about weather and climate change.

There are thousands of citizen science projects to choose from. You can measure light pollution, study the diet of ants, or locate bees. Sometimes, volunteers gather data from their own backyard. Other projects happen online. One provides underwater images of beluga whales. Volunteers then identify things like each whale's age and gender.

The COVID Effect

COVID-19 has halted or slowed some scientific research. Because of the pandemic, many scientists have not been able to travel to do their work. Citizen science has helped fill in the gaps, because people can submit data gathered where they live.

With more people staying home because of the pandemic, scientists have seen a rise in the number of people volunteering for research projects. In April, SciStarter saw five times more engagement on its website than it had seen the year before. Cavalier hopes the increased interest continues.

"There are so many questions out there, and scientists do not yet have all the answers," she says. "They need your help."

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Go to the window and look outside. Are there clouds in the sky? How many? Are they puffy or wispy? Are they blocking sunlight or letting it through? NASA scientists are interested in your answers. They're using the power of...

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https://www.timeforkids.com/g34/saving-monarchs/

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In the 1980s, about 4½ million monarch butterflies spent winter on the coast of California and northern Mexico every year. "There would be these forests of monarch butterflies looking like leaves on trees," Elizabeth Crone told TIME for Kids. She's a professor at Tufts University. That's in Massachusetts. Crone studies monarchs.

GEORGE ROSE-GETTY IMAGES

In 2020, fewer than 2,000 monarchs were counted in California. Their population has dropped more than 99%. "The decline has been pretty staggering," Hillary Sardiñas says. She works for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). In the West, "folks haven't seen monarchs in a number of years."

CDFW, River Partners, and other groups want to change that. They began last year to plant 30,000 milkweeds in California. Monarchs need milkweed to survive. Will this plan save the species?

Monarchs and Milkweed

Monarchs breed only where milkweed is growing. Females lay eggs on it. Monarch caterpillars eat it. The plant is poisonous to many animals. But not to monarchs. Its poisons build up in the butterfly's body. This makes the monarch deadly to predators.

COURTESY CHERYL SCHULTZ

In California, milkweed is "virtually gone" due to farming, according to Cheryl Schultz. She teaches at Washington State University. She's an adviser on the project. Schultz says the goal "is to get enough milkweed into the landscape so that when monarchs are migrating and leave the coast, they can find places to breed."

COURTESY RIVER PARTNERS

There are two groups of monarch butterflies in North America. Eastern monarchs live east of the Rocky Mountains. They migrate south to Mexico in the fall. They fly back north in the spring. Western monarchs live west of the Rockies. In the fall, they migrate to California and northern Mexico. In the spring, they fly inland × inland SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY-NASA/GETTY IMAGES away from the coast (adverb) As the hurricane approached, we traveled inland. .

Both groups are in decline. Scientists blame habitat loss, climate change, and pesticides. But monarchs aren't on the endangered-species list. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service said last year that the butterflies deserved protection. But it thinks other species need more help.

In the Field

Last March, Asia Jones led a planting crew for River Partners. It worked at the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. Team members planted milkweed rhizomes rhizome a thick plant stem that grows underground and has shoots and roots growing from it (noun) People use a ginger plant's rhizome to spice up their dishes. . "They'd walk in a straight line down a row," Jones says. "Every three feet, they'd dig a quick hole and throw in a rhizome."

COURTESY RIVER PARTNERS

COURTESY RIVER PARTNERS

Data from the next western monarch butterfly count is due in January. "People like to see these bright-colored orange butterflies," Crone says. Schultz thinks it will take at least 10 years for the numbers to go up. "Restoring the habitat takes time," she says. "But I have an incredible sense of hope that we can do this."

You Can Help

TEDDI YAEGER PHOTOGRAPHY/GETTY IMAGES; MARKO GEBER-GETTY IMAGES (INSET BUTTERFLY); COMPOSITE BY STEPHEN BLUE FOR TIME FOR KIDS

Do your part to protect monarchs. "What I want kids to do is get engaged," says Hillary Sardiñas of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. How? Plant native milkweed. And if you are in the West and you see a monarch, take a photo. Upload it to the Western Monarch Milkweed Mapper. "You can help track the migrating monarchs and understand where they are during the year," Sardiñas says. "That is super valuable information to us."

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In the 1980s, about 4½ million monarch butterflies spent winter on the coast of California and northern Mexico every year. "There would be these forests of monarch butterflies looking like leaves on trees," Elizabeth Crone told TIME for Kids. She's...

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https://www.dogonews.com/2021/5/17/dont-miss-the-super-blood-moon-eclipse-on-may-26

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The May 26, 2021, total lunar eclipse will coincide with a supermoon (Credit: Dimitri Biemond / CC-By-SA- 2.0/ via Wikimedia Commons)

While total lunar eclipses are always spectacular, the one on May 26, 2021, promises to be particularly memorable given that it coincides with a supermoon. This means that the Moon - which will be at perigee, or its closest distance to Earth - will appear about 7 percent larger and 15 percent brighter than a standard full Moon. The eclipse will be most visible from the western parts of the Americas, Australia and New Zealand, and Eastern Asia. In the US, the best views will be reserved for Hawaii, Alaska, and the western states.

During a total lunar eclipse, the Earth's shadow falls on the Moon (Credit: cehhs.utk.edu)

For a total lunar eclipse to occur, two conditions have to be met: the Moon has to be full and in perfect alignment with the Earth and Sun. Lunar eclipses do not occur every full Moon because the plane of our satellite's orbit is slightly tilted to that of the Earth's, and, hence, not always in a straight line.

As you are probably aware, the Moon does not produce any light of its own - it merely reflects the light from the Sun. Therefore, when our planet gets in between the two celestial objects, it creates a shadow on the lunar surface. However, instead of going dark, our satellite transforms into what is commonly called a "blood moon." Though regarded as a bad omen by some, the spooky color is caused by the Sun's rays bending around the edge of our planet and landing on the Moon. Since the Earth's atmosphere scatters the shorter wavelength colors, like green or blue, only the longer wavelengths - or the redder end of the spectrum - reach the lunar surface, giving it an eerie "blood red" appearance.

"The exact color that the moon appears depends on the amount of dust and clouds in the atmosphere," NASA scientists told Space.com. "If there are extra particles in the atmosphere, from say a recent volcanic eruption, the moon will appear a darker shade of red."

Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be seen from specific areas, a lunar eclipse is visible from every place on the Earth's night side. It can also be viewed without any protective glasses. While totality usually lasts for only about 15 minutes, it typically takes the Moon a few hours to emerge from the Earth's shadow, providing viewers ample time to enjoy the event.

A map showing where the May 26, 2021, lunar eclipse is visible. Contours mark the edge of the visibility region at eclipse contact times (Credit: Svs.gsfc.nasa.gov)

This year's show will begin early in the morning at 5:45 am EDT (2:45 am PDT) when the Earth's shadow begins to traverse across the front of the Moon. The "blood moon" will occur from 7:11 am EDT (4:11 am PDT) until 7:26 am EDT (4:26 am PDT), when the Earth completely blocks the satellite from the Sun. As our planet moves on, the satellite will gradually start to receive the Sun's rays, and, by 8:52 am EDT (5:52 am PDT), the supermoon will be restored to its full glory.

While US residents will have to rise early to view the event, it may be worth losing a little sleep, given that this will be 2021's first and only total lunar eclipse. The cosmic phenomenon won't occur again until May 15, 2022!

Resources: JPL/NASA.Gov, Earthsky.org, Cnet.com

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Don't Miss The "Super Blood Moon" Eclipse On May 26

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While total lunar eclipses are always spectacular, the one on May 26, 2021, promises to be particularly memorable given that it coincides with a supermoon. This means that the Moon - which will be at perigee, or its closest distance to Earth - will appear about 7 percent larger and 15 percent brighter than a standard full Moon.

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https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/analyze-this-some-female-hummingbirds-go-undercover

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aggressive: (n. aggressiveness) Quick to fight or argue, or forceful in making efforts to succeed or win.

attention: The phenomenon of focusing mental resources on a specific object or event.

biologist: A scientist involved in the study of living things.

birds: Warm-blooded animals with wings that first showed up during the time of the dinosaurs. Birds are jacketed in feathers and produce young from the eggs they deposit in some sort of nest. Most birds fly, but throughout history there have been the occasional species that don't.

bullying: (v. to bully) A group of repeated behaviors that are mean-spirited. They can include teasing, spreading rumors about someone, saying hurtful things to someone and intentionally leaving someone out of groups or activities. Sometimes bullying can include attacks using violence (such as hitting), threats of violence, yelling at someone or abusing someone with violent language. Much bullying takes place in person. But it also may occur online, through emails or via text messages. Newer examples including making fake profiles of people on websites or posting embarrassing photos or videos on social media.

colleague: Someone who works with another; a co-worker or team member.

confidence interval: An estimated range of values - derived from a set of data - that are likely to contain the real value. This range is used to understand the amount of uncertainty in a sample of data. Confidence intervals are usually expressed in a percentage. For example, a 95 percent confidence interval means that in 95 tests out of 100, the result a scientist obtained would be within that range.

data: Facts and/or statistics collected together for analysis but not necessarily organized in a way that gives them meaning. For digital information (the type stored by computers), those data typically are numbers stored in a binary code, portrayed as strings of zeros and ones.

error: (In statistics) The non-deterministic (random) part of the relationship between two or more variables.

evolutionary: An adjective that refers to changes that occur within a species over time as it adapts to its environment. Such evolutionary changes usually reflect genetic variation and natural selection, which leave a new type of organism better suited for its environment than its ancestors. The newer type is not necessarily more "advanced," just better adapted to the conditions in which it developed.

evolutionary biologist: Someone who studies the adaptive processes that have led to the diversity of life on Earth. These scientists can study many different subjects, including the microbiology and genetics of living organisms, how species change to adapt, and the fossil record (to assess how various ancient species are related to each other and to modern-day relatives).

evolve: (adj. evolving) To change gradually over generations, or a long period of time. In living organisms, such an evolution usually involves random changes to genes that will then be passed along to an individual's offspring. These can lead to new traits, such as altered coloration, new susceptibility to disease or protection from it, or different shaped features (such as legs, antennae, toes or internal organs). Nonliving things may also be described as evolving if they change over time. For instance, the miniaturization of computers is sometimes described as these devices evolving to smaller, more complex devices.

frequency: The number of times some periodic phenomenon occurs within a specified time interval. (In physics) The number of wavelengths that occurs over a particular interval of time.

nectar: A sugary fluid secreted by plants, especially by flowers. It encourages pollination by insects and other animals. It is collected by bees to make into honey.

ornithology: The scientific study of birds. Experts who work in this field are known as ornithologists.

radar: A system for calculating the position, distance or other important characteristic of a distant object. It works by sending out periodic radio waves that bounce off of the object and then measuring how long it takes that bounced signal to return. Radar can detect moving objects, like airplanes. It also can be used to map the shape of land - even land covered by ice.

range: The full extent or distribution of something. For instance, a plant or animal's range is the area over which it naturally exists. (in math or for measurements) The extent to which variation in values is possible. Also, the distance within which something can be reached or perceived.

species: A group of similar organisms capable of producing offspring that can survive and reproduce.

tag: (in conservation science) To attach some rugged band or package of instruments onto an animal. Sometimes the tag is used to give each individual a unique identification number. Once attached to the leg, ear or other part of the body of a critter, it can effectively become the animal's "name." In some instances, a tag can collect information from the environment around the animal as well. This helps scientists understand both the environment and the animal's role within it.

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Analyze This: Some female hummingbirds go undercover

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aggressive: (n. aggressiveness) Quick to fight or argue, or forceful in making efforts to succeed or win. attention: The phenomenon of focusing mental resources on a specific object or event. biologist: A scientist involved in the study of living things. birds: Warm-blooded animals with wings that first showed up during the time of the dinosaurs.

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https://www.dogonews.com/2021/3/11/worlds-oldest-dna-recovered-from-million-year-old-siberian-mammoth-teeth

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World’s Oldest DNA Recovered From Million-Year-Old Siberian Mammoth Teeth

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A team of Swedish scientists has successfully extracted and reconstructed the world’s oldest DNA from the tooth of a Siberian mammoth, which roamed Earth over a million years ago. Also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, the all-important molecule — which contains the genetic instructions for the develo…

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The western false asphodel is the first carnivorous plant found in two decades (Credit: Danilo Lima)

The western false asphodel - an herb-like plant found in abundance along North America's West Coast - has been known to science since 1879. But it is only recently that researchers from the University of British Columbia discovered the innocent-looking plant's penchant for insects. The finding is particularly exciting given that this is the first new predatory plant to be discovered in 20 years.

"We had no idea it was carnivorous," says study co-author and botanist Sean Graham. "This was not found in some exotic tropical location, but really right on our doorstep in Vancouver. You could literally walk out from Vancouver to this field site."

The sticky hairs on the flower's stem trap tiny insects (Credit: Qianshi Lin)

The researchers stumbled upon the plant's well-kept secret accidentally. While studying plant genetics, they noticed that the western false asphodel lacked the same gene as other insect-munching plants. Since the plant thrives in the same kind of wet, sunny habitat with nutrient-poor soil as other carnivorous plants, they wondered if it trapped bugs for nourishment as well.

"And then they have these sticky stems," Graham told NPR. "So, you know, it was kind of like, hmm, I wonder if this could be a sign that this might be carnivorous."

To test if the plant could absorb animal nutrients, the team attached some dead fruit flies to the stem's sticky hairs. The insects had been fed nitrogen-15 isotopes. The commonly used technique allows scientists to determine the flow of the gas. Sure enough, they found that over half of the wildflower's nitrogen came from the fruit flies. Additionally, the digestive enzyme released by the plant's sticky hairs to break down the prey was similar to that found in other carnivorous plants.

The stem secretes a digestive enzyme to help break down the prey (Credit: Qianshi Lin)

The scientists, who published their findings in the August 17, 2021, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, say this is the first time they have encountered predatory traps on the flower's stem. Most carnivorous plants develop unique structures further away from their flowers to prevent accidentally killing pollinators. The western false asphodel can get away with its unusual prey-capturing technique because the sticky hairs on its stem can only capture small insects such as midges, not the larger bees or butterflies involved in pollination.

This unexpected scientific finding raises the possibility of finding many other carnivorous plants hiding in plain sight. "It's a good reminder that we still don't know much about the ecology of a lot of individual plant species, even in well-known environments, " says study co-author Dr. Qianshi Lin.

Resources: NPR.com, Sciencenews.org, PNAS.org

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Commonly Found North American Wildflower Turns Out To Be A Carnivore

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The western false asphodel - an herb-like plant found in abundance along North America's West Coast - has been known to science since 1879. But it is only recently that researchers from the University of British Columbia discovered the innocent-looking plant's penchant for insects.

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The Cumbre Vieja volcano eruption is causing extensive damage in La Palma (Credit: INVOLCAN.org)

La Palma, one of Spain's Canary Islands, has been feeling the wrath of the Cumbre Vieja volcano since September 19, 2021. The explosive volcano, which came to life shortly after 3:00 pm local time, has been spewing out large amounts of molten lava, sometimes up to 20 feet (6 meters) high. The slow-moving rivers of magma have destroyed nearly 400 homes,buried dozens of kilometers of roads, and consumed hundreds of acres of farmland.

On Tuesday, September 28, 2021, the Canary Islands Volcanic Institute confirmed that the lava had started pouring into the Atlantic Ocean. Officials fear that the magma's interaction with the cold water will release toxic gases and small particles. They are asking area residents to stay indoors and keep their windows closed. Scientists are also concerned that the chemical reactions between the lava and water may result in powerful underwater explosions.

Experts are unsure when Cumbre Vieja, or "Old Summit," will calm down. La Palma's Teneguía volcano, which came alive in 1971, remained active for more than three weeks. "The only way to know is to know the total volume of eruptible magma under Cumbre Vieja," says Pablo J. González, a physical volcanologist at the Spanish National Research Council. "That piece of information is unknown."

The only silver lining is that no lives have been lost yet. Cumbre Vieja provided plenty of warning - in the form of 20,000 small earthquakes - during the week leading up to the first eruption. This, together with the magma's slow pace, has allowed officials to safely evacuate the over 6,000 residents in its path.

The massive volcanic eruption was captured in an image by NASA's Landsat 8 satellite (Credit: Earthobservatory.NASA.gov)

La Palma is among the smallest of the main eight volcanic islands in Spain's Canary Islands archipelago, which is strung along Africa's northwestern coast. The largely rural community of 85,000 residents depends on crops like bananas, avocados, and grapes for its livelihood. Unfortunately, the lava has buried many plantations and left thousands homeless. While it may take months, or perhaps even a few years, to recover from the destruction, the Spanish government has promised to do everything it can to help.

"The people of La Palma should rest assured that we have all the resources and emergency personnel necessary," Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez said after meeting the local officials on September 19, 2021.

Resources: elpais.com, Smithsonianmag.com, NPR.com,

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Canary Island Volcano Continues To Erupt After Two Weeks

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La Palma, one of Spain's Canary Islands, has been feeling the wrath of the Cumbre Vieja volcano since September 19, 2021. The explosive volcano, which came to life shortly after 3:00 pm local time, has been spewing out large amounts of molten lava, sometimes up to 20 feet (6 meters) high.

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DOGO News - Kids news articles on science! Kids current events; plus kids news on science, sports, and more!

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Read our kids news articles on science. Read news articles on science like “This Armored Ancestor Of Modern Crocodiles Roamed Earth Over 200 Million Years Ago”, “Powerful Solar Storms Create Dazzling Auroras”, and “Smart Orangutan Uses Medicinal Plant To Heal Wound”.

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Alfvén wave: A type of magnetic wave that can develop in hot plasma.

Antarctica: A continent mostly covered in ice, which sits in the southernmost part of the world.

arc: A curve, often mapping out what appears to be part of a circle.

atmosphere: The envelope of gases surrounding Earth, another planet or a moon.

atom: The basic unit of a chemical element. Atoms are made up of a dense nucleus that contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The nucleus is orbited by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

aurora: A light display in the sky caused when incoming energetic particles from the sun collide with gas molecules in a planet's upper atmosphere. The best known of these is Earth's aurora borealis, or northern lights. On some outer gas planets, like Jupiter and Saturn, the combination of a fast rate of rotation and strong magnetic field leads to high electrical currents in the upper atmosphere, above the planets' poles. This, too, can cause auroral "light" shows in their upper atmosphere.

aurora borealis: Also known as the northern lights, this light display in the Northern Hemisphere sky is caused when incoming energetic particles from the sun collide with gas molecules in Earth's upper atmosphere.

comet: A celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust. When a comet passes near the sun, gas and dust vaporize off the comet's surface, creating its trailing "tail."

crest: The highest part of a hill, a mountain or a swell of water. (in physics) The top, or highest point, in a wave.

diffuse: adj.) To be spread out thinly over a great area; not concise or concentrated. (v) To spread light or to broadly release some substance through a liquid (such as water or air) or through some surface (such as a membrane).

distort: (n. distortion) To change the shape or image of something in a way that makes it hard to recognize, or to change the perception or characterization of something (as to mislead).

ejection: A sudden or forceful removal or jettisoning of something from its position, container or housing.

electron: A negatively charged particle, usually found orbiting the outer regions of an atom; also, the carrier of electricity within solids.

equator: An imaginary line around Earth that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Europa: One of the moons of Jupiter and the sixth-closest satellite to the planet. Europa, 1,951 miles across, has a network of dark lines on a bright, icy surface.

excite: (in chemistry and physics) To transfer energy to one or more outer electrons in an atom. They remain in this higher energy state until they shed the extra energy through the emission of some type of radiation, such as light.

field: (in physics) A region in space where certain physical effects operate, such as magnetism (created by a magnetic field), gravity (by a gravitational field), mass (by a Higgs field) or electricity (by an electrical field).

frequency: The number of times some periodic phenomenon occurs within a specified time interval. (In physics) The number of wavelengths that occurs over a particular interval of time.

friction: The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over or through another material (such as a fluid or a gas). Friction generally causes a heating, which can damage a surface of some material as it rubs against another.

gale: A very strong wind at sea or coming off of the sea. To qualify as a gale, winds must be at least 51 to 102 kilometers per hour (32 to 63 miles per hour).

gas giant: A giant planet that is made mostly of helium and hydrogen, which on Earth are gases. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants.

Greenland: The world's largest island, Greenland sits between the Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic. Although it is technically part of North America (sitting just east of Northern Canada), Greenland has been linked more politically to Europe. Ice covers roughly 80 percent of Greenland. Indeed, the Greenland ice sheet is the world's largest. If its frozen water were to melt, it could raise sea levels around the world by 6 meters (about 20 feet).

Iceland: A largely arctic nation in the North Atlantic, sitting between Greenland and the western edge of Northern Europe. Its volcanic island was settled between the late 800s and 1100 by immigrants from Norway and Celtic lands (ones governed by the Scots and Irish). It is currently home to roughly a third of a million people.

infrared: A type of electromagnetic radiation invisible to the human eye. The name incorporates a Latin term and means "below red." Infrared light has wavelengths longer than those visible to humans. Other invisible wavelengths include X-rays, radio waves and microwaves. Infrared light tends to record the heat signature of an object or environment.

Jupiter: (in astronomy) The solar system's largest planet, it has the shortest day length (9 hours, 55 minutes). A gas giant, its low density indicates that this planet is composed mostly of the light elements hydrogen and helium. This planet also releases more heat than it receives from the sun as gravity compresses its mass (and slowly shrinks the planet).

magnetic field: An area of influence created by certain materials, called magnets, or by the movement of electric charges.

mass: A number that shows how much an object resists speeding up and slowing down - basically a measure of how much matter that object is made from.

moon: The natural satellite of any planet.

New Zealand: An island nation in the southwest Pacific Ocean, roughly 1,500 kilometers (some 900 miles) east of Australia. Its "mainland" - consisting of a North and South Island - is quite volcanically active. In addition, the country includes many far smaller offshore islands.

nitrogen: A colorless, odorless and nonreactive gaseous element that forms about 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere. Its scientific symbol is N. Nitrogen is released in the form of nitrogen oxides as fossil fuels burn. It comes in two stable forms. Both have 14 protons in the nucleus. But one has 14 neutrons in that nucleus; the other has 15. For that difference, they are known, respectively, as nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 (or ¹⁴N and ¹⁵ N).

oxygen: A gas that makes up about 21 percent of Earth's atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their growth (and metabolism).

parallel: An adjective that describes two things that are side by side and have the same distance between their parts. In the word "all," the final two letters are parallel lines. Or two things, events or processes that have much in common if compared side by side.

particle: A minute amount of something.

phenomena: Events or developments that are surprising or unusual.

photon: A particle representing the smallest possible amount of light or other type of electromagnetic radiation.

planet: A large celestial object that orbits a star but unlike a star does not generate any visible light.

plasma: (in chemistry and physics) A gaseous state of matter in which electrons separate from the atom. A plasma includes both positively and negatively charged particles. (in medicine) The colorless fluid part of blood.

plume: (in biology) A single large feather. (in environmental sciences) The movement of some gas or liquid, under the direction of gravity, winds or currents. It may be in air, soil or water. It gets its name from the fact that it tends to be long and relatively thin, shaped like a large feather. (in geology) Fluids (air, water or magma typically) that move, largely intact, in a feather-like shape over long distances.

poles: (in Earth science and astronomy) The cold regions of the planet that exist farthest from the equator; the upper and lower ends of the virtual axis around which a celestial object rotates. (in physics and electrical engineering) The ends of a magnet. (in chemistry) two areas of opposite electrical charge, one positive and one negative.

Saturn: The sixth planet out from the sun in our solar system. One of the two gas giants, this planet takes 10.6 hours to rotate (completing a day) and 29.5 Earth years to complete one orbit of the sun. It has at least 82 moons. But what most distinguishes this planet is the broad and flat plane of bright rings that orbit it.

shroud: A cloth sometimes used in burials to cover the body. It can also mean any cover that drapes over something, hiding its details.

Siberia: A region in northern Asia, almost all of which falls within Russia. This land takes its name from the language of the Tatar people, where Siber means sleeping land. This region is vast. It has become famous for its long, harsh winters, where temperatures can fall to −68° Celsius (−90° Fahrenheit).

solar: Having to do with the sun or the radiation it emits. It comes from sol, Latin for sun.

solar wind: A flow of charged particles (including atomic nuclei) that have been ejected from the surface of the star, such as our sun. It can permeate the solar system. This is called a stellar wind, when emitted by a star other than the sun.

sun: The star at the center of Earth's solar system. It is about 27,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Also a term for any sunlike star.

Tasmania: A major, mountainous island of Australia, south of the eastern part of the mainland across the Bass Strait. Until 1856, Tasmania had been known as Van Diemen's Land. Home to nearly 500,000 people, it's capital city is Hobart. The name also refers to a state in Australia that comprises this island and several smaller ones.

thermal: Of or relating to heat. (in meteorology) A relatively small-scale, rising air current produced when Earth's surface is heated. Thermals are a common source of low level turbulence for aircraft.

thermosphere: An upper region of the atmosphere that extends from 85 to 600 kilometers (53 to 372 miles) above Earth's surface. In the thermosphere, temperature increases with height because of the sun's energy. It's upper boundary is known as the thermopause.

ultraviolet: A portion of the light spectrum that is close to violet but invisible to the human eye.

unique: Something that is unlike anything else; the only one of its kind.

velocity: The speed of something in a given direction.

wave: A disturbance or variation that travels through space and matter in a regular, oscillating fashion.

wavelength: The distance between one peak and the next in a series of waves, or the distance between one trough and the next. It's also one of the "yardsticks" used to measure radiation. Visible light - which, like all electromagnetic radiation, travels in waves - includes wavelengths between about 380 nanometers (violet) and about 740 nanometers (red). Radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light includes gamma rays, X-rays and ultraviolet light. Longer-wavelength radiation includes infrared light, microwaves and radio waves.

X-ray: A type of radiation analogous to gamma rays, but having somewhat lower energy.

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Alfvén wave: A type of magnetic wave that can develop in hot plasma. Antarctica: A continent mostly covered in ice, which sits in the southernmost part of the world. arc: A curve, often mapping out what appears to be part of a circle. atmosphere: The envelope of gases surrounding Earth, another planet or a moon.

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https://www.dogonews.com/2021/9/16/retired-circus-elephants-move-to-new-home-with-plenty-of-room-to-explore

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The first batch of 32 retired circus elephants arrived at White Oak Conservation earlier this year (Credit: whiteoakwildlife.org)

After years of intense public pushback, the now-shuttered Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus finally announced the retirement of their Asian elephant performers in 2016. While the decision was a resounding victory for animal lovers and activists, it raised a new issue. The mighty pachyderms were raised in captivity and lacked the skills to survive in the wild. Now, thanks to Florida-based White Oak Conservation, the animals have a new home - one where they can roam freely.

The two orphaned Florida panthers are among hundreds of endangered animals that call White Oak home (Credit: WOConservation/ CC BY-SA 4.0/ Wikimedia Commons)

Located about 30 miles north of Jacksonville, Florida, the sprawling 17,000-acre facility is home to between 350 and 400 animals comprising 35 endangered species. They include rhinos, cheetahs, giraffes, and okapis.

The conservation center welcomed the first batch of retired circus elephants in May 2021. The 12 female elephants, which include two sets of full sisters and numerous half-sisters, range from 8 to 38 years old. To make the transition easier, they were socialized together for several months majestic animals will be joined by the remaining 20 as soon as the before being moved. The additional areas to house them are completed.

The 2,500-acre sanctuary is modeled after the elephant's natural habitat in the wild. The diverse environments include pine forests, meadows, and wetlands, all connected for easy transition by foot. The animals can wander in the woods, relax in the mud, or swim in one of the eleven specially-built water holes. The elephants can also spend their days relaxing inside the specially-built barns close to their human caregivers.

"We are thrilled to give these elephants a place to wander and explore," said the conservation center's owners Mark and Kimbra Walter. "We are working to protect wild animals in their native habitats. But for these elephants that can't be released, we are pleased to give them a place where they can live comfortably for the rest of their lives."

White Oak Conservation is not the only non-profit helping rehabilitate retired circus elephants. On September 23, 2021, Georgia-based Elephant Refuge North America (ERNA) will welcome Bo. The 34-year-old male elephant has spent the past 30 years performing for the George Carden Circus.

Bo will be housed in a seven-acre habitat complete with pastures, woods, a pond, and a new custom-designed, fully automated elephant house. The pachyderm's habitat will be expanded to 100 acres once ERNA can raise sufficient funds to reinforce the perimeter fencing. The conservation center also hopes to add nine more retired elephants to the sanctuary.

Resources: whiteoakwildlife.org, elephantaidinternational.org

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Retired Circus Elephants Move To New Home With Plenty Of Room To Explore

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After years of intense public pushback, the now-shuttered Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus finally announced the retirement of their Asian elephant performers in 2016. While the decision was a resounding victory for animal lovers and activists, it raised a new issue.

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aggressive: (n. aggressiveness) Quick to fight or argue, or forceful in making efforts to succeed or win.

attention: The phenomenon of focusing mental resources on a specific object or event.

biologist: A scientist involved in the study of living things.

birds: Warm-blooded animals with wings that first showed up during the time of the dinosaurs. Birds are jacketed in feathers and produce young from the eggs they deposit in some sort of nest. Most birds fly, but throughout history there have been the occasional species that don't.

bullying: (v. to bully) A group of repeated behaviors that are mean-spirited. They can include teasing, spreading rumors about someone, saying hurtful things to someone and intentionally leaving someone out of groups or activities. Sometimes bullying can include attacks using violence (such as hitting), threats of violence, yelling at someone or abusing someone with violent language. Much bullying takes place in person. But it also may occur online, through emails or via text messages. Newer examples including making fake profiles of people on websites or posting embarrassing photos or videos on social media.

colleague: Someone who works with another; a co-worker or team member.

confidence interval: An estimated range of values - derived from a set of data - that are likely to contain the real value. This range is used to understand the amount of uncertainty in a sample of data. Confidence intervals are usually expressed in a percentage. For example, a 95 percent confidence interval means that in 95 tests out of 100, the result a scientist obtained would be within that range.

data: Facts and/or statistics collected together for analysis but not necessarily organized in a way that gives them meaning. For digital information (the type stored by computers), those data typically are numbers stored in a binary code, portrayed as strings of zeros and ones.

error: (In statistics) The non-deterministic (random) part of the relationship between two or more variables.

evolutionary: An adjective that refers to changes that occur within a species over time as it adapts to its environment. Such evolutionary changes usually reflect genetic variation and natural selection, which leave a new type of organism better suited for its environment than its ancestors. The newer type is not necessarily more "advanced," just better adapted to the conditions in which it developed.

evolutionary biologist: Someone who studies the adaptive processes that have led to the diversity of life on Earth. These scientists can study many different subjects, including the microbiology and genetics of living organisms, how species change to adapt, and the fossil record (to assess how various ancient species are related to each other and to modern-day relatives).

evolve: (adj. evolving) To change gradually over generations, or a long period of time. In living organisms, such an evolution usually involves random changes to genes that will then be passed along to an individual's offspring. These can lead to new traits, such as altered coloration, new susceptibility to disease or protection from it, or different shaped features (such as legs, antennae, toes or internal organs). Nonliving things may also be described as evolving if they change over time. For instance, the miniaturization of computers is sometimes described as these devices evolving to smaller, more complex devices.

frequency: The number of times some periodic phenomenon occurs within a specified time interval. (In physics) The number of wavelengths that occurs over a particular interval of time.

nectar: A sugary fluid secreted by plants, especially by flowers. It encourages pollination by insects and other animals. It is collected by bees to make into honey.

ornithology: The scientific study of birds. Experts who work in this field are known as ornithologists.

radar: A system for calculating the position, distance or other important characteristic of a distant object. It works by sending out periodic radio waves that bounce off of the object and then measuring how long it takes that bounced signal to return. Radar can detect moving objects, like airplanes. It also can be used to map the shape of land - even land covered by ice.

range: The full extent or distribution of something. For instance, a plant or animal's range is the area over which it naturally exists. (in math or for measurements) The extent to which variation in values is possible. Also, the distance within which something can be reached or perceived.

species: A group of similar organisms capable of producing offspring that can survive and reproduce.

tag: (in conservation science) To attach some rugged band or package of instruments onto an animal. Sometimes the tag is used to give each individual a unique identification number. Once attached to the leg, ear or other part of the body of a critter, it can effectively become the animal's "name." In some instances, a tag can collect information from the environment around the animal as well. This helps scientists understand both the environment and the animal's role within it.

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Analyze This: Some female hummingbirds go undercover

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aggressive: (n. aggressiveness) Quick to fight or argue, or forceful in making efforts to succeed or win. attention: The phenomenon of focusing mental resources on a specific object or event. biologist: A scientist involved in the study of living things. birds: Warm-blooded animals with wings that first showed up during the time of the dinosaurs.