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Les évolutions de la ville dans le monde anglophone contemporain en replaçant les questions posées aujourd’hui dans une continuité historique : du rêve de Léonard de Vinci d’une cité parfaite aux tentatives récentes de créer des espaces gouvernés par une technologie diversement appréciée.

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what is a urban sprawl?
define it in your own words

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Look for info about:

- the population
- density
- GDP(billions)
- cost of living:
- public transport
- green space

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OBJECTIFS CULTURELS

• La ville de Nairobi et ses différents quartiers (le centre-ville, le bidonville de Kibera) et le phénomène de l’étalement urbain

• Les problématiques de développement urbain en Afrique (l’approvisionnement en eau potable et l’évacuation des eaux usées, l’agriculture urbaine)

• Des initiatives positives pour le développement de Nairobi (Kennedy Odede contre les cartels de l’eau,
la ferme urbaine de Kiroko)

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Regard sur la ville et les multiples façons dont elle est vécue, pensée et réimaginée ou remodelée dans le monde anglophone contemporain, par des populations qui souvent souhaitent innover, mais ne renient pas les héritages divers.

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Analyse the charts, answer the questions

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1.   What the yellow, black and white texts represent?

2.   Sum up what is advocated

3.  To what extend London could be the most rank the most sustainable city?

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1. list the causes of urban sprawl

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What is SDG?
Analyse the document, what does it reveal?

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Objectifs culturels

• Compact city or urban sprawl?
• Two cities at a glance
• Megacities in the world
• Megacities vs Global cities

redesigning urban development( Singapore)

Objectifs linguistiques

Lexique : Megacities Characteristics Challenges/issues Action

Impact Sustainability Countries

Grammaire :

Thématique 2 :

Environnements en mutation

Axe d’étude 1 :

Frontière et espace
Axe d'étude 3: repenser la ville

Problématique suggérée :

Mumbay, London, NYC... Is the multiplication of megacities a threat to sustainability?

Projets finaux proposés

Project 1: You are a journalist working for National Geographic. Write a report on how megacities tackle sustainability.

Project 2: You are an American architect. Deliver a speech to help shape a sustainable future for Mumbai.

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Sustainability
environmental constraint
water treatment plant
green/ environmental standards carbon footprint
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions smog
zero energy
sustainable ≠ unsustainable
emit carbon dioxide
Actions

decision maker

city council

urban planning

developer projects

urbanist = urban planner

civil engineer

engineering services

cohesion

restrictive zoning laws

mixed-use neighbourhoods

proactive≠ inactive

efficient ≠inefficient

regulate

implement

restore

meet the demand

be instrumental in +V-ing =

contribute to V-ing

effect (change)

Impact

rank

wield influence have clout

be prone to

result in

ensure

Characteristics

large-scale urbanisation

urban settlement

suburbanisation

in the suburbs

residential area

amenities /əˈmiː.nə.ti/ = facilities

infrastructure

densification: compact city

high-density housing ≠ low-density housing

high-rise buildings

CBD: central business district

pedestrian precinct

fringe

urban growth boundary

brownfield: piece of land that was used for industry but

can now be used for potential building development

greenbelt

expand

merge

integrate

accommodate

buzz with

Challenges/ Issues

impediment = obstacle slum
informal sector
overcrowded

overpopulation
sprawling suburbs
high population growth rates inadequate
poverty, precariousness
lack of sanitation
congestion, transport gridlock sewage
water/ power supply
waste collection system
poor access to
a strain on
regulation
unplanned
unregulated
flock to cities
rise to the challenge
worsen
threaten
commute
arise

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Graphiques extraits du site https://megacitiesproject.org. The Mega-Cities Project (MCP) est une organisation caritative à but non lucratif lancée en 1987 par Janice Perlman, chercheuse, auteure, conférencière et con- sultante. Elle s’est rendu compte que toutes les zones urbaines qui accueillent un grand nombre de personnes doivent relever les mêmes défis pour construire des villes plus inclusives et durables.

L’idée est de transférer et d’appliquer aux zones urbaines en expansion les stratégies, solutions, innovations et initiatives qui ont fonctionné dans d’autres mégapoles chaque fois que cela est possible. L’objectif est de « réduire le temps de latence entre les idées et la mise en œuvre dans la résolution des problèmes urbains. »

Ces graphiques montrent l’évolution des plus grandes villes du monde de 1950 à nos jours. D’abord apparue dans les pays haute- ment industrialisés du nord, la croissance de ces mégapoles concerne maintenant les pays du sud, les pays en voie de développement.

1. Focus on the title, the quote and the pie charts. Explain what the pie charts represent.
The pie charts show where the most populated cities were in 1950, 1990 and 2016. In the 1990s, there was a shift south: the number of megacities in the Global South had already increased a lot and represented 42% of all megacities. Till 2016, this number kept increasing and the Global South accounted for 67% of all megacities. To conclude, between 1950 and 2016 the configuration of the world completely changed. Now only 33% of megacities are located in the Global North, that is to say in developed countries.

2. Concentrate on the bar charts. Comment on the evolution of the situation of New York, London and Delhi.
In 1950, New York held the title of most populated city in the world. In 1990 it came third while now it is tenth. On the contrary, New Delhi, which was not even among the ten most populated cities in 1950 or 1990, now comes second and is likely to overtake Tokyo as the most populated city in the world. As for London, it ranked third in the 1950s but was already overtaken by cities from the Global South in 1990, let alone in 2016. The bar charts illustrate the change in the configuration of the world from the 1950s up to now, and show the rapid emergence of megacities in the Global South.

3. Explain what could be an obstacle to the power of megacities of the Global South. Cities from the Global South situated in developing parts of Africa, Latin America and Asia are characterised by their high concentration of population and testify to the expansion of urbanisation. However, they remain places of inequalities and are still not as influential as New York or London which are global cities with political, financial and economic power. Indeed in 1991 a sociologist called Saskia Sassen in The Global City – New York, London, Tokyo distinguished between megacities. Most cities from the Global South do not harbour companies which are networked across the world, are not technologically advanced and have no or very little influence on the world economy.

Besides they suffer from different problems that they still have to tackle: massive urban expansion, informal planning, economic, social and environmental problems, and shortages of resources.

4. Connect. Find elements in the charts justifying Michael Bloomberg’s vision of cities.
Michael Bloomberg who was Mayor of New York form 2002- 2013 said: “Cities have played a more important role in shaping the world than empires.”

New York used to be the largest city in the 1950s and London used to come third. Even if they no longer come first, they still have influence in the world.
Even though New York and London are less populated, they have real economic clout and they can be regarded as soft power superpowers. They have indeed played an important role in shaping the world. Should megacities from the Global South rise to the rank of global cities, the world might very well tip over to the other side, thus shaping a different world.

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Les documents

Ces deux documents sont complémentaires. Le premier fait partie d’un article du site du journal britannique The Guardian. Il développe un exemple précis de densification de l’espace urbain alors que le deuxième texte, extrait d’une publication de trois chercheurs, présente les enjeux de l’urbanisation de masse aussi bien au niveau économique, social, spatial, environnemental qu’au niveau de l’alimentation.

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Les documents

- Le premier texte est un extrait d’une publication du Government Office for Science de 2014 dont le titre est What are future cities? Origins, meanings and uses (WP20) qui explore la façon dont dif- férentes organisations ont interprété les « villes durables ».

- Le deuxième texte, extrait de State of the Planet qui est le site d’information de la Columbia Climate School, a été rédigé par Ste- ven Cohen, un universitaire américain qui enseigne la pratique des affaires publiques à l’Université de Columbia et est directeur du programme de recherche sur la politique et la gestion de la dura- bilité à l’Institut de la Terre de cette même université.

Ces deux documents sont complémentaires dans la mesure où le deuxième illustre de manière concrète une des stratégies qui peut être appliquée pour assurer la capacité d’une ville à accueillir plus de 10 millions d’habitants et que son développement soit viable et pérenne.

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1. Focus one the chart, the quote and the title, explain what the pie chart represent.
2. Concentrate  on the bar charts. Comment on the evolution of NY, London, Delhi
3. Find elements in the chart justifying Michael's Bloomberg's vision of cities

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WHAT COULD BE AN OBSTACLE to the power of mega cities in the Global South

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1. watch the video. find figures to explain what is now at stake for engineering services
2. list the different missions civil engineers will have to accomplish. What would help them?
3 explain how civil engineering will help address tomorrow's major global challenges

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Contrast the left and right side of the drawing, explain what is to be lost or won

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cities on different scales, managing them

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cities on different scales, managing them

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1. Pick out three figures and explain what is new on Planet Earth
2. Find adjectives and sentences characterising megacities .Classify them into 2 groups positive and negative aspects

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BBC   Andrew Marrs Megacities 1of3 Living in the City

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1. Read from the beginning ton line 8, pick out adjectives that define megacities in the future
from line 9 to 21, show to what extent this phenomenon will have an impact on people and the planet

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why were Torontorians initiallyseduced by the project?
"regrets". list what was lost

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1. From Third World to first”:

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1. 1 FOUNDING of a modern Singapore, who? when ? how and why?

2. population number, origin and religion

3. atmosphere described ( words, image, music..)

4. characteristics of the European section in Singapore

5. names of the main buildings

6. main features of buildings made by the colonists

7. social life?

8. what vision of 1938Singapore is given

9. what can you conclude as to the status and purpose of this video

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1. Compare Singapore today with its early 20th century version

2. Comment on the evolution

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1. how do people usually regard public housing? can this cliché apply here?

2. pick out info ( figures and so on..) about Singapore's specificity

3. how Singapore evolved from a city of slums to a clean and pleasant place for all? what part did the HDB play?

4. pick out the positive and negative aspect of the Singaporean housing policy.

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1. what is Singapore's Urban Redevelopment Authority in charge of?

2. Focus on the Marina Bay project, what difficulties were the designers confronted with? how did they solve the problems?what did that prove?

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City of the Future: Singapore – Full Episode | National Geographic

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1. what a typical Hawker center looks like

2. explain what the lady means when she says that the hawker center "is " Singapore

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1. what gives Nairobi a "modern personality"?

2. pick out expressions used to describe the development of the city

3. explain why the Pinnacle is the perfect example of a flourishing economy

4. what are the possible impacts of such changes

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Nairobi Expansion : Investment in a vertical city is on the rise

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read and answer the questions

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watch the video, comment on it

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Find info about the way India deals with its megacities

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Pick out information about the following cities in 2035.
-New York Country USA Information the world’s largest urban economy in2035
-Jakarta Indonesia will have passed Tokyo to become the most populous city in 2035
-Tokyo,Japanwill be overtaken by Jakarta as the most populous city
-Bengaluru India, among the fastest- growing megacities in 2035
-Dhaka BangladeshAmong the fastest- growing megacities in 2035
2.
a. Read the text from line 9 to line 39 and why massive urbanisation will continue.
Social change Economic impact Information “No one knows who you are.” “People are free from their social backgrounds.”
They benefit from many advantages (healthcare, education, food, and “the basics of water, sewage and transport”). | It is “socially liberating”.
People have better access to healthcare and education.
“[L]iving standards are generally higher in great cities.” | It is “a huge investment opportunity”: access to water, transport, development
of the sewage system, converting informal settlements “into more organised housing”, and creation of parks and recreation areas.
b. Now use the following words to sum up what you have learnt.free – better off – education – health – hungry – infrastructure – urban planning – housing – environmentally-friendly People will keep moving to megacities in so far as those places offer many advantages. First migrating to a megacity will allow people who come from small villages to be free to be whoever they want to be. Indeed, they won’t be accountable to anybody, they will feel free and won’t go hungry. Moreover, they will also benefit from all sorts of services: electricity, sanitation, clean drinking water and above all access to health care and education, which will enable them to find a more lucrative job and be better off. On top of that, thoughtful urban planning will make it easier for them to have access to better housing and improvements will be made to the city's infrastructure for it to be able to cope with the influx of migrants. Environmentally-friendly - parks will be created for the city to be a liveable place. 3. a. Read the text from line 40 to the end. Focus on the adjectives associated with megacities. Draw your own conclusion concerning the different models of megacities you can find.
fast-growing/ rich city/ (a city in an) emerging (market)/ the most successful ones/ less successful middle-rankers
Urban planners have to study the specificity of the country before planning new megacities, particularly as regards megacities in emerging markets. There will be huge differences between rich and successful megacities and the others. b. Explain the challenge megacities have to face. If some megacities don’t work out how to create a good urban environment and an economically viable city, they will be no match for successful megacities. In order to be thriving, second-rank cities or middle-rankers have to figure out how they can develop and gain a competitive edge. We are given to understand that there will probably be cut-throat competition between megacities.

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1. Compare urbanisation before apartheid and after apartheid.
Before apartheid, poor people lived kilometres away from the urban periphery crammed in some sorts of informal settlements, which could be referred to as slums. After apartheid, a huge number of people migrated to the city centres which were however unable to provide decent housing.

2.Concentrate on the choice made by Johannesburg’s metropolitan government. Explain it.
As regards Johannesburg, the metropolitan government decided to focus on some “strategically located” populated areas and develop mass transit in order to link all those places together. Those areas will be upgraded and become denser over time and their inhabitants will benefit from job opportunities and different amenities. Those strategic hotspots will thus become more and more compact and will prevent urban sprawl.

3. Read Let’s focus on... n° 1, p. 192 and show what is at stake in this decision.
This high density urban settlement will mean less energy used and less pollution because everybody will have access to public transport, employment and all sorts of resources or facilities. This city is likely to be more sustainable. Quality of life will be better.

student B: text 2

1. Pick out the advantages and drawbacks of living in a megacity.
Advantages : economic growth and better standards of living/ centralised infrastructures, and government, political, education, social, and health services. (more convenient and prepared foods/ better economic income)

Drawbacks: urban poverty, food and nutrition insecurity, and health disparities (increased risks of deaths from chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and renal failure).

2. List the different challenges raised by megacities.

- “more susceptible to natural and human-made disasters (floods, droughts, and pollution).”
- “Climate change will affect food security and water access in areas that are already currently vulnerable (e.g., megacities).” - “rise in peri-urban agriculture, as the urban population demands food from agricultural systems in close proximity to where they live.”

- “peri-urban land for agriculture has to compete with non- farming uses such as housing and regional industry, driving up the prices for land for agriculture in the city fringes.”
- “alternative methods to access fresh produce:” “growth of urban agriculture” (ex.: “urban orchards in streets tended to by neighborhood communities, vertical farming on buildings, and rooftop gardens.”)

3. Find three innovations linked to those challenges.

- “urban orchards in streets tended to by neighborhood communities, vertical farming on buildings, and rooftop gardens.”

4. Connect. Use both texts to debate what is to be done to make fast-growing megacities sustainable liveable places. Toute production cohérente qui prendra en compte le modèle de développement qui s’inscrira dans un développement durable, qui rendra compte des avantages mais aussi des inconvénients de ces villes et des différentes menaces auxquelles elles sont confrontées, et enfin des innovations qui permettront de répondre aux choix de vie et besoins des habitants.

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CORRECTION EXEMPLE a vertical city on the rise

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CORRECTION EXEMPLE a vertical city on the rise

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High buildings made of concrete, steel and glass with dif- ferent shapes, angles and sizes.
b. Iconic buildings dot the sky – stand majestically – modern personality – astonishing views. It gives the impression that Nairobi is a prosperous and wealthy city, with lots of oppor- tunities for its inhabitants.

c. Le suffixe -ly est un suffixe faible, il ne modifie pas l’accent de mot.
d. It is the perfect example of a flourishing economy, as this 70-storey structure will include 46 floors of residential apartments, 11 floors of office space, a five-storey mall and four floors of underground parking. It will also be home to a new 45-storey Hilton Hotel.

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EXEMPLE DE CORRECTION

In pleasing contrast to the crowded oriental sections are the open spaces of the European areas with wide splendidly paved boulevards, tree- shaded avenues and modern buildings. Paralleling the harbour is [Carnot] Road, one of the finest drives in the city and comparable to any similar thoroughfare in Europe. At the edge of Raffles Plain and funding eastward to the sea stands the imposing Cenotaph, silent memorial to Singapore’s World War dead. Overlooking The Plain is the Victoria Memorial Hall and nearby the stately municipal building, one of Singapore’s newest constructions. Adjacent is St. George’s Anglican Cathedral also facing The Plain. All parts of the city are served and connected by well-paved roads, convenient arteries for those who live in the suburbs or in the beautiful residential section of Tanglin. The governor’s mansion stands upon a hill commanding an unobstructed view of the entire city. Unpretentious, yet spacious and comfortable, are many of the homes built in an old architectural style, with great open arcaded verandas serving as living rooms in this tropical city. Social life in this thriving Crown colony is always full and varied with garden parties, dinners, races, sports meetings and dozens of other activities. A gathering place is Raffles Hotel, one of the most renowned hotels raised in the East. At Tiffin Time, the midday meal hour, the veranda of this well-known rendezvous is

Unit 11 “Cultivate your city”

8

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1 We can expect the speech to revolve around the concept of a united multicultural society. “One united people” may be considered as the most significant phrase in this introductory passage.

2 According to Lee Hsien Loong, the three factors of Singapore’s success are:

- The choice of a multiracial identity.
- The will to work as a team.
- The capacity to build up a bond between the government and the people.
3 The phrase “one team Singapore” is used to insist on the importance of social cohesion and solidarity. 4 “One united people” is taken up in the last paragraph because Singapore is too small to be able to retain its international status if it does not stand united.