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Here is our Historical Timeline Project completed by Elise Moneymaker, Yasmin Cuellar, and Jose Sanchez-Salas! Thank you.

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79. A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, 18 June 1779

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79. A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, 18 June 1779

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In matters of education, Jefferson was a secularist, never deviating from his principles. In 1778, he proposed a comprehensive plan for education at the primary and middle school levels. This plan did not include religious instruction, as it was a prominent feature of schools in every other country. In an effort to prevent the influence of religion in the public schools, Jefferson forbade ministers from participating in the teaching of religion. He also provided that no religious instruction or exercise would be permitted in the schools. The plan to establish public schools was not completed until the Assembly passed an Act to establish public schools in 1796. This Act only provided for primary schools, leaving the establishment of secondary schools to the discretion of the local aldermen.

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1848 The Mexican-American War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, which gives the US almost half of what was Mexico prior to the war. This includes most of what is now known as California, Nevada, and Utah. The treaty guaranteed citizenship rights to everyone living in these areas mostly Mexicans and Native people. The 1848 treaty with Mexico was considered one of the most crucial events in the United States' history. It did not bring peace to the country, but it did ignite a debate about the future of slavery.The radical northern abolitionists began to speak ominously about a southern drive to dominate the political landscape in order to protect slaveholders’ property. Historians discuss the various issues that affected the education of Mexican Americans throughout the Southwest during the time of the Treaty. Some of these include the removal of the Mexican-American community's cultural heritage and the formation of a template for inferior schooling.

In 1998, California passed proposition 227, a law that prohibits teachers from speaking Spanish in public schools.

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The Fourteenth Amendment was a part of the Reconstruction process after the Civil War. It ensured the rights of all citizens, such as those freed from slavery. It has had a significant impact on education. It applies to public elementary and secondary schools, as they are considered to be state actors. Due process is a part of the 14th Amendment that provides for states to not deprive people of their rights without due process of law. This area of the Constitution has had a significant impact on the rights of parents to have their children educated in public schools. It required schools to stop segregating students based on race, and it also resulted in all public schools in the country having to desegregate.

This connects back to 1779 bill in that schools were to shy away from the influence of religion and not exclude any student based off of their religion. The fourteenth amendment wanted public schools to let all students regardless of their race to have equal opportunity to receive an education. Both acts/amendments strived towards inclusivity of students.

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"Separate but Equal" is what the State of Louisiana Court's decided in the case of Plessy V. Ferguson, when it comes to the matter of black versus white Americans. Plessy was a 7/8 white and 1/8 African American man who fought in the Lousiana Court for equal ruling. The ruling stated African American citizens are to be treated as "equal" but none the less still separate, a nice word for segregated. This was to pertain to public-schools as well, white students in one school and black and other minority students in another school. The quality of education at the white students school was far superior to the quality of education at the minority school. This ruling further justified segregation in the south and made African-American's to be viewed as second-glass citizens. (LOC, 2020)

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States started to restrict foreign languages thanks to the response xenophobia caused by World War I. Scribner’s refused to publish German titles during the war, and sheet music dealers refused to deal with German songs. German food was also rebranded.  In response, many states and cities banned the use of foreign languages. They told immigrants to adopt English immediately, and they punished those who failed to do so. 32 states outlaw the teaching of German and other schools outlaw teaching of all foreign languages. Iowa Governor William Harding of Iowa told immigrants to speak English immediately. The German language was regarded as a threat to American unity. Linguistic diversity was also replaced by an acceptance of English.

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Robert Meyer was a teacher in Nebraska who used a collection of Bible stories to teach reading to his students in German. He was convicted for violating the language law. The Nebraska court ruled that the law was valid and did not violate Meyer's rights. Banning the teaching in a foreign language was enacted due to the nativist sentiment prevalent in World War I. The United States Supreme Court ruled that the 1919 Nebraska law, which prohibited the teaching of modern foreign language to school children, to be in violation of the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. Supreme Court states that proficiency in a foreign language was “not injurious to the health, morals, or understanding of the ordinary child.”
Meyer was an important contributor to the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in cases that addressed the due process rights of citizens.

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Mendez v. Westminster was a federal court case in California that was filed against multiple school districts for segregating students of Mexican descent. This was a landmark case because it was the first lawsuit that proved segregation harmed minority children. (CRF, 2021) Since this was years before the Civil Right's Act, this case made waves in public school's across the country, yet still did not change things fully for all minority students until 1965.

This connects back to the Fourteenth Amendment of 1868 because of it's efforts to stop segregation in public-schools.

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The separation of colored and white children in public schools had detrimental effects on the colored children. It was usually perceived as denoting the inferiority of colored children. Private schools were mainly used for white children. The education of the black students was virtually nonexistent. On 17 May 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its landmark decision in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that schools may not segregate students based on race. The Court stated that the concept of "separate but equal" was not only wrong but also detrimental to the well-being of African Americans.

Brown V. Board of Education is probably one of the most well known cases pertaining to Education. It connects back to the Plessy v. Ferguson case by riddance of the separate but equal standpoint of African American students versus white students. This case was a huge success considering it happened ten years before the Civil Rights Act.

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The National Defense Education Act of 1958 

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The National Defense Education Act of 1958 

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Eisenhower believed that American education and science were far better than those of the Soviet Union. He was also confident that the US could defeat the Soviet Union. However, Divine noted that Eisenhower failed to convince the public that all was well due to his insistence on going against his own principles. He believed that American education and science were sounder than their critics asserted. He was also confident that the US would defeat the Soviet Union. The administration asked superintendents for their thoughts on the various plans they had developed. They also indicated their plans on addressing the shortage of skilled math and science teachers. The administration also asked superintendents for their input on various issues, including the ratio of scientific to non-scientific scholarships, the establishment of a national testing system, and the distribution of funds for school improvement. One superintendent was enthusiastic about the administration’s plans to improve math and science education, but he was worried that too much attention was being paid to higher education at the expense of elementary and secondary schools.

In 1964, less than 10% of Americans 25 and older had a college degree. Today, more than 30% of Americans have a college degree. The rise in the number of people who have a college degree was created in part by the creation of programs like this one.

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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)

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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)

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Part A of the Elementary and Secondary education Act of 1965 provides financial assistance to school districts and educational agencies to help low-income families enroll their children in a quality education. Each LEA Title I school receives a set amount of money under the various formula. The goal of a Title I school is to serve the highest percentage of students from low-income families. If a school has a high percentage of students from low-income families, it is required to implement a targeted assistance program that provides services to those students. Currently, there are four Title I grants; Basic Grants, Concentration Grants, Targeted Grants, and Education Finance Incentive Grants. These grants are allocated through a series of algorithms that determine the allocations for each grant. The total number of Title I final allocations per child varied among the 12 geographic locales. The areas with the highest totals were densely populated and least densely populated. The vision of title I is to create a caring, welcoming environment that will allow all students to thrive. To achieve these goals, the school aims to create a conducive environment where parents and students can connect.

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was reauthorized in 2015 under the Obama administration. It provided states with flexibility to implement some of the law's most burdensome provisions.

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This act was a program for poverty-level minorities and provided these schools with grants. The schools using the grants had to provide students with their first language to create a successful education. There were many disagreements about this act. Some believed there should be a limit of students using their primary language, and others thought their primary language was essential to be established first before introducing English. Lastly, others believe English needs to be the first language they need to learn early. President Ronald Reagan did not support bilingual education programs. He felt that the English language was overlooked because the education system allowed students to learn in their naïve language. Later on, in the 1990s, President Bill Clinton approved bilingual education and used this movement for his campaign. In 1994 along with 1996, Title VII decreased in funds and didn’t prove much in the bilingual programs and training for the teachers.

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During the early 1970s, the San Francisco Unified school district did not provide supplemental English classes to some of its non-English speaking students. This led to a lawsuit by the students, who were represented by Kimmon Lau.
The U.S. Supreme Court found the practice of not providing linguistically-appropriate materials to be discriminatory. Based on the ruling of Lau v. Nichols the Lau Remedies are policies and guidelines that guide the education of English-language learners. And the primary purpose of the Lau Remedies was to determine if a school district was in compliance with the law when it comes to the civil rights of students with limited English ability. They also provided guidance on how to develop and implement adequate educational plans aimed at addressing civil rights violations. While the number of programs for the LESA students was increasing, many school districts were faced with various problems. One of these was the issue of accommodating the growing number of LESA students.

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Cummins' Iceberg Theory is a theory based around bilingual education and language. BICS stands for Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills and CALP stands for Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency. BICS considered language that you use everyday, or, "Playground English". A native English speaker usually has this by around age 5. CALP is considered more academic focused language, with low frequency words. This takes a student who is an ELL about 5-7 years to master. In the everyday, obviously BICS is used a lot more compared to CALP. Some criticism of this theory states that Bilingual language competences are much more intricate and complex than what this theory makes it out to be. Another criticism is that BICS is not necessarily less cognitively demanding than CALP.

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Plyler V. Doe was a landmark Supreme Court case for immigrant students. The case stated that schoolchildren cannot be denied a public school instruction based of their citizenship status. The vote was 5-4 letting it pass. There are still multiple states and local districts that have passed laws to override the Supreme Court legislation to make free public instruction illegal for students who's immigration status is in question. For example, in 1994 California passed Prop 187, which made their school districts deny students who are not citizens. The Supreme Court based their decision off of a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment stating that "No State shall deny ... equal protection to any one person...".

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The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 provided broad-based protection to persons with intellectual and physical disabilities. It placed far-reaching obligations on employers, public institutions, transportation, and accommodations. The Disabilities Act is divided into five titles. The reasonable accommodations provisions of titles I, II, and III provide for the establishment of academic programs or facilities that are designed to accommodate persons with disabilities. These provisions also require that persons with disabilities be able to participate in classes and activities in school or graduate school.

Aside from the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504, the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act also provides additional protection for people with special needs in the context of education. It ensures that all children have a free and appropriate education. Special education and related services are provided to meet the varying needs of each child. It supports the rights of parents and helps states develop effective early intervention programs for children with special needs.

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Since 1998, it has been illegal in California to teach subjects in Spanish or any foreign language. That was the reason why Proposition 227 was on the ballot. Its supporters, including Silicon Valley businessman Ron Unz, argued that allowing students to be taught in English would help integrate the state’s growing immigrant population. Many schools stopped offering long-term bilingual programs after the passage of Prop 227. It made it harder to learn a foreign language. 10 years after California voters approved changes in how schools teach English to immigrants, some experts say the law has failed and needs to be changed. Other states such as; Arizona, Colorado, and Massachusetts passed revised versions of this proposition. While California repealed prop 227 under prop 58 in 2016, and public schools were required to teach special classes for LEP students that are taught almost entirely in English. Now there's still a lot of debate about the merits of dual language programs, experts believe that being multilingual could be advantageous. A study conducted by Stanford University revealed that kids who took part in dual language programs were more likely to excel in English than those who took part in an English immersion program.

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President George W. Bush passed the No Child Left Behind Act which provided students to meet reading and math standards in elementary and secondary schools. Its focus is on bilingual students who need more assistance with the English language, also known as LEP (Limited English Proficiency). This ACT anticipated students to reach or be educated in an academic standard to succeed in universities. Bilingual programs were still an option, but with the federal funding, it had some limits to some states. NCLB required educators to meet LEP students’ academic standards when it comes to English development. Along with well-testing programs that were required, see the test scores to evaluate the that were failing to meet the standards for their students.

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President Obama created the Race to the Top due to the failure to bring back ESEA. This new act offered new opportunities to improve students' and teachers' learning. Race to the Top provided 4.3 billion dollars to states with low-income students but had to restructure their system. The first step was to recreate or enhance standards and assessments. Second, a new data system to keep track of students' progress and teachers' progress. Third, creating a new form of support for teachers and principals to create a better learning environment. Lastly, it causes an increase in low-income schools.

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2015 The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) 

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2015 The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) 

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The passage of the ESSA Act is good news for our schools and for all students. It reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary education Act and its various components. The new law builds on the progress made in recent years to improve the education of all American students. For instance, high school graduation rates have reached all-time highs, and the number of students going to college has reached an all-time high. The No Child Left Behind Act was enacted in 2002. It provided a much-needed framework for assessing how children are performing in various areas, regardless of their background or race. However, since its implementation, many of the law's requirements became increasingly burdensome for schools and teachers. In 2010, the Obama administration worked with education leaders to create a new law that aims to improve the preparation of students for college and careers. President Obama signs the Every Student Succeeds Act into law on December 10, 2015. The ESSA law includes many provisions that will help ensure that all students are prepared for college and careers. This program supports local innovations that are proven to improve outcomes for students, including evidence-based programs and practices that are used by local leaders. It also encourages the use of local resources to improve the graduation rates of low-performing students.