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1) Modernism refers to the broad movement in Western arts and literature
2) the rejection of European culture for having become too corrupt, complacent and lethargic, ailing because it was bound by the artificialities of a society that was too preoccupied with image and too scared of change.
3) Literary modernism, or modernist literature, has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America, and is characterized by a very self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction.

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* Modernist writers in general rebelled against clear-cut story telling to try and change the way modern civilization viewed life, art, politics and science.
* These writing styles further demonstrate  the way the scattered state of society affected the work of writers at the time.
* Many writers modernists wrote in free verse and they included many countries and cultures in their poems

http://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/guidepages/Modernism2.html
/www.mdc.edu/wolfson/academic/artsletters/art_philosophy/humanities/history_of_modernism.htm

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- A period in literary history from the early 1900s until the 1940s.
- Rules of poetry by the London Group :
1.         Direct treatment of the "thing," whether subjective or objective.
2.         To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.
3.         As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome.
- Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are thought to be the mother and father of the movement.
http://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/guidepages/Modernism2.html

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-Cultural movement in 19th century
-World is whatever you make of it
-After WWI
-Tried new and creative writing styles such as changing characters and time
-Uses different things instead of nouns like adjectives and verbs
-Went into depth for the thoughts of r
https://www.mdc.edu/wolfson/academic/artsletters/art_philosophy/humanities/history_of_modernism.htm

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- Strong break from tradition. Break included a strong reaction against established religious, political, and social views
-The world is created in the way we perceive it  (the world is what we say it is)
-Championship of the individual and celebration of inner strength
-No such thing as absolute truth, all things are relative
-No connection with history or institutions
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/high-school-english-lessons/29453-modernism-in-literature/

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* Against established religious, political, and social views.
* No ties to history or institutions.
* Belief that the world is what we say it is.

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* imagism and vorticism
*a style or movement in the arts that aims to break with classical and traditional forms.

*Reflective  the unease of those grappling with a changed post-war world
https://study.com/academy/lesson/modernism-in-american-literature.html
https://www.shmoop.com/modernism/characteristics.html

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*Cultural movement in 19th century, hit its peak around WW1.

*Were skeptical of language and claims of coherence.

Modernist reevaluated the views and writings of the writers before them.

https://www.poetryfoundation.org/learn/glossary-terms/modernism

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* Modernists felt a growing alienation incompatible with Victorian morality, optimism, and convention
* With its fragmentary images and obscure allusions
*Pessimistic
https://www.britannica.com/art/Modernism-art

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~ Narration through fragmented, internalized, or multiple perspectives or viewpoints
~ Non-linear time, or other distortions of time-conventions in Realistic fiction
~ Destabilization and fragmentation of reality
~ Modernist literature featured characters who just kept their heads above water
http://coursesite.uhcl.edu/HSH/Whitec/terms/M/modernism.htm
http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0255.html

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Literature scholars differ over the years that encompass the Modernist period, however most generally agree that modernist authors published as early as the 1880s and into the mid-1940s. During this period, society at every level underwent profound changes. War and industrialization seemed to devalue the individual. Global communication made the world a smaller place. The pace of change was dizzying. Writers responded to this new world in a variety of ways.

Individualism

In Modernist literature, the individual is more interesting than society. Specifically, modernist writers were fascinated with how the individual adapted to the changing world. In some cases, the individual triumphed over obstacles. For the most part, Modernist literature featured characters who just kept their heads above water. Writers presented the world or society as a challenge to the integrity of their characters. Ernest Hemingway is especially remembered for vivid characters who accepted their circumstances at face value and persevered.

Experimentation

Modernist writers broke free of old forms and techniques. Poets abandoned traditional rhyme schemes and wrote in free verse. Novelists defied all expectations. Writers mixed images from the past with modern languages and themes, creating a collage of styles. The inner workings of consciousness were a common subject for modernists. This preoccupation led to a form of narration called stream of consciousness, where the point of view of the novel meanders in a pattern resembling human thought. Authors James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, along with poets T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, are well known for their experimental Modernist works.

Absurdity

The carnage of two World Wars profoundly affected writers of the period. Several great English poets died or were wounded in WWI. At the same time, global capitalism was reorganizing society at every level. For many writers, the world was becoming a more absurd place every day. The mysteriousness of life was being lost in the rush of daily life. The senseless violence of WWII was yet more evidence that humanity had lost its way. Modernist authors depicted this absurdity in their works. Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis," in which a traveling salesman is transformed into an insect-like creature, is an example of modern absurdism.

Symbolism

The Modernist writers infused objects, people, places and events with significant meanings. They imagined a reality with multiple layers, many of them hidden or in a sort of code. The idea of a poem as a riddle to be cracked had its beginnings in the Modernist period. Symbolism was not a new concept in literature, but the Modernists' particular use of symbols was an innovation. They left much more to the reader's imagination than earlier writers, leading to open-ended narratives with multiple interpretations. For example, James Joyce's "Ulysses" incorporates distinctive, open-ended symbols in each chapter.

Formalism

Writers of the Modernist period saw literature more as a craft than a flowering of creativity. They believed that poems and novels were constructed from smaller parts instead of the organic, internal process that earlier generations had described. The idea of literature as craft fed the Modernists' desire for creativity and originality. Modernist poetry often includes foreign languages, dense vocabulary and invented words. The poet e.e. cummings abandoned all structure and spread his words all across the page.

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The Main Characteristics of Modernist Literature

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The Main Characteristics of Modernist Literature. Literature scholars differ over the years that encompass the Modernist period, however most generally agree that modernist authors published as early as the 1880s and into the mid-1940s. During this period, society at every level underwent profound changes. War and ...

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-Evolved from the Romantic rejection of Enlightenment, positivism, and faith in reason.
-Experimented with shifts in time and narrative points of view.
-Allusions, linguistic fragments, and mixed registers and languages became common.
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/learn/glossary-terms/modernism

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*Modernist writers in general rebelled against clear-cut storytelling and formulaic verse from the 19th century

*The first characteristic associated with modernism is nihilism, the rejection of all religious and moral principles as the only means of obtaining social progress.

*many of them told fragmented stories which reflected the fragmented state of society during and after World War I.

http://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/guidepages/Modernism2.html

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-  Modernism was a radical approach that yearned to revitalize the way modern civilization viewed life, art, politics, and science.

- The shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in the art and literature of the post-World War One period.

- For artists and writers, the Modernist project was a re-evaluation of the assumptions and aesthetic values of their predecessors.
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/learn/glossary-terms/modernism

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- Narration through fragmented, internalized, or multiple perspectives or viewpoints
- non-linear time, or other distortions of time-conventions in Realistic fiction
- Self-consciousness and irony
http://coursesite.uhcl.edu/HSH/Whitec/terms/M/modernism.htm

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Modernism begins in the late 1800s or early 1900s, climaxing from the 1910s to 1930s as writers and artists throughout Europe, the USA, and beyond create and publish numerous revolutionary works that are still recognized as titanic and influential, even if, a century later, their application as models grows more remote and limited.

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1) has origins in late 19th and 20th century, mainly in Europe and North America

2) in the world of art, generally speaking, modernism was the beginning of the distinction between "high" and "low". very fragmented writing

3) in modern literature, it was the poets who took fullest advantage of the new spirit of the times, and stretched the possibilities of their craft to lengths not previously imagined

http://www.online-literature.com/periods/modernism.php

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- a recent period of western or world civilization
- a historical process rather than a period
- has been ongoing since emergence of humanism and modern science in classical greece
http://coursesite.uhcl.edu/HSH/Whitec/terms/M/modernism.htm

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+Stories are fragmented which leaves room for interpretation, imagination, and inferences. Not every single detail is enclosed, only what is needed.
+Poetry is free-versed meaning that there is no certain type of outline being followed. The author is free to use whatever tactic they please in order to convey their story.
+Words are only used if they contribute and enrich the thought being conveyed. Easy to read, but takes effort to comprehend and analyze. Modernist authors choose their words easily; they only "take one they need"
http://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/guidepages/Modernism2.html