# data[].attributes.headline
30.6 Joints permit different types of movement

# data[].attributes.subject
30.6 Joints permit different types of movement

# data[].attributes.body
- Ligaments are bands of strong fibrous connective tissue that hold together the bones of movable joints
- Ball and socket joint: humerus joins the pectoral girdle
- Hinge joint: permit movement in a single plane
Pivot joint: freely movable joint that allows only rotary movement around a single axis

# data[].attributes.headline
30.5 Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries

# data[].attributes.subject
30.5 Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries

# data[].attributes.body
Healthy bone tissue is spongy to resist breaking. Osteoporosis creates bone erosion deterioration of bone mass. Broken bones can  healed by putting them in place and immobilizing them. Fractures can be surgically repaired using screws, plates or rods.

# data[].attributes.headline
30.10: Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction

# data[].attributes.subject
30.10: Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction

# data[].attributes.body
- Signals conveyed by motor neurons from the CNS initiates and sustains muscle contractions
- Neurotransmitter Ach is released during an action potential of the motor neuron
- The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber can propagate action potentials

# data[].attributes.headline
30.11-30.12 Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise. Characteristics of muscle fiber affect performance 

# data[].attributes.subject
30.11-30.12 Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise. Characteristics of muscle fiber affect performance 

# data[].attributes.body
30.11: Aerobic exercises are an effective method of maintaining or losing weight.
-Aerobic respiration requires glucose and oxygen
-If the demand for ATP outstrips the oxygen supply, muscle fibers can carry out the aerobic process called lactic acid fermentation
-Glucose for ATP production is available from the bloodstream, and muscle tissue stores glycogen.
30.12: slow muscle fibers contract slow, have high myoglobin, aerobic respiration, and many mitochondria and capillaries, and slow to fatigue.
Fast fibers contract fast, low myoglobin content, few mitochondria and capillaries, anaerobic, and fatigue rapidly.

# data[].attributes.headline
30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection

# data[].attributes.subject
30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrostatic Skeletons:
-Fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
-Provides cushioning
-Earthworms, Cnidarians
-Soft and flexible animals
Exoskeletons:
- A rigid external skeleton
- Tough covering composed of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin.
- composed of nonliving material, it does not grow with the animal
- Newly molted crabs are covered by a soft, elastic exoskeloton.
Endoskeletons:
-hard or leathery supporting elements situated among the soft tissues of an animal.
Ex. Sponges, Sea stars, sea urchins, and most other echinoderms
-Vertebrates consist of cartilage of a combination of cartilage and bone

# data[].attributes.body
-Bones are actually complex organs consisting of kinds of moist, living tissue. Nope, not dry.
- The bone contains cells hat secrete "matrix". Bone Matrix consists of the protein collagen with crystals of a mineral made of calcium and phosphate bonded to them.
- Yellow bone marrow is mostly stored fat brought unto the bone by the blood.
- red bone marrow. A specialized tissue that produces our blood cells.
- Bone cells carry out metabolism. blood vessels that extend through channels in the bone transport essentials, and remove waste. -- Nerve cells run parallel to the blood vessels.

# data[].attributes.headline
30.9 A Muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick ones

# data[].attributes.subject
30.9 A Muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick ones

# data[].attributes.body
-The sequence: detach, extend, attach, pull
-repeats in a contracting muscle
Steps in Muscle Contraction:
1) myosin head bonds with ATP
2) ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP + phosphate, energy is released and the myosin head moves towards actin (thin filament)
3) myosin extends toward thin filament and they latch together, forming a cross bridge
4) ADP + phosphate released, myosin head goes back
5) Process repeats

# data[].attributes.headline
30.1 Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity

# data[].attributes.subject
30.1 Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity

# data[].attributes.body
Locomotion is active travel from place to place; requiring energy to overcome friction and gravity
Importance of these 2 forces depends on the environment.
Swimming - overcome gravity as water supports the animals weight, different animals swim in different ways

Walking/Running - overcomes friction between foot and the ground with each step; maintains balance

Hopping - stabilizes animal's body and costs little energy to maintainCrawling - body in contact w ground, energy expended to overcome friction
Worms crawl with peristalsis
Flying -  wings must develop enough "lift" to completely overcome the pull of gravity

# data[].attributes.body
USE CODE    tsxq23f

# data[].attributes.headline
30.3 Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme

# data[].attributes.subject
30.3 Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme

# data[].attributes.body
-Axial skeleton consists of the skull, the vertebral column, and a rib cage
-all vertebrates have an axial skeleton
-Anatomists divide the vertebral column into 5 regions:
-Cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (between the hips), and coccygeal (tail)
-Appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones pf the appendages and the bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton
-most vertebrates have an appendicular skeleton
-Two of the homeotic genes that direct the differentiation of vertebrae are Hoxc6 and Hoxc8
-These genes are associated with the development of the thoracic vertebrate, which supports the ribs

# data[].attributes.headline
30.7-30.8: The Skeleton and muscles interact in movement & Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus 

# data[].attributes.subject
30.7-30.8: The Skeleton and muscles interact in movement & Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus 

# data[].attributes.body
*Tendons- connect muscles to bones
*For ever muscle that preforms an action, there is a specific muscle that reverses that action, being antagonistic (ie. biceps and triceps)

*Skeletal muscle consists of bundles of muscle fibers
*Each muscle fiber is a single  long, cylindrical cell that has many nuclei
*Most of muscle fibers occupied by myofibrils, and bundles of proteins called actin and myosin.
*Also called striated since arrangement of protein creates a repeating pattern of stripes
*The Sacromere is the region between two dark lines in the myofibril. It is also the contractile apparatus in the myofibril.
*The pattern of horizontal stripes is the result of the alternating bands composed primarily of the alternating bands of thin filaments, composed primarily of actin molecules, and thick filaments, which are made up of myosin molecules.
*The Z line consists of proteins that connect adjacent thin filaments.

# data[].attributes.body
IN YOUR LAB GROUPS.... Come and sign up for a research section.  Each topic must have neat, concise notes and at least one picture. I will be monitoring on the stalker software!!!!