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Article #1: Where Are America’s WintersWarming the Most? In Cold Places.

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Article #1: Where Are America’s WintersWarming the Most? In Cold Places.

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https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/16/climate/us-winter-warming.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fscience
Over the past 30 years winters in the coldest parts of the US have been warming up the most. Since 1989, the average winter in Minnesota has increased by 3 degrees Fahrenheit. Places with warmer winters, such as Florida, have experienced a 1.4-degree increase over this period (much less). The most significant temperature increases over the past 30 years in the United States have occurred in the Northern Great Plains, stretching from Montana to Michigan. A main reason that the Northern Great Plains have warmed up drastically is due to the dry conditions in the winter. Cold air coming from Canada and the Arctic is also not as cold as it was in the past. Minnesota in particular used to reach negative 40 degrees, now the most extreme temperature is negative 30 degrees. Even though the temperatures are still sub-zero, a ten degree change is alarming. The warming pattern in the Northern Great Plains as a whole is consistent with the warming occurring nation-wide. The NOAA states that "...northern latitudes are warming faster than southern latitudes. Interior locations are warming faster than coastal locations." Although this statement holds true, temperature jumps across the grid must be taken into consideration. Even cold spells that certain regions experience have become warmer and briefer over time. While this may sound like good news to those who don't like the cold, it is imperative to understand that these conditions come at an environmental cost.

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Article #3: Obtaining energy from marine currents

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Article #3: Obtaining energy from marine currents

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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180320102402.htm
The University Politécnica de Madrid has developed a turbine that can generate electricity from marine currents. The high costs of manufacturing, installing, and maintaining of such machinery has inspired researchers to develop a product that is cost-effective. The areas that generate the most tidal power (80%) are located at over 40 meters below the surface. Therefore, it is necessary that the turbines are able to withstand ocean conditions in such depths. If the machinery effective, the benefits and electricity generated will offset the costs. The university's design allows their turbines to be fully submerged and securely anchored to the seabed through series of cables. This is the first-ever patented design of its kind, making it revolutionary. After heavy analysis, the research team established their main goals of reducing production costs and following a simple yet sturdy design, and implementing alternatives to make the design versatile. A significant benefit of marine turbines is that they offer a source of renewable energy, therefore helping to combat climate change. With that being said, the researchers have been working had to market their product. Marine turbines have great potential and using them can help the environment significantly.

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Article #2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rose Last Year. Here Are the Top 5 Reasons.

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Article #2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rose Last Year. Here Are the Top 5 Reasons.

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https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/climate/global-energy-demand.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fscience
In order to avoid threats of global warming, the world is going to need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions drastically. Despite undeniable evidence, the world has seemed to move in the opposite direction, emissions increasing. Carbon dioxide emissions increased by 1.4 percent in 2017, the equivalent of adding 170 million new cars to the road internationally. The five main causes for this alarming increase include a spike in emissions in Asia, renewable energy isn't growing fast enough, coal made a small comeback, SUV sales are booming, and energy efficiency efforts are slowing. About two thirds of global emissions came from Asia as many Asian countries have been becoming more industrial, utilizing fossil fuels. China itself was responsible for a quarter of global emissions in 2017. Previously industrialized countries, such as the US have in fact reduced emissions by .5 percent. The EU, however, experienced a net increase of 1.5%. Despite the fact that renewable energy was the fastest growing energy source in 2017, it only met about a quarter of the increased global demand. In response to the increased energy demand in 2017, coal make a slight comeback. Although it made a comeback, many countries have made efforts since, reducing coal use. Over the past year as well, more and more people in the US and Europe have been buying large SUVs, increasing fossil fuel demand which in turn increases carbon dioxide emissions.

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Article #4: Detection, deterrent system will help eagles, wind turbines coexist better

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Article #4: Detection, deterrent system will help eagles, wind turbines coexist better

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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180319144555.htm
Researchers at Oregon State University have developed wind turbine sensors that allow eagles and the machinery to coexist better. Wind energy has many pluses, including that fact that it is renewable and has no greenhouse gas emissions. A drawback, however, is that turbines pose a threat to government-protected eagles. The blades of these turbines move at about 200 miles per hour and the structure's total height is twice the wingspan of a Boeing 747, making them highly fatal to bird species. In order for both to exist safely, impact detection systems consisting of sensors have been installed on turbine blades. These sensors allow the researchers to be notified if a bird, such as an eagle, comes in contact with the blades. Equipped with a camera, acoustic sensors on the generator and vibration sensors on the blades, detection systems are able to identify specific birds at a before they even come in contact with the structure. The main goal of this design is to avoid collisions with federally protected species. Non-protected and non-endangered species will not have an effect on turbine operation or revenue generated. The end goal of detection systems is that they will be able to sense an approaching bird. When one is on course for a collision, the structure will release a kinetic deterrent at ground level such as "brightly colored facsimiles of people, designed to play into eagles' apparent aversion to humans." This research has been supported by the US DOE and will hopefully become of widespread use.

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Article #5: Chernobyl Is Now the World’s Unlikeliest Green Energy Experiment

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Article #5: Chernobyl Is Now the World’s Unlikeliest Green Energy Experiment

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http://time.com/5197835/chernobyl-green-energy-experiment/
Over radioactive waste sits 4,000 photovoltaic solar panels in the most likely place possible--100 yards away from Chernobyl. The Ukraine is again making an effort towards using the space to generate electricity again, this time solar. The choice of energy seems odd, but according to a consultant, the Sun is as strong in Ukraine as it is in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, or Southern California. The new operation is an attempt to turn the once-failed system a "new life." Ukraine has stated that it is mainly an effort to decrease the country's dependency on non-reliable Russian gas imports and poor coal supplies, and therefore increasing its independent energy output. A member of this project effort said that "our idea was to utilize waste land that's unsuitable for anything else and somehow develop the investment project and make business in Chernobyl." As many know, Chernobyl was one surrounded by bustling towns during the Soviet Union era, but after the reactors experienced a meltdown during a test, the area became deserted after people fled the now radioactive zone. That being said, the massive radioactive area will remain abandoned for generations. From this harsh reality inspired the establishment of another energy source on the same land. Ukraine already produces a significant amount of power, up to par with many European countries, but hopes to be more efficient by utilizing the abandoned land. The country has also put into place a more secure waste storage program and plans on maintaining strict exposure policies with the operation of the new solar field. As a whole, the project is about social responsibility and what Ukraine feels necessary.

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Article #6: ASIA COULD RUN OUT OF FISH BY 2048 AND AFRICA MAY LOSE HALF OF SOME MAMMAL SPECIES BY 2100, U.N. SAYS

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Article #6: ASIA COULD RUN OUT OF FISH BY 2048 AND AFRICA MAY LOSE HALF OF SOME MAMMAL SPECIES BY 2100, U.N. SAYS

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http://www.newsweek.com/un-says-asia-could-run-out-fish-2048-859145
The U.N. has reported as of mid-March that humans are destroying the natural world at a terrifying rate. The decline in plant and animal biodiversity is so sharp that collateral damage is on rise. Economies, livelihoods, food security, drinking water and quality of life are taking the greatest collateral hit. The reports are undeniable, especially since the research was conducted over a three-year period, led by more than 550 experts from over 100 countries. Experts studied and analyzed changes in biodiversity in 4 global regions: Americas, Asia/Pacific, Africa, and Central Europe/Asia. The research conducting indicates that no region is going without harm in regards to the booming population and demand for resources. It is no surprise that humans are destroying habitats, polluting oceans, and depleting water sources. On top of it all, research confirms that climate change in the coming years will only make these conditions worse, especially in terms of biodiversity. For example, there has been a 50% decrease in renewable freshwater since the 1960s and there has been a 42% decline in overall biodiversity in Europe over the past decade. If trends continue, it is predicted that the Americas will lose 15% of all plants and animals by 2050, Asia will run out of commercial fish stocks by 2048, and Africa will lose 50% of its mammal and bird species by 2100. Experts have expressed deep concern over the risks that face biodiversity and the impacts the globe will experience; nature is "at the heart of not only of our survival, but of our cultures, identities and enjoyment of life." It is crucial that as a global society "we act to halt and reverse the unsustainable use of nature-or risk not only the future we want but even the lives we currently lead" Robert Watson, chair of IPBES