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(aka chromatic aberration) A common problem in lenses which occurs when colors are incorrectly refracted (bent) by the lens, resulting in a mismatch at the focal point where the colors do not combine as they should.

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Conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another.

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A form of distortion that occurs when two elements of the signal being processed to form a digital image become indistinguishable from one another.

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Compression when an image is saved in the .jpg format. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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When the edges of the photo look curved and bowed to the human eye.

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An image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System "classic" negatives of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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The number of pixels on the 18.1MP 1D X's sensor that lie within an APS-H sized box are only about 11MP, or 30% less resolution than with the 16.1MP 1D mkIV.

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a shorthand for an image sensor format which is the same size as 35mm format (36 mm × 24 mm) film.

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An electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal.

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The ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format; most often, this term is applied to digital cameras, relative to 35 mm film format as a reference.

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a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. It is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic symbol.

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a unit of information equal to one billion (10⁹) or, strictly, 2³⁰ bytes.

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a unit of memory or data equal to 1,024 (2¹⁰) bytes.

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a unit of information equal to one million million (10¹²) or strictly, 2⁴⁰ bytes.

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a unit of information equal to 2²⁰ bytes or, loosely, one million bytes.

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an early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage.

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the use of a minimum amount of components such as colour, shape, line and texture.

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the inclusion of imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects.

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The term is used where the artist is being innovative and experimental in an aspect of their art. The Avant-garde in photography are critical of existing aesthetic views. An example of avant-garde photography is the 1970's feminist movement.

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a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.

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large-scale interference patterns that can be produced when an opaque ruled patternwith transparent gaps is overlaid on another similar pattern.

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the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them.

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a combination of two images into one where one image is overlaid onto another at less than full opacity.

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a genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects.

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taking photos for commercial use (business, sales, money).

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a graphical representation of the tonal values of your image.

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a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art ingeneral. Somewhat paradoxically, anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate.

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a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.

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the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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a honeycomb metal insert that goes in front of your reflector. Grids help a photographer control the quality of light and the area of coverage on a set.

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a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point.

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a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam.

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Umbrellas are used primarily as diffusers in photography. They are used either to diffuse light by reflective diffusion, or shoot-throughdiffusion.

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a type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices.

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a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio.

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a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image.

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a remapping of image tonality, specified as a function from input level to output level, used as a way to emphasize colours or other elements in a picture.

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a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram.

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a simple lighting tool that is commonly used for beauty shots, portraits, and macro photography

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the use of camera movements that change the orientation and/or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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straight-out-of-camera

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a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process.

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a photographic image-transfer process, or print making technique, which uses instant film.

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an intaglio printmaking or photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained (adding a pattern to the plate) and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive, and then etched, resulting in a high quality intaglio plate that can reproduce detailed continuous tones of a photograph.

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a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print.

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an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process.

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a technique that produces a sense of drama to a portrait.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from about 45 degrees in front of them and above. This creates a nose shadow that 'loops' down at an angle onto their cheek.

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a lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly. It's also known as 'Paramount lighting,' named for classic Hollywood glamour photography.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly.

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when the main light illuminates the side of the face that is turned away from the camera. This lets light fall on the narrow side of the face leaving a shadow on the broad side of the face, which is facing the camera.