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a primitive mammal that lays large yolky eggs and has a common opening for the urogenital and digestive systems. Monotremes are now restricted to Australia and New Guinea, and comprise the platypus and the echidnas.

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The sequences of echidna and platypus are very similar and both these sequences differ from, but are clearly orthologous to, the published protamine P1 sequences of a bird (the rooster, Callus domesticus) [22], a marsupial (the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis) 1161, and a eutherian mammal, (the mouse, Mus musculus) [19]. The sequences were also compared with human 1181 and quail 1101, with the same results as comparisons with mouse and rooster, respectively.

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The platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus is widespread in eastern Australia but vulnerable because of its aquatic habitat. Two species of echidna (spiny anteater) are the short-beaked echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus in Australia and the closely related Nuguini echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in New Guinea. The platypus has 2n=52, whereas the 2 echidna species (with G-band identical karyotypes) have 2n=63 (male) and 64 (female).Monotremes are unique among vertebrates in possessing a complex of several unpaired chromosomes that form a chain with the sex chromosomes at male meiosis. The short arm of the X pairs with the long arm of the Y, the short arm of the Y then pairs with another chromosome, it in turn pairs with another chromosome, and so on.

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Ferrebeekeeper has an abiding interest in monotremes including both the Poisonous Platypus and the enigmatic Echidnas (with their advanced frontal cortex).  But sadly that is about it as far as it goes for the extant egg-laying mammals: there are only two living families of monotremes (with a scanty total of five species split between them).  Unfortunately even in the fossil record, monotremes are extremely rare.

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For monotremes they haven't evolved as much as other species have. They are known as the most ancient living order of mammals.members of this order share primitive skeletal features such as the shoulder girdle and skull characteristics that have been lost in other living mammals.But, other than the change in skeletal structure (which is little) there are no major evolutions of the species.
example- the short-nosed echidna over time has evolved to eating ants and termites.

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The few monotremes that are left share many similar traits. Some traits are a single bone in the lower jaw, three bones in the middle ear, and they are endothermic. Endothermic means that they produce their own body heat internally rather than in reptiles where the body temperature is regulated by the external temperature. Monotremes have high metabolic rates and hair covering their whole body. An interesting fact is they are known as the "one-holed creatures". They also have modified snouts or beaks, and modern adult monotremes have no teeth. Another characteristic of the platypus is how since in spends most of its life in water, it has the ability to close their eyes, ears, and nostrils underwater.

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Monotremes are egg laying mammals they aren’t like marsupials who give birth to live young. These animals have a single cloaca forming a common opening for both the urogenital and digestive systems, monotreme means "one-holed". the embryo of an echidna is referred to as a "puggle".

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Name- Obdurodon Dicksoni

age of fossil - Miocene Epoch

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Fossils are used as an indicator to see how much evolution has occurred. The oldest fossil monotremes come from the Lightning Ridge opal fields of New South Wales, Australia. An opalized lower jaw fragment of Steropodon galmani more than 100 million years old (middle Albian, Cretaceous) was found containing three distinctive teeth remarkably similar to those of the juvenile platypus.More recently, a skull with a nearly full complement of teeth has been found in New South Wales (Archer et al. 1992). This new species, O. dicksoni, demonstrates that unlike the modern platypus, Obdurodon kept its teeth at maturity.

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Name- Therapsids

age of fossil- 225 million years ago

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Name- Steropodon

Age of fossil- 105 million years ago

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Name - Hadrocodium

Age of fossil - 195 million years ago

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The monotremata is the oldest living taxon of the class mammalia. The species examples are the platypus and the short beaked echidnas. Both species have hair covering their bodies, 3 bones in the middle ear, and they have a epiphanic bone which is two thin rod-like bones extending anteriorly from the pubic bones of the pelvic girdle. The difference is that the echidna is covered in sharp spikes and has a short snout like mouth. The platypus has a big flattened tail used for swimming, has webbed feet, and has a large flattened bill.

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Classification

Common Name Platypus

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class  Mammalia

Order Monotremata

Family Ornithorhynchidae

Genus Ornithorhynchus

Species anatinus

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Classification

Common Name Short-beaked Echidna

Kingdom  Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class  Mammalia

Order  Monotremata

Family Tachyglossidae

Genus Tachyglossus

Species aculeatus

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name -short beaked echidna

1.  Australia and New Guinea; most habitats, from semi-arid to alpine.

2. are medium-sized mammals ranging in length from about 30 to 40 cm and in weight from about 2 to 7 kg.These spines cover the entire dorsal surface, including a small tail.

3. The spines are usually yellow with black tips but can be entirely yellow. and provide excellent defence against predators. Insulation is provided by a covering of fur between the spines, which ranges in colour from honey to a dark reddish-brown and even black. This fur is thicker and longer in the Tasmanian subspecies

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name- Long-Beaked Echidna

1. Found only in mountainous regions of the island of New Guinea, in both Papua New Guinea in the west and Irian Jaya on the Indonesian side

2. It possesses three claws on the fore and hind feet, a feature that distinguishes it from other Zaglossus species. The western long-beaked echidna has a longer, downward bent snout than the short-beaked echidna.

3. The long-beaked echidna usually lays one egg into its pouch, which hatches after ten days; the infant then remains in the pouch until the spines develop. There are no teats; instead milk is lapped from 'milk patches' inside the pouch.

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1.http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/monotremefr.html
2.https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Category:Monotreme
3.http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/monotremes.html
4.http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/monotreme.html
5.http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Marsupia/
6.https://www.britannica.com/animal/monotreme
7.https://ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com/2011/06/06/monotremes-the-first-mammals-and-their-descendants/
8.http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Marsupia/

9. http://animals.mom.me/relatives-platypus-1852.html

10.http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=37805

11.http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/monotremes.html

12.https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal/article/39/2-3/225/625431
13.https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18396.x

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name - Platypus

1. Confined to Eastern Australia and Tasmania; freshwaters streams, rivers, and some lakes.

2. flat tail, duck-bill, short legs, and webbed feet

3. are solitary animals and spend most of their life in the water, closing their ears, eyes and nostrils when diving.

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The type of speciation that applies to monotremes is Gradual. It is gradual because it changes very slowly over the course of time (almost not at all). Also, they are convergent evolution since they share similar DNA with other species but not exact. Monotremes are isolated to warm climates such as Australia where you can find the Echidna. Genetic Drift is a key factor to the monotremes because they are such a small population so they have a chance of dying out.