# data[].attributes.body
Made by Maddi Clayton, working individually

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
Appeal to authority is when someone of high power can influence the things we buy, or even the way we think about things. An example of this could be celebrity endorsements or even celebrity's talking about their options on topics, which can influence the way someone would think about the topic themselves.

Connection
Kim Kardashian. Known for her slim body and keeping her figure. When she started to endorse quicktrim, a known weight loss brand. People would buy this product because it is being endorsed by a celebrity who is known for having a slim figure. This article talks the dangers of quicktrim, however people tend to overlook the danger of the band because it is endorsed by a celebrity they believe what they see. they believe the result will be the same as Kim, because she talks highly of it.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
Shows about mediums and psychics are very popular. A lot of the time they are edited to make it seem like the reading had gone by smoothly. of course it could had gone by smoothly, but i could have also gone by roughly. Conformation bias is when people look for conformation in things that are said.

Connection
if a psychic said, "im looking for an "s" name" and you have a relative that's name begins with and 's' you instantly believe that she/he are channeling  someone from your family only. People tend to focus more on the things that are correct more than the things that are wrong or off.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
Believing that consuming food, medications, etc that are 'all natural' is a healthy lifestyle and can be beneficial.

Connection
While not all 'all natural' medications are harmful, there are a abundance of them that had dangerous side effects, such as liver damage and kidney failure. Here is an article talking about the dangers of herbal medication.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Herbal medicines can cause kidney failure and liver damage in some consumers because they contain toxic chemicals or heavy metals, or react harmfully with other drugs, a study has found.

The finding comes from a paper published in the Medical Journal of Australia on Monday. Researchers led by the University of Adelaide reviewed the findings from 52 studies of herbal medicines and toxicology.

The lead author of the review, pathology professor Roger Byard, said the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) should require independent testing of herbal medicines before placing them on the market, and that legal action should be considered when products did not comply with regulations. The products should also be closely monitored once on the market, he said.

The government is implementing the findings of an independent review of the regulation of medicines, including complementary and alternative products. Harsher penalties are set to be introduced for manufacturers who make misleading or false claims.

"Toxic side effects of herbal medicines used in traditional societies have typically not been reported, and this is often cited in favour of their safety," Byard said.

"However, the lack of systematic observation has meant that even serious adverse reactions, such as the kidney failure and liver damage caused by some plant species, have gone unrecognised until recently."

The predominant users of herbal medicines in Australia are women under 35 with a tertiary education. Many users of herbal medicines do not tell their doctor they are taking the substances because they believe they are natural and therefore, not harmful, a co-author of the paper, pharmacology lecturer Ian Musgrave, said.

"But herbs can be a source of very potent toxins, and in fact many things we use as medicines derived from plants are toxic, poisoning predators," he said.

"We can use these toxins in low concentrations in order to have useful medical effects. Some people believe that because herbal medicines derive from natural products that they are not drugs, but they are, and they have the potential to cause harm or to interact harmfully with prescription medications."

Musgrave said he was also concerned that people could buy herbal products from overseas, some of which had been found to have been illegally adulterated with pharmaceuticals to increase the effectiveness of the herbal product.

A significant number of those products did not comply with Australian regulations and, in some cases, the ingredients were either not listed or their concentrations inaccurately reported.

Of herbal preparations from Taiwan assessed over a one-year period, 24% were found to contain prescription medicines. Other pharmaceuticals detected in herbal products include antibiotics, steroids and psychoactive drugs, the review found.

Another study of traditional Chinese medicine products in Australia found excessive levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic in 61% of preparations, the review found, levels high enough to cause acute poisoning. Some preparations had been found to contain pesticides or contaminants associated with poor storage.

Many herbal products did not carry adequate warning labels about side effects and drug interactions, Musgrave said. There had been cases of Australians dying of liver failure following ingestion of herbal products, he said.

Pharmaceutical companies are required to list all side-effects and possible drug interactions on their products.

"I'm a big fan of educating the public about all forms of medicine, and particularly herbal medicines, because people seem to believe these products are automaticaly safe," Musgrave said. "In fact, they can cause reactions that can prove extremely serious."

The authors of the research concluded that a lack of regulation and monitoring of herbal preparations in Australia and other countries meant that "their contribution to illness and death is unknown".

Dr Ken Harvey, a medicinal drug policy expert with Medreach, said TGA data on complementary and alternative medicines from 2015-16 found even higher rates of quality problems.

"The 2015-16 data shows an 80% non-compliance rate overall, primarily due to labelling, advertising and evidence problems," Harvey said.

"Regrettably, the TGA does not publicise these appalling findings, nor do they break down the problems they found with quality into categories such as adulteration or inaccurate or misleading ingredients. Neither do the TGA list the products or sponsors involved. Hence, consumers remain uninformed about such problems."

But in a statement, a TGA spokeswoman said: "Contrary to their statement that there is a lack of regulation in Australia for herbal products, Australia has an internationally well regarded regulatory system for all medicines, including herbal and other complementary medicines."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Herbal medicines can have dangerous side effects, research reveals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Herbal medicines can cause kidney failure and liver damage in some consumers because they contain toxic chemicals or heavy metals, or react harmfully with other drugs, a study has found. The finding comes from a paper published in the Medical Journal of Australia on Monday.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
Ideological support is often linked to religious beliefs. people tend to think it is moral, ethical, and political adequate. People can try to convince you that their thought process is correct based off of their religious, moral, ethical, or political beliefs.

Connection
Many religions have a difference opinions on vaccinations and medication. Sometimes people try to convince other that their way of living is the best option. Not getting a child a proper vaccine can be harmful.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If you choose to delay some vaccines or reject some vaccines entirely, there can be risks. Please follow these steps to protect your child, your family, and others.

With the decision to delay or reject vaccines comes an important responsibility that could save your child's life, or the life of someone else.

When you call 911, ride in an ambulance, visit a hospital emergency room, or visit your child's doctor or any clinic.

Tell the medical staff that your child has not received all of the vaccines recommended for his or her age.

Keep a vaccination record easily accessible and share it with the clinician.

Telling healthcare professionals your child's vaccination status is essential for two reasons:

When your child is being evaluated, the doctor will need to consider the possibility that your child has a vaccine-preventable disease (VPD); while uncommon, VPDs still occur.

The people who help your child can take precautions, such as isolating your child, so that the disease does not spread to others.

One group at high risk for contracting disease is infants, who are too young to be fully vaccinated.

Other people are those with weaker immune systems, such as some people with cancer and transplant recipients.

Before an outbreak of a vaccine-preventable disease occurs in your community:

Talk to your child's doctor or nurse to be sure your child's medical record is up to date regarding vaccination status.

Inform your child's school, childcare facility, and other caregivers about your child's vaccination status.

Be aware that your child can catch diseases from people who don't have any symptoms.

When there is vaccine-preventable disease in your community:

It may not be too late to get protection by getting vaccinated. Ask your child's doctor.

You may be asked to take your child out of school, daycare, or organized activities (for example, playgroups or sports).

Be prepared to keep your child home for several days up to several weeks. Your school, childcare facility, or other institution will tell you when it is safe for an unvaccinated child to return.

Learn about the disease and how it is spread. It may not be possible to avoid exposure.

Talk with your child's doctor or the health department to get their guidelines for determining when your child is no longer at risk of coming down with the disease.

If you know your child is exposed to a vaccine-preventable disease for which he or she has not been vaccinated:

Learn the early signs and symptoms of the disease.

Seek immediate medical help if your child or any family members develop early signs or symptoms of the disease.

IMPORTANT: Notify the doctor's office, urgent care facility, ambulance personnel, or emergency room staff that your child has not been fully vaccinated before medical staff have contact with your child or your family members.

Follow recommendations to isolate your child from others, including family members, and especially infants and people with weakened immune systems.
Most vaccine-preventable diseases can be very dangerous to infants who are too young to be fully vaccinated, or children who are not vaccinated due to certain medical conditions.

Be aware that for some vaccine-preventable diseases, there are medicines to treat infected people and medicines to keep people they come in contact with from getting the disease.

Ask your health care professional about other ways to protect your family members and anyone else who may come into contact with your child.

Your family may be contacted by the state or local health department who track infectious disease outbreaks in the community.

If you travel with your child:

Review the CDC travelers' information website before traveling to learn about possible disease risks and vaccines that will protect your family. Vaccine preventable diseases remain common throughout the world, including Europe.

Don't spread disease to others. If an unimmunized person develops a vaccine-preventable disease while traveling, to prevent transmission to others, he or she should not travel by plane, train, or bus until a doctor determines the person is no longer contagious.

Be aware.

Any vaccine preventable disease can strike at any time in the U.S.; all of these diseases still circulate either in the U.S. or elsewhere in the world.

Sometimes vaccine-preventable diseases cause outbreaks (clusters of cases in a given area).

Vaccine-preventable diseases that still circulate in the U.S. include:
Whooping cough, chickenpox, Hib (a cause of meningitis), and influenza

Vaccine-preventable diseases can range from mild to severe and life-threatening.

In most cases, there is no way to know beforehand if a child will get a mild or serious case.

For some diseases, one case is enough to cause concern in a community.
An example of this is measles, which is one of the most contagious viral diseases known. The disease spreads quickly among people who are not immune.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Parents | If You Choose Not to Vaccinate Your Child: Risks and Responsibilities | CDC

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you choose to delay some vaccines or reject some vaccines entirely, there can be risks. Please follow these steps to protect your child, your family, and others. When you call 911, ride in an ambulance, visit a hospital emergency room, or visit your child's doctor or any clinic.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
Distracting a person from the topic at hand. Red Herring is a way to distract you by having different topics being brought up.

Connection
Mediums/ forturne tellers are a good example of this. When they get something wrong during a reading they start to ask you different questions if they feel like they are stuck/hit a dead-end.

# data[].attributes.headline
Post #7 Reason for Belief: Patternicity 

# data[].attributes.subject
Post #7 Reason for Belief: Patternicity 

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
People tend to search for pattern within a picture or objects even if nothing is there.

Connection
This is an example of patternicity. While this is a regular bag, our minds search for a face and find the find, with the zipper being the mouth and the two rings being the eyes.

# data[].attributes.headline
Post #8 Reason for Belief: Emotion connection

# data[].attributes.subject
Post #8 Reason for Belief: Emotion connection

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
After going through a loss of a loved one, having them leave and not being able to say your good byes, some people turn to a medium to connect with their loved one. This is where emotion connection come through. A person hears what they want to believe. These built up emotions of sadness make us block out the reality and make us what we want.

Connection
When going to see a medium after losing a loved one, the person is going to block out all negative things and focus on the positive. This is where mediums can take advantage of a client by taking advantage of their pain and sorrow.
Sylvia Browne, being a fake psychic would feed of of peoples pain in order to gain money.

# data[].attributes.headline
Post #9 Reasons for Belief: Perception/Observation 

# data[].attributes.subject
Post #9 Reasons for Belief: Perception/Observation 

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
The way we remember seeing things. although our memories are not always 100% accurate. 75% of wrongful convictions are due to wrong eye witness testimony.

Connection
Here is an article talking about how William Mills was wrongfully convicted for a robbery because of  wrongful eyewitness testimony.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Four people said they recognised William Mills as the man who robbed a bank in Glasgow's West End - but all of them were wrong. Having endured a dawn raid on his family home and roughly a year in prison, Mills was freed earlier this year.

With more eyewitness evidence being gathered than ever before, could he be part of a growing trend of wrongful convictions?

"It was about 5.30 in the morning when I heard my partner Toni shouting loudly: 'They've got guns, they've got guns'," said Mills. "I jumped out of bed and ran to look through the spy hole but all I could see outside was a mass of black, people in black.

"My two young girls and my partner were standing in the hall so I told them to stay back and I opened the door. The whole communal landing was covered in police, all dressed in black with ski masks on, with big rifles and shields ... They were telling us all to get on the floor and there were red dots from the guns everywhere."

Mills described how he was handcuffed, wearing only his boxer shorts, as the armed police stood by. The whole of his street had been cordoned off. "I had no idea what they wanted. I kept on trying to ask: 'Why are you doing this?' It was only when they got me to the police station that they told me they wanted me for a bank robbery."

Mills, from Partick, Glasgow, was arrested in May 2007 and held on remand for stealing £8,216 from the Royal Bank of Scotland's Dumbarton Road branch. Two policemen had identified Mills from CCTV stills and two witnesses - customers in the bank at the time of the robbery - picked him out at an identity parade. A year later he was found guilty and sentenced to nine years in prison.

Mills was freed earlier this year, six months into his sentence. DNA evidence found on a door stopper linked a convicted bank robber, Michael Absalom, to the crime. Including the time he served on remand, he had spent roughly a year locked up for something he did not do.

"I'm still suffering through what they've done," he said. "My family's suffering. I'm going to see a psychologist because I don't like going out now ... It was crazy, man, just unbelievable; you just never think it would happen to you. On remand I was locked up 23 hours a day, that was for six months.

"Being away from my family was the hardest thing, and not being able to protect my children [when the police came]. I felt so helpless. After they found me guilty, I'll never have faith in the judicial system again."

So how did it happen? "This was a prosecution that stood or fell by eyewitness identification alone," said Lord Gill, the lord justice-clerk at Mills's appeal. "That is a form of proof that has been shown to be, in some cases, a dangerous basis for a prosecution."

It was certainly not the first time that eyewitnesses had got it wrong. As early as the 1970s there was sufficient concern in England that eyewitnesses were making enough mistakes to warrant an investigation into several miscarriages of justice. This investigation resulted in the 1976 Devlin report, which recommended that no one should be convicted on the basis of eyewitness evidence alone. But this recommendation was never made law, and technological advances have meant that identification evidence is now more easily available than ever before.

Many police forces in England and Scotland use video line-ups instead of live identity parades. This has made it cheaper and easier to run a line-up, and means that many more are being conducted. "There are currently up to 100,000 line-ups held per year, compared to around 2,000 at the time of the Devlin report," said Professor Tim Valentine, a leading eyewitness researcher at the University of London. "Errors are going to be proportionate to the number of procedures that are run, so I wouldn't be surprised if there are more errors now than there used to be."

The proliferation of CCTV cameras has also led to an increase in the availability of identification evidence. According to the Police Foundation, the UK now has more surveillance cameras than any other country in the world, and footage is used to solve around 160,000 criminal cases a year. When CCTV footage is used to identify someone in court, a police officer or relative may claim to recognise that person from the footage, a jury might be asked to compare the defendant to someone in CCTV images, or an expert can use facial mapping techniques to compare the defendant's face to that of the suspect.

Under the Turnbull guidelines - introduced in 1977 by a judge who found that visual identification "can bring about miscarriages of justice and has done so" - a judge has to warn the jury of the need for special caution when relying on such evidence. But eyewitness testimonies can still be one of the most persuasive types of evidence a jury will hear. "A witness standing up and saying: 'That's the man, I saw him, I will never forget his face' is extremely compelling to a jury," said Valentine. "Witnesses can be completely honest and be mistaken."

Psychological experiments have shown that facial recognition from CCTV can be as prone to error as traditional eyewitness evidence. In an experiment which looked at 600 identity parades, a fifth of eyewitnesses picked the wrong person, Valentine said.

. In a recent experiment conducted by Valentine and Dr Josh Davis, 33% of participants identified the wrong person from close-up, high quality, video footage of the suspect's face. CCTV images are often bad quality, and the angle and lighting can change someone's appearance.

"You'd probably recognise your mother from a CCTV image, but recognising somebody you don't know well is very difficult," Valentine said. On top of this, in Mills's case the suspect's face was obscured by dark glasses and he had a scarf over his mouth and chin for most of the robbery. Yet two policemen were allowed to testify that they recognised Mills from the CCTV image.

At Mills's appeal Lord Justice Gill expressed his unease. "It is a matter of concern that an important part of the case for the prosecution was the evidence of two police officers, neither eyewitnesses, who made positive statements that Mills was the robber on the basis of looking at CCTV stills," he said.

An alarming aspect of Mills's case is that in some ways he was actually extraordinarily lucky. Having suffered the misfortune of being wrongly convicted because of faulty identification evidence, he was then very fortunate that both DNA evidence and a plausible alternative suspect were available to set the story straight. Given that DNA evidence is found at less than 1% of crime scenes, others in his situation may well not be so lucky.

"Without the DNA evidence there's no way we would have won an appeal," said Mills's lawyer, Liam O'Donnell . "They would have said there are four identifications, it's up to the jury to assess the identifications and they've accepted them. End of story."

Even with the DNA evidence Mills was initially refused an appeal. It is very rare that someone is granted an appeal on the grounds that eyewitnesses in the original trial may have been mistaken. "I can think of at least three men I know of in prison now on the basis of what looks like unsafe identification evidence," said Valentine.

"There was a time when if someone in prison told me they were innocent, I'd say: 'Nah, I don't believe you," Mills said. "But now I'd have to consider it. Who's to say there aren't more people like me out there?"
Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Wrongful conviction throws spotlight on unreliability of eyewitness evidence

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Four people said they recognised William Mills as the man who robbed a bank in Glasgow's West End - but all of them were wrong. Having endured a dawn raid on his family home and roughly a year in prison, Mills was freed earlier this year.

# data[].attributes.headline
Post #10 Critical Thinking step-by-step process

# data[].attributes.subject
Post #10 Critical Thinking step-by-step process