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13th-Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction

14th-addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War

15th-The right of citizens...to vote shall not be denied or abridged...on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

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These laws ensured constitutional rights for African Americans and other minorities. Although these rights were first guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution immediately after the Civil War, they had never been fully enforced. It was only after years of highly publicized civil rights demonstrations, marches, and violence that American political leaders acted to enforce these rights

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"FREEZE! You have to right to be white! Any other color can and will be used against you in a court of law and in the court of public opinion!"

If you weren't white you got abused, got in trouble for any and everything that you did and couldn't go and do some things.

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In 1964 the Supreme Court upheld the Civil Rights Act or 1964 as a valid exercise of Congressional power under the Commerce Clause in Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. U.S. and Katzenbach v. McClung, thereby prohibiting private discrimination in public accommodations, such as motels and restaurants.

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JFK-proposed, in a nationally televised address, a Civil Rights Act of 1963. A week after his speech, Kennedy submitted a bill to Congress addressing civil right.

MLK Jr. & President Lyndon B. Johnson-continued to press for passage of the bill – as King noted in a January 1964 newspaper column, legislation "will feel the intense focus of Negro interest...It became the order of the day at the great March on Washington last summer

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Civil Rights Movement US History Music Video

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)-organizers worked throughout the South planning sit-ins, voter registration drives and protests

Congress of Radical Equality(CORE)-The organization was founded in Chicago and membership was  open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world."

National Associated for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)-has more than 500,000 members who work  locally and nationally to “to “ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality for all, and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination.”

Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC)-Closely associated with Martin Luther King, Jr. the SCLC was established in 1957 following the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Worked with local organizations and churches to build its membership.

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January 1964

President Johnson declared a “War on Poverty” during his State of the Union address.

March 1964

LeRoi Jones (later known as Amiri Baraka) premiered his one-act play Dutchman in New York City, and later founded the Black Arts Repertory Theater School in Harlem, ushering in the Black Arts Theater Movement.

April 1964

James Baldwin premiered his three-act play Blues for Mister Charlie in New York City, inspired by the Emmett Till murder.

June 1964

Mississippi Freedom Summer, a voter education and registration project, began.

June 1964

Civil rights workers James Earl Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew Goodman abducted and murdered in Mississippi.

July 1964

Signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

August 1964

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 enacted, which established Head Start, Upward Bound, VISTA, Job Corps, and other programs.

August 1964

Democratic National Convention refused to seat the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party delegation.

December 1964

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

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John F. Kennedy was born into a rich family on May 29, 1917. He attended private schools. John had 8 siblings and they all enjoyed a privileged childhood. After a short stint as a journalist, Kennedy entered politics, serving in the US House of Representatives from 1947-1953 and the us senate from 1953-1961. He was the youngest elected president. He was also the first Roman Catholic to serve in that office.

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Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin is considered one of the crowing legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.