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1950-First African American Student Enrolls in White School

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1950-First African American Student Enrolls in White School

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Gregory Swanson enrolls in the University of Virginia Law School. He is the first African American student at a white school in Virginia. The school’s faculty voted unanimously to admit Swanson, the Board of Visitors blocked the admission. They cited state laws mandating segregation in schools.

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Students in Farmville, Virginia protest unequal conditions and then sue for an integrated school. This lawsuit becomes part of Brown v. Board of Education landmark case. 75% of the plaintiffs actually came from Moton High School.

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1960's (n.d.); Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=E1AuiQxTmBQ.

Hershmen, J, (2011),  Massive resistance; Retreived from: https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Massive_Resistance

Jimerson, A. (2017), Desegregation of virginia segregation; Retrieved from: https://www.odu.edu/library/special-collections/dove/timeline.

LaMorte, M. W. (2012). School Law: Cases and Concepts (10th ed.). [Chegg] Retrieved from https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780133000603/

Unites States Department of Justice (n.d); Retrieved from: https://www.justice.gov/crt/types-educational-opportunities-discrimination

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The Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas rules "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."  Catholic schools in the Richmond Diocese enroll sixty blacks in formerly white schools. Defenders of State Sovereignty formed to oppose the Brown decision. African American students sue for admission to white public schools.

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U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. encourages a movement called "massive resistance" to unite white leaders and politicians and put a stop to school desegregation. Massive Resistance laws are passed.

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White parents win a lawsuit against school closings in Norfolk, Virginia. Massive Resistance is ruled unconstitutional and is stopped. Most closed schools are reopened with partial integration. A school in Arlington, VA admits black students to a white junior high school.

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1959-1964-Prince Edward County Schools are Closed

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1959-1964-Prince Edward County Schools are Closed

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Prince Edward County Schools refuse to integrate and close until 1964. The Virginia Freedom of Choice Plan is created. Laws are changed to manipulate the budget and funding to schools forcing them to close. Many African Americans students are left without a place for an education.  The 1964 Supreme Court ruling in Griffin vs. School Board of Prince Edward County forced the district’s schools to finally reopen.

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The Civil Rights Act is  passed. It is finally illegal to discriminate based on someone's race, religion, sex or nationality.  It prohibited racial segregation in schools. It also allowed for all individuals to be served in public locations, including schools.

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All public colleges are to now admit both black and white students. Private colleges will soon follow. Supreme Court ends "freedom of choice" plans. Before this ended, students could choose a black or white school to attend. This was created in an attempt to expedite desegregation.

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Known for being aggressive in trying to remove racial differences, Governor Holton even enrolls his own children at a majority black school in the city of Richmond. The tides are changing and schools are slowing becoming simply for students and not for a black student or a white student.

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Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd called for "massive resistance" to the Brown decision. Virginia's legislature passed laws to prevent desegregation. Many school districts resisted by closing schools for periods ranging from a day to five years. In some districts all white students left the public schools rather than attend integrated schools.

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For four years, busing was implemented to try to increase a balance within the school systems. In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, it was ruled busing was legal. Although legal, it was not found to be successful due to parents not wanting their students transported to unknown areas.

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1974-The Equal Education Opportunities Act

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1974-The Equal Education Opportunities Act

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This is a federal law that prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation. It requires school districts to be proactive and ensure all students participate equally.