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-Bressan, D. (2012, January 17). January 17, 1995: The Kobe earthquake and early Antiseismic Architecture. Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/january-17-1995-the-kobe-earthquake-and-early-antiseismic-architecture/
-Hays, J. (n.d.). KOBE EARTHQUAKE OF 1995. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat26/sub160/item863.html
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-Muskett, H. (2014, March 12). Earthquake case studies: GCSE. Retrieved from http://exploregeography.net/earthquake-case-studies-gcse/

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Aid efforts from the government and support groups can fail if the road is blocked by collapsed structures, trees, fallen powerlines, abandoned vehicles, and other debris that first responders and support teams are unable to get by. If fires are a problem they can spread if there isn't a water source available to put them out with. In the case of roads blocked the only way into the needed areas is by air, which limits the amount of support capable of being brought in. Also if seismic activity collapses the buildings in which municiple reasorces are stored, the closest responders  would be unable to respond at full capacity.

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The response to tectonic hazards has improved over time. Looking at how the Japanese government responded in Kobe in 1995 to how governments, and aid agencies respond now, there is a major difference. Looking at disasters in previous years  the moment a country hits a disaster agencies and countries are offering help. The effort of first responders are greatly helped by new technologies that help find people in collapsed buildings, as well in clean up. Agencies, and countries now throw countless resources toward the aid effort, and a lot of has to do with new technologies.

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The government estimated that the total cost of recovery is somewhere around 100 billion dollars. The total however was around 220 billion dollars.

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Seismic Technology Developed For Buildings

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Seismic Technology Developed For Buildings

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The earthquake of Kobe was one of the earthquakes that brought forth the development of new protection against seismic activity. Due to Japan being one of the most earthquake hit countries in the world the need for new protection for buildings was high. The technology of using seismic isolators like a vibration dampening system works by using oil dampeners to control vibrations for all buildings from winds, to major quakes by absorbing the vibrations. This technology has been put into almost all of the new buildings and many of the old ones to prevent what happened to a lot of the structures in Kobe.

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The Great Hanshin earthquake was caused by the Philippines plate pushing beneath the Eurasian plate until the pressure created caused the Nojima Fault to snap back into place, leading to the earthquake that shook the city of Kobe with a 7.3 on the Richter Scale earthquake.

The result of an earth quake can lead to a tsunami if water is displaced, which leads to further damage to communities.

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At 5:46 AM on January 17th 1995 in Japan's second largest urban area, the coastal city of Koby was shook by a magnitude 6.9 earthquake which shook the ground for at least 20 seconds.

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The quake had shifted about 1.5 meters horizontally along the fault, which had caused a portion of the Hanshin Expressway, between Osaka and Kobe to collapse despite the highway having the current quake-resistant technology. The shaking had also affected the bullet trains tracks as well, having damaged portions over 56km of track taking up to 3 months to repair.

The quake had damaged not only transporation but the port that handles 12% of the countries exports as well. The quake had caused soil liquifaction which caused some containers to fall up to 10 feet. It had been destroyed.

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After the quake many of the buildings in Kobe had been damaged and had collapsed, trapping people under it for up to five days. Over 35,000 people were pulled out of the rubble and over 6400 people died, 80% due to fallen structures, and because of being pulled out to late. Search dogs had not been sent out until 3 days after the quake! If the response had been better a lot of people could have been saved.

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The recovery of the city happened quite swiftly. The Toppled over expressway was removed within a week, the full railway system restored in under 4 months, however this doesn't account for the affects on the people of Kobe

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The Kobe quake was the strongest quake in Japan since the devastating quake in 1923, measuring in at 6.9 in magnitude, 7.2 on the Richter scale. The quake was so destructive for two reasons. The first being the closeness in proximity of epicenter, which was located some 20km away from the city of Kobe. The second reason being that the the focus of the quake was very shallow being just 16km below the surface in the Akashi Strait. The quake lasted 20 seconds, in which the Nojima fault shifted horizontally an average of 1.5 meters.

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The earthquake devastated the people of Kobe. The total 300,000 people left homeless were out of shelter, food, water and a source of income for a while. People lived in tent cities, and a crime group in the city gave out resources from water to diapers, for a price.
About a week after the quake people had returned to work, however many had to walk long distances, and shop owners who's shops were destroyed opened booths.

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The Japanese government and the city of Kobe were unprepared for the quake, in fact the president only found out about the disaster in Kobe once he watched the morning news. One of the reasons why the quake was so bad was because it happened so early in the morning. However, after the quake the Japanese government's response was very poor. Aid by the military wasn't ordered until up to 9 hours after the quake, and it took longer for emergency services to arrive as the roads were not cleared which is said to delay the first responders up to an additional 5 hours. The city was on fire and the firefighters were unable to put them out as there was no available water use as electricity and water lines were damaged. Once water and food trucks arrived a lot of the buildings had been burnt down already.

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This quake was the worst in regard to death toll since the devastating earthquake in japan of 1923. There were 6400 people killed during the 20 seconds of shaking, with close to 40 000 injured and 300 000 people displaced from their homes. The destruction caused was extreme resulting in the collapse of many older buildings, many in which trapped people under rubble as 35 000 people were pulled out of collapsed buildings. This just starts the list of the destruction caused. The Hanshin Expressway had collapsed, the port had closed and several train lines were affected.