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Born

February 13 or 14, 1766

Rookery, England

Died

December 29, 1834

St. Catherine, England

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I became a member of the Political Economy Club, which at that time, included other economists, such as James Mill and David Ricardo.

The “Malthus-Ricardo debate” took place during the 1820s. David Ricardo was my best friends out of all.

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I am the seventh child of Henrietta Catherine and Daniel Malthus. My family was quite prosperous.

My father was a great friend of the philosopher David Hume, who was deeply influenced by another philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's book Émile (1762), may have been the my father's source of liberal ideas of education to me.

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1784: Studied mostly at home till admission to Jesus College, Cambridge

Studied a wide range of subjects and took prizes in Latin and Greek, graduating in 1788

1791: Earned Master of Arts degree

1793: Elected a fellow of Jesus College

1797: Took holy orders

My father was a great friend of the philosopher David Hume, who was deeply influenced by another philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. And starting off, when I was young, I received personal education at home. Then when I grew up, I joined a dissenting academy called Warrington, which was closed in 1783.

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Malthus's influence on         Charles Darwin (1809-1882) 

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Malthus's influence on         Charles Darwin (1809-1882) 

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I read Malthus’s essay “The Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798) and was deeply inspirited by it. The theory of human's never-ending struggle had caught my attention, and later, I’ve extended his principle to the evolutionary scheme.
Throughout my research, I've included many people’s theories, especially Thomas Malthus’s. I was able to rethink about natural selection and understand the importance of overpopulation and human resource.

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This club was founded in London, 1821, with James Mill and his friends. The purpose of this club was to agree on the fundamental principles of the political economy.

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Hi, I'm Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a French philospher and the writer of the Age of Enlightenment. My social contract theory has highly influenced the French Revolution and the development of Liveral. But most importantly, I impacted Thomas Malthus's life by influencing David Hume, friend of Daniel Malthus.

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“The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man.”

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Population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every 25 years or increases in a geometrical ratio.

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Hi, I'm Thomas' best friend David Ricardo. I am also an influential  classical British political economist.
I am best known for my theory on

wages and profit

labor theory of value

comparative advantage

and rents

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An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers

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https://www.thoughtco.com/thomas-malthus-on-population-1435465
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Malthus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus
https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/hume/david/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau
https://www.lawbookexchange.com/pages/books/44869/thomas-robert-malthus/an-essay-on-the-principle-of-population-as-it-affects-the-future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVmAb8N5nQY
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-mcc-biology2/chapter/human-population-growth/
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8788129/
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Evolutionary_Biology/Thomas_Malthus

(wikipedia was only the site for the photos)

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Subjects of my studies

political economy

supply and demand

human being

saving

poor Law

I became a professor of history and political economy at the East India Company’s college in 1805.
It was the first time in Great Britain that the words political economy had been used to indicate an academic course.

I entered the Cambridge University and succeeded at becoming a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge in 1793. Around 30 years later, I became a member of the Political Economy Club.

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Hi, I am David Hume, Daniel Malthus's friend, a Scottish philosopher, also known as a historian, economist, and essayist. My essays are known for philosophical empiricism and skepticism.

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Malthusianism:
Population growth is exponential while the growth of food supply is linear. Therefore, if there aren't strict restrictions on reproduction, the population will outrun the food.

I am best known for my population growth theory: the population growth will exceed the resource and human can never improve without strict restrictions on reproduction. In 1798, Malthus published his essay called An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, Mr. Condorcet, and Other Writers. My book argues that utopia is a conceited thought made by the human since the population will always outrun the food supply.

When the number of people reaches the Malthusian limit, then there will be a massive wave of depopulation, with the effect of the Malthusian crisis (Predators, disease, harsh weather, epidemics, and starvation, etc.).  The rapid increase and decrease of the population will continue, and I named this progression “The cycle of misery.” I did recognize the technological improvements, especially agriculture, due to the industrial civilization; however, I still maintained his theory by claiming the population growth will always compensate for it and catch up.

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Hi, I am David Ricardo, and I agree with your point, that human population grows exponentially whereas the food production grows at an arithmetic rate. According to your theory, it is predicted that in the future there will be a time when humans would have no more resources to survive on. Because I believe that man’s ability to procreate would always outstrip our planet’s ability to feed everybody. Therefore, it is possible that this tragedy would happen, with the unlimited demand for food and limited resources. While the human population increased faster than the means to supply food, which ultimately a large number of people will starve to death.

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I will admit, I underestimated how successful humans are at adapting the environmental restriction and the role that technology & innovation could play in creating a world where humans can continue to growth in number .

The agricultural revolution gave a sudden boost to the amount of food that was able to be produced, and therefore allowed the population to continue growing. 200 years ago, there were only about 1 billion people on earth, but now, there are more than 7.5 billions of us! All it took was 40 years for our water usage to quadruple. Nowadays, we depend on just twelve plants and seven animals spices for 75% of our food. This shows that it is the huge leap in technology that brought these abnormalities and prevented food shortages and resource depletion if the population had continue to grow without restraint.

A side effect of agricultural/ industrial revolution and the massive growth in population is the amount of population we are causing. 80% of our energy comes from fossil fuels. The "chemical" grown animals and plants can also be harmful to the human body.

The following chart shows the actual population growth over the last thousand years. We are clearly able to see the growth is exponential, just as my theory states.

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The idea of my theory was mainly introducing a seductive logic that resource is finite:

In 2014, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned "the potential for warmer temperatures to restrict food supplies in spite of the growing demand. They reported that the rise of the temperature had lowered the wheat production by 2 percent".

As more offspring are born, a more competitive would be made. In the modern world, everyone can get into to colleges as long as you can pay the tuition, but takes a lot more effort and requirements to get in to a good college compared to old times. This, is because as more people come into the population, fewer resources are available, therefore, people need to compete. People who are already rich would have a higher starting point and advantage in the competition. It would be very difficult for a child from a rural village to compete against a child from a developed city who had taken advanced courses for college and in recession, jobs. Economy would eventually worsen and poverty and famine would arise as the gap between the rich and the poor widens with uncontrolled population size.

Given the condition, in the close future, humans may be faced with the challenges of resource depletion. Instead of watching people die out of hunger or other shortages, the government should be watchful for when it is an appropriate time to limit reproduction. For example, in the last two decades, China had been in close fear of an resource shortage due to overpopulation. For a while, couples were only allowed to have one child. In recent years, the law has been removed now that the population is under control. A strict limit as such will create a pattern that prevents devastation and allow humans to live comfortably.

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Hello Mr. Malthus. I'm Alfred Marshall. I agree with you on the subject of population. However in your arguments you only state the negative consequences population growth would bring. Don't you think it might also have some positive impacts on the society? I believe large families of healthy and physically fit people are an asset to the country: people are production factors (labor). Therefore we can't say increase in population is detrimental to the prosperity of a country.

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Hello Mr. Malthus. I agree with you that population growth is exponential while food supply growth is linear. As evidence by multiple researches, from the start of humanity, the population has grown at an exponential rate. However, the food supply growth is linear because there is a limited amount of land that can produce good. Efficiency of good supply can increase, but the amount of land cannot increase. When the amount of land cannot handle the large population, the population will quickly decreased most likely due to a disease.

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Dear Mr. Marshall,
Unlike the old society where humans suffered from malnutrition and food scarcity, the society we live in is so effective due to mass production that we suffer for it. Therefore, I do not agree with your opinion that in the future, food supply will not be able support the population. However, I do believe what you said about climate change, which is happening now, is undeniably

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Hello Mr. Malthus,
I find myself to agree with many of your economic concepts about Malthusianism. An interesting concept you mentioned throughout your works of Malthusianism is the idea that, although breakthroughs in technology and agriculture can increase productions of food, the population will always grow faster than society is able to produce. This concept is relatively similar to my economic concept of the Law of Markets, as, during the Industrial Revolution, individuals were scared that there would be an overly excessive abundance of commodities and manufactures. In short, the Law of the Market states that increasing production will result in an increasing purchasing power, which is similar to your ideas regarding food production and population.

-J.B. Say

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Hello Mr. Malthus,

I admire you workson population and subsidies, although, your conclusions are highly debatable. In fact, population is usually increasing faster than subsistence. The geometrical and arithmetical ratios of these increases, to which you seem to have attached considerable importance, as well as other attempts at mathematical precision, are not completely true. There is no point whatever in trying to formulate independent "laws" for the behavior of two interdependent quantities. Innovation will be the determining factor for the increase of food, so we cannot just conclude that food will only increase in linear proportion.

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Mr. Malthus, though your ideas on the idea of population growth out running the food supply has proven false so far -with the accessibility of supplies from the U.S. and the increase of technological capabilities allowing labour to produce and increased quantity of food- it must be said that at least during my time, in the 1900s, your ideas may have come into prevalence again. During the 18th century, there was no denying that this was the case -what you proposed of population outgrowing possible supply seemed a devil which loomed over us, and though it had been chained up for the next century, perhaps now we have returned to an age where nature once again asserts her dominance over man. -J.M. Keynes