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This lesson shows the different activities that Ancient people from South and Western Asia do, and use in their daily lives. It also shows how things started from being small and unknown to big and very known for the world. It showcases us different traits and characteristics of what ancient people are like before. Ancient people contributed things that we still use today. (e.g. cards, chess, etc.) These people taught us behavioral patterns like respecting elders, true friendship, etc. These people not only contributed these behavioral patterns and things that we still use today, but things that set a history.

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In the Field Literature
Shruti Literature is concerned with the "Revealed or the heard"
Shruti Literature
Palaces and houses of the wealthy were described to be decorated with wall paintings.
In the field of Painting
Indian architecture began with the Harappan civilization. The Harappan "Great Baths" and Urban planning skills proved them to be skilled in construction while the stone images of their gods and seals reveal their artistry.
Indian Sculpture and Architecture
Smriti Literature
Smriti is concerned with "That which is remembered"
This includes Guiding principle for beliefs, moral obligations, social codes, and customs
South Asian Contributions to Civilization
Arjuna's Penance is known as one of the biggest stone carvvings in the world
Dance and Music
The word Dance among Indians invokes images of Nataraja as the Indian God Shiva is described.
India has numerous classical dance style. Natyashastra is the oldest from which all the other Indian classical dance styles are derived.
Indian Instruments
Tambura
Sarod
Tabla
Satar
The story of the Indian dance-dramas has to be hold through actions.
Hence, Indian Dances include intricate forms of facial expressions, the movements of hands
Their dances also mock up various moods like anger, envy, greed, Lust etc.
Moreover, perfect expressions of these feelings made by the subtle movement.
Theology and worship are also integrated in Indian dances were usually performed during religious
The development of sports has been particularly emphasized among Asian countries to enhance national prestige.
Sports have been particularly become very pupular.
Asians have competed in Asian games and the World Olympics
The history of sports dates back to Vedic era.
In the field of Sports
Vedic era- was period in Indian history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism were composed.
The origin and development of these sports activities were closely related to work, defense, and entertainment of the time
Traces the earliest sports activities such us hunting,swimming,boating,archery,horse riding,wrestling and fishing were seen from ancient bronzeware and paintings
Most of these games and sports were narrated in the famous epic of Mahabharata written in 800 BCE to 1000 BCE.

Chess
The game has been known in India by the name Chatur-Anga, which has four angas or member of an army to be elephants, horses, chariots, and foot soldier
Checkmate- evidently from Shan Mat which means "the king is dead" other terms include Astapada which means eight steps and used to describe the eight step squares that the modern chess has.

Playing Cards
Known as the Kridapatras
Popular card game also originated in Ancient India.
Game is recorded to be one of the favorite partimes of royalty and nobility of Indian Royal Court
According to Abu Fazal the game of cards was invented by Sags who took the number 12 the basis and made a set of 12 cards.
Every king had 11 followers, thus a pack had 144 cards. Later, the Mughals retained the 12 sets having 96 cards
Cards were painted with themes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata
These were hand-made and painted in the traditional style
Cards were played by members of all strata of society, different cards with different styles are now found

Martial Arts
Called Kalaripayate
This art travelled from India to other countries along with the Buddhist monks
Buddhist monks traveled barefoot and unarmed, they accepted this art as an alternative to violence
They found this technique necessary as they were exposed to dangers from bandits and fanatic from other religions
Buddhist monks however, tempered the originally violent nature of kalaripayate

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Productivity
Patience
Compassion
Commitment
Love of God

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Arabic literature was first created during the 4th and 7th century

With the introduction of Islam, the Qur'an became the essential focus of learning and presentations until it succeeded displacing the qasida and became the focal study of the Muslim world

Indian visual arts were first discovered in primitive cave or rock paintings [Ajanta Caves- most significant early Indian paintings]

Indian architecture began with the Harappan Civilization

The dance among Indians invokes images of Nataraja as the Indian God Shiva is described

The West Asian dance is considered as one of the ancient dances reflecting seamless gesture and movement of the ancient times [Belly Dance]. Originated with the birth of women

Development of sports has been particularly emphasized among Asian countries to enhance national prestige

Chess originated from India

The popular card game also originated in Ancient India known as the Kridapatrams

Ancient India claimed to have been the origin of Judo and Karate

Arabs made contributions in the field of Mathematics [Arabic numeral, Arab zero and Arab decimal system]

Through Astronomy, the knowledge of distances between longitude and latitude was introduced. It also gave them the ability to know the comparative speeds of sound and light

Arabian horticulture gave rise to the production of different products in Europe

Civilization is also indebted to the Arabs for their cosmetics. Much of the jewelries that we have at present were inspired by the fashion and adornments of ancient and medieval Arabs

The Arabs raised small-scale crafts to perfection

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Kalidasa- wrote the Shakuntala, the first famous drama of India

Amru al-Kais, Antara, Zuhair- well-known poets in Arab

Bukhari, Tabari, Masudi, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn al-Athir, Ibn Batuta- emerging as the greatest writers of all time

Shan Mat- invented the word, "checkmate"

Abu Fazal- author of the Ain-e-Akhari

Al-Khwarizmi- invented Algebra

Al-Binuru- an Arab that concluded the possibility of the Earth's rotation on its own axis

Al-Razi- first to ascertain smallpox and measles and allied these diseases with human  infection. He was considered an authority on infection. He also invented the mercurial ointment

Ibn Sina- an Arab who was considered as the greatest writer of medicine

Avicenna- pioneered the study of mental health, and is presently considered as the forerunner of psychotherapists

Ibn al-Nafis- from Syria, discovered the principles of pulmonary circulation

Al-Filahat and Ibn al-Awam- discovered the method of grafting, soil conditioning, and the curing of diseased vines and trees

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qasida- ode; a lyric poem usually marked by exaltation of feeling and style, varying length of line, and complexity of stanza forms

murals- large artworks done on the walls of solid structures

arabesque- elements of repeated geometric floral and plant designs

dance-dramas- collection of some Indian dances

mudra- intricate forms of facial expressions

hasta- movement of the hands

Theology- the study of religious faith, practice, experience, and worship

oud- a musical instrument of the lute family

Chatur-Anga- four Angas; a member of and army to be elephants, horses, chariots, and foot soldiers

checkmate- "the king is dead"

astapada- eight steps

Raksha- a soldier "to protect"

Kridapatrams- popular card game that originated in Ancient India

Kalaripayate- something similar to karate

astrolabe- used by the Arabs to record the exact time of sunrises and sunsets, to chart the period for fasting and time for praying

Horticulture- the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants

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LESSON 12: CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOUTH AND WEST ASIA TO CIVILIZATION

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LESSON 12: CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOUTH AND WEST ASIA TO CIVILIZATION

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Asian arts are usually classified into the East Asian, Southeast Asian, Arabic, and the Indian Arts. Asian arts especially literary works are mostly influenced by social norms, morals, and customs. Thus, the good is usually rewarded and the evil is punished. Behavioral patterns like loyalty to the king, filial piety, respect for the father, and elders, true friendship, and chastity for women are usually stressed.

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In this lesson, you are expected to:

Analyze the contributions of the South and Western Asia in the fields of...

literature

architecture

sculpture

painting

music

dance

sports

others

Explain the effects of the South and West Asian nations' beliefs, traditions, and philosophies on their contribution to civilizations

Analyze ideas that would be of importance in the development of the assigned tasks