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A web browser is used to retrieve data from the internet and bring it to the user, allowing them to view the information and further navigate the internet.

The main current browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer

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What is an email client?
Formally known as mail user agent (MAU) is a computer program that allows you to access emails without using a server, for example Outlook is a computer program that could be installed onto your computer that you can use without using a web sever.

Examples: Outlook is a computer program, used to access emails without using the web server.

An email client allows you to read, organize and reply to messages, also send new emails.
They communicate with the email server by using either the POP (Post Office Protocol) or the IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol). these are used to send and receive emails through the email servers. Email clients use SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

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What is a packet in terms of the Internet?

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What is a packet in terms of the Internet?

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A data packet is a unit of data made into a single package that travels along a given network path. Data packets are used in Internet Protocol (IP) transmissions for data that navigates the Web, and in other kinds of networks.

The structure of a packet depends on the type of packet it is and on the protocol. ... The source IP address, which is the IP address of the machine sending the data. The destination IP address, which is the machine or device to which the data is sent.

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A mail server is an email client implanted as a web application. They are used to transfer emails form one computer to another using client-server applications.

The Post Office Protocol (POP) is an internet layer protocol used by mail servers to retrieve email from a server in an IP environment

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What is a proxy server used for:
A proxy server is used as an intermediary between a device and the internet. When you type a web address into the search bar on google it sends the request to the server where the website is hosted which loads up the sight you typed in.
Where would a proxy server be used:
To share Internet connection on a LAN.
To speed up Internet surfing.
To hide the IP address of the client computer so that it can surf anonymous.
To implement Internet access control like authentication for Internet connection.
To bypass security restrictions and filters.
To scan outbound content.
To circumvent regional restrictions.

What is load balancing:
Load balancing refers to efficiently distributing incoming network traffic across a group of backend servers

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What is a Web Email?
Webmail (or web-based email) is any email client implemented as a webapplication running on a web server.

Examples:

Examples of webmail software are Roundcube and SquirrelMail.

Examples of webmail providers are AOL Mail, Gmail, Hotmail.com and Yahoo! Mail.

How does it work?
When an email has been delivered, you have to access it online. It does not download to the desktop, therefore you can't view it offline. It sits on the web servers of the email providers where there is a high chance that many people can read it unless it is encrypted, which could cause privacy issues to occur.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

As with any web application, webmail's main advantage over the use of a desktop email client is the ability to send and receive email anywhere from a web browser.

Its main disadvantage is the need to be connected to the Internet while using it. Other software tools also exist to integrate parts of webmail functionality into an OS (e.g. creating messages directly from third party applications via MAPI).

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1- The primary purpose of a web server is so you can process, store and deliver web pages to clients. The client communicates with the server by using the protocol "HTTP" (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) which lets a message send to the server asking for access to the page.

Diagram/Description:
https://cascadingmedia.com/assets/images/insites/2015/01/https-everywhere/http-passive-attacker-02df3ac8.png

How a web server is different from a PC:
It is cheaper to create a server on a PC, even though it can run a server on a desktop/PC doesn't make it as powerful the hardware isn't always good enough to run a server. Or if you have the required components/hardware to keep it stable. Web Servers keep the pages running for extended periods of time so it can prevent uninterrupted service to clients around the world.
A pc server is not as reliable.

4- Space is an issue. you need a lot of storage/RAM space,
an Ethernet cable to keep a high running connection speed, a hard drive.

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Who invented the web browser:
Tim Berners-Lee invented the web browser

What is the  purpose of a browser:
Web browsers are used for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the internet

What was the name of the first browser:
NCSA Mosaic

Timeline of the history of browsers:

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to hold information
if bombed, we could still access what has been written
born in cold war

HTTP - HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. Or simply used to send messages over the internet.

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Whats the difference between Internet and World Wide Web?
Despite common belief, the internet and the world wide web are not the same thing. The World Wide Web is a way of accessing information over the internet. It is built on top of the internet and uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) to transmit data.
A brief timeline of the internet
The first precursor to the internet was created in 1965, in the form of two packet sharing computers. The internet as we know it today was formed in 1973 as a global network, connecting to ARPANET.

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1- They serve large companies by providing a direct connection from the company's network to the internet. they ALLOW YOU TO JOIN THE INTERNET.

2-
DSL,
Cable Internet,
Wireless Broadband,
ISDN - INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK,

Hyperoptic, Plusnet, Origin Broadband.

3-  Sky broadband is £30 a month, BT is £35 a month. depending on how fast the speed of connection is the higher the cost.

4-  BT Broadband offers 52Mb for £36 a month, 76Mb for £45 a month. the cheapest is 17Mb for £25 a month

5- they offer web hosting capabilities, allowing users to create and maintain personal web pages, some other ISPs offer the service of developing the pages for you

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A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork until it reaches its destination node.
The most familiar type of routers are home and small office routers that simply forward IP packets between the home computers and the Internet.
More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or ISP networks up to the powerful core routers that forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone. Though routers are typically dedicated hardware devices, software-based routers also exist.

What is a routing table?
A routing table is a set of rules, often viewed in table format, that is used to determine where data packets traveling over an Internet Protocol (IP) network will be directed. All IP-enabled devices, including routers and switches, use routing tables.

IRS Routers
ISR G2 is a second generation Integrated Services Router (ISR) from CiscoSystems, Inc. According to Cisco, ISR G2 routers are built to accommodate the need for branch offices to use video-conferencing and virtualization services and transport other kinds of rich media over a wide area network (WAN).

An ISR will include the smarts and connections to support telephony (Voice over IP) and a number of other specialist components such as Intrusion Prevention. Cisco coined the phrase to differentiate their products from other router vendors (who now also include many of those features).

Presumably these days, a non-ISR router would just route packets between different networks (which is the original definition of them).

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What must a website be hosted on for it to be available on the internet: It needs to be on a web hosting provider which is used to store your website files and images.

What are the two different options of hosting a website: There are shared and dedicated. shared is with over 1,000 users in a single server which supports 3,000 sites. There are 10-20 users on a dedicated server.

What are the advantages of both options: Shared is cheaper than dedicated. Dedicated performs better than shared as it doesn't have as many people using the servers resources.

What are the disadvantages of both options: If a website in a shared hosting server has faulty code it can hog up 75% of the servers resources at times.

Examples of companies that provide these services:
Shared - Site Ground, Hostinger and fastComet

Dedicated -

Prices of these services:
Siteground - £3.47
Hostinger - £1.53
FastComet - £2.10

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What is used to identify a website?
Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages.

Why are domain names preferred over IP Addresses?
Domain names are much preferred over IP addresses since  they are easier to remember.

Examples:

https://padlet.com/OtherZak/p00xt26o70qd

https://westherts.itslearning.com/note/View_Note.aspx?NoteID=100775

https://www.google.co.uk/

.com = commercial
.org = organisation
.ac = academic
.edu = academic (USA)
.uk = country domain code
.jp = country domain code

What must be considered when choosing a domain name?
When choosing a domain name, things that must be considered include:

Simplicity

Ease of Remembrance

It may be taken by someone else, so Uniqueness is important

What else could be considered if the user mistypes the user address?
If the user mistypes the domain name, it could come up with a different website, in which it must be unique so this is less frequent.

Domain Name/Website Makers:
There are many websites where you can see if a domain name is taken when making a website, and also many which allow you to make a website domain name including:

https://uk.godaddy.com/offers/domains?countryview=1&currencytype=GBP&isc=gcouuk60&slid=&pgrid=51222269473&ptaid=aud-312355094541:kwd-1282710283&mkwid=sKvXB03Hv_pcrid_254217702874_pkw_domains_pmt_p_pdv_c_&gclid=CjwKCAjw4sLVBRAlEiwASblR-y5NjDcj0Yw35ErprdtiQP8TKueZHzO8r5bbd80uOE-tI-ZzjKkOlhoCc_8QAvD_BwE

http://www.wix.com/freesitebuilder/hiker-create?experiment_id=wix%5Ee%5E48420855580%5E1t1&gclid=CjwKCAjw4sLVBRAlEiwASblR-6FMiKnZCmDpdMHLlJFLQITCNZgdFzjUMKXI86_l0AkcDqAvNVtmyRoCn6UQAvD_BwE&utm_campaign=195454660%5E10375167100&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google

How are domain names created?
Getting a domain name involves registering the nameyou want with an organisation called ICANN through a domain name registrar. For example, if you choose a name like "example.com", you will have to go to a registrar, pay a registration fee that costs around US$10 (GB£7.13) to US$35 (GB£24.95) for thatname. Some websites even offer domain names for as little as £0.99 but they will probably still have to be registered.