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After WW2, America invested in Iran, building oil rigs and other resourceful infrastructure.
But the Iranians didn't want this.
Then, at the next election, the Americans helped the SHAH gain power, as long as he would ensure America's involvement in the country.
An Iranian activist, Khomeni, pulled on religious beliefs in order to overthrow the SHAH and install change

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- Marketing - Adaptation to today's society
- Security - The world is always changing, but Fundamentalists want to go back to the good old days
- Personal Transformation - Direct spiritual experience
- Equality - Flattened hierarchy

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- Texts
- Political agenda
- Activism is encouraged
- Rejection of modern society
- Nationalism

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Asceticism - Living a simple, self-disciplined life
Devine Transcendence - God is great, follow his will!
Pre-Destination - God has already decided who goes to heaven and hell = salvation anxiety, work hard, maybe he'll let you into heaven after all!
Vocation/Calling - Hard work leads to heaven

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Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism

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Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism

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By the end of the industrial revolution, the economy became more capitalist, and all work was based on profit. However, the money that a worker earned could not be spent on himself, as that would mean to self-indulge. Therefore, profits must be invested back into businesses, furthering their career prospects, helping the economy boom

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- A form of Protestantism that helped to bring about capitalism

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Studies found that religious media doesn't tend to attract any new converts, only those who already share these beliefs

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Secularisation debates argue that the world is giving up religion for more rational beliefs. But, NRMs are becoming more popular, and many people are becoming more interested in spirituality and unconventional beliefs

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A sociologist found that, in America, Christians will use a range of churches depending on which one appeals to them, instead of solely sticking to one

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We can pick aspects of certain religious and use them to construct our identity

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The Electronic Church
- Televangialism means that people don't have to go to church in order to show religiosity

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Globalisation is leading to a movement of beliefs across national boundaries.

- Religion has become 'disembedded' due to the increased use of ICT and the power of the media uprooting it and taking it out of context

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The Relocation of Religion
Religious Consumerism
Re-enchantment of The World

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Religion is now a journey. People are switching fro traditional religion to new forms, such as NRMs, because people have a choice, and children are no longer born into a religion

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- If people aren't willing to invest their time in religious organisations, then their belief can't be that strong

- Post Modernists say that religiosity isn't declining, but changing. However, Voas and Crockett say that attendance and belief are declining. But, if people are believing and not belonging, then belief should be increasing

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Letting a minority group demonstrate religious activities and beliefs on behalf of the majority

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Still having a faith, but not considering yourself part of a religious organisation and not attending a place of worship

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Globalisation - Religion is easier to spread
Risk and Uncertainty - Nothing is set in stone
ICT - Religion is spread online
Movement of people - Diversity
Consumerism - Spiritual shopping

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Historical evidence of women's oppression in religion 

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Historical evidence of women's oppression in religion 

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Women would take care of the sick and elderly, but if the patient died, or recovered, they would be accused of being a witch

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Men are prophets
In the bible, Eve was the one to betray God's trust and start the downfall of the universe

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Women are oppressed because religion is patriarchal

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Traditional Marxists argue that they are naive in suggesting that religion is always used for social change in order to free the oppressed - change doesn't occur daily

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Inclusivist - acknowledges how all religions can be used in concordance with Liberation Theology in order to free the oppressed

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God, a freedom fighter, supports the poor
Liberation theologists believe that it is their job to free the poor from their oppression that is a result of a Capitalist society

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Some people do find strength and comfort in religion, and feel that it helps them greatly

FEMINISTS would argue that they overlook how women of all classes are oppressed by the patriarchal structure of religion

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Acknowledges how the working class are at a disadvantage within religion
Inequality can be demonstrated in the Hymnal 'All Things Bright and Beautiful'

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Religion provides compensation for an awful, oppressed life by providing the reward of heaven at the end. If members of the proletariat behave and do not rebel at all, throughout their life, then they will get to go to heaven as a treat for living a crap life

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Religion is used to prevent a proletarian uprising as they say that God placed them in the lower class for a reason, and if they try to fight this, then they will go to hell. They do not want to go to hell. They do not argue.

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Ignores conflicts within and between religions
FEMINISTS would argue that religion is patriarchal and oppresses women, and how is that positive?

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It identifies how religion can be positive for many people and how it can create a sense of security and a feeling of wellbeing, however, it ignores the fact that Christians are not accepting of the LGTBQ+ movement, which could be extremely damaging to many people.

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Positively addresses how religion can bind society in order to create a community feel

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Totemism represents a collective conscience 

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Totemism represents a collective conscience 

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Totems reflect the beliefs and features of society that people value, and worshipping them brings the members closer together, strengthening their communal bond

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Usually, the Islanders fish in a safe, calm lagoon, however, when they had to go onto the rough, dangerous sea, the Islanders performed a rain dance in order to deal with the discomfort of the rough sea to ensure themselves of safety

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- Funerals: Helps with the grieving process because it ensures people their loved ones are in a better place
- Heaven - Gives people a purpose, something to live for and work towards
- Service - Creates a community and brings people together, especially within ethnic groups
- Guidelines - The 10 Commandments provide a set of rules for people to live in accordance to

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Malinowski - Psychological Function of Religion

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Malinowski - Psychological Function of Religion

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Tension management - Religion helps individuals to deal with stress

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Religion provides a set of guidelines for people to follow, ensuring the maintenance of consensus within society

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Religion is a social construct that has been created with the aim of bringing members of society together in a community