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Vision - A richer and more diversified Arrábida's flora, cared for by people for the benefit of all.

Mission - Restore the flora of Arrábida and involve students with the natural world.

Create in schools, with the help of the municipal chambers and environmental associations, the project - Arrabida for the future.
The purpose of which will be to protect the Serra da Arrábida and its flora and fauna, as well as the protection of its beaches
During the school year we will organize various voluntary events to present our work and our objectives.
We will make cleanings of the mountains and the beaches, we organize fund raising all with the aim of preserving and helping the sponsors red list plants.
Organize walks and activities that value nature without damaging it.

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Compare your conservation business plan 

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Compare your conservation business plan 

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The business planes developed by colleagues are very well built and similar to mine.
Appeal to environmental awareness, disseminate what exists, traditions related to nature, food, handicrafts, etc. Motivate volunteers to clean forest activities, participate in activities in nature but not destroy, call the conversation of bees, projects fundraising.

Comments on others PLantAreas

Your business plan is very well built and similar to mine. appealing to the environmental conscience of the students and their parents is fundamental. Visiting gardens and knowing the plants and their importance will undoubtedly develop an environmental awareness in the students. I would like to participate with my children in your visits. ( Isabel Vale)

Your business plan is very well built and similar to mine. appealing to environmental awareness, disseminate what exists, traditions linked to nature, food, crafts, etc.The importance of bees in biodiversity is little publicized, last year I did several projects with my students on this theme- No Bees do not ....calling for the conservation of bees and preventing the collapse of hives is very importan ( Pedro Oliveira)

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Protecting the green from economic interests is a worldwide challenge. That is why conservation of the genetic diversity of flora in botanical gardens has been so relevant. There are already more than 3,000 conservation parks in 180 countries, according to Botanic Gardens Conservation International - BGCI. Together, they contribute to the fight against climate change, one of the Sustainable Development Objectives (ODS), a series of actions that guide national and international policies of the member countries of the United Nations in several areas.

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Jardim Botânico Casa das Cercas (Almada)

Jardim Botânico da Ajuda (Lisboa)

Jardim Botânico da Madeira

Jardim Botânico da UTAD (Vila Real)

Jardim Botânico de Coimbra

Jardim Botânico de Lisboa

Jardim Botânico do Faial (Açores)

Jardim Botânico do Porto

Jardim Botânico Tropical (Lisboa)

Parque Biológico de Gaia

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Endangered Plant Species in my PlantArea - I - Convolvulus fernandesii

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Endangered Plant Species in my PlantArea - I - Convolvulus fernandesii

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Corriola-do-Espichel - Convolvulus fernandesii

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"Corriola-do-Espichel" may not be endowed with surprising beauty, but it is, in any case, a rare gem, because it is a Portuguese endemism and, moreover, restricted to the area of ​​Cape Espichel and the coast of Serra da Arrábida . Rare but also hard to find because it has its habitat limited to escarpments and open cracks along the cliffs of the coast. I can say it myself, because it was only on the third attempt that I was able to meet her in the depths of a ravine dug into the cliff, which is accessed by following a path traced and frequented, I suppose, by fishermen, the slope, is not recommended for ladies in high-heeled shoes, or for gentlemen in shoes with sole uppers.
It is a branched shrub, with white flowers, more or less leafy, depending on the depth and quality of the soil where it is implanted and which behaves like a climbing plant that wraps itself in the closest supports, usually other plants. The whistles often do this role as in the case I describe.
Because it is a rare species, it makes sense to mention that the plants found, still in flowering, but also with fruits to mature (see last photo), presented excellent vegetative appearance. Understandably, in fact, because the place has good sediments carried by rainwater that, converging from the high plateau of Azóia, eventually precipitate in that place, having, moreover, private beach.

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Endangered Plant Species in my PlantArea- II - Juniperus turbinata

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Endangered Plant Species in my PlantArea- II - Juniperus turbinata

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Reino -Plantae
Divisão - Pinophyta (Gimnospermae)
Classe -Pinopsida
Ordem - Cupressales
Família |-Cupressaceae
Género -Juniperus
Espécie- J. turbinata

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Small shrub or tree (up to 5 m). Ritidoma: exfoliated in thin layers. Sheets of two types: as children's earrings, with two bands of insulation of two as leaves, triverticiladas; as adults are escamiformes and ovadas. It is a dioecious species with male appendages at the apex of the sprigs; axillary inflorescences. Fruit: globular gall, dark red when ripe; in number of 3 a.
In the littoral occurs in xerófilos forests in stabilized dunes and coastal cliffs; in the interior it occurs in rocky thermophilic slopes, calcareous outcrops and in inlaid river valleys. It prefers dry and sunny places.

Threatened due to habitat change due to anthropogenic pressure.

http://www.biodiversidadeterrestre.uevora.pt/

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Common Name- Lemon Verbena, Lemon beebrush
Family-Verbenaceae

Lemon verbena is an angiosperm species of the Verbenaceae family, native to South America (Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia and Peru). It was introduced in Europe by the Spanish and Portuguese in the seventeenth century. In the Algarve it is called  Lúcia- lima, bela-luísa and in other areas of Portugal has as its common name lemonete.

Morphological description
Lemon-verbena  is a perennial deciduous shrub. It grows up to a height of 3 to 7 meters and exudes a strong aroma. It prefers full exposure to the sun, a lot of humidity and a slightly marly soil. Its sensitivity to cold causes the leaves to fall from 0 ° C, although the trunks stand up to -10 ° C. If it is trimmed and covered with straw, protected from moisture, it can withstand cold of -15 ° C, again gaining leaves in the spring. Its leaves are lanceolate, pale green in color, and bloom in white or lavender in August or September.

Medicinal Uses
An undervalued medicinal herb, lemon verbena contains a strong lemon-scented essential oil that has calming and digestive qualities.  The plant has a gentle sedative action and a reputation for soothing abdominal discomfort. It has a mildly tonic effect upon the nervous system and helps to lift the spirits and counter depression. The leaves and the flowering tops are antispasmodic, febrifuge, sedative and stomachic. A tea made from the leaves has a deliciously refreshing lemon flavour and is used mainly in treating digestive disorders such as flatulence, indigestion and acidity. Some caution is advisable though, since prolonged use or large internal doses can cause gastric irritation. The herb is also useful as a stimulant for treating lethargy or depression whilst it is also used to treat feverish colds. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy in the treatment of nervous and digestive problems and also for acne, boils and cysts.

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Commom Name- Milk Thistle
Family- Asteraceae

Characteristic
A wanderer of Europe, the Milk thistle, originally from the Mediterranean regions, reached through the uncultivated soils and roadsides the distant Danish lands. It is a stout plant, with purple chapters, well defended by the bracts of its sheath, bent in sharp thorns.
From 0.30 to 1.50 m in height. Biennial, erect and stout stem; large, bright, green leaves with white spots along the ridges, wavy edges fringed with spines and eyelashes; purple-violet flowers (July-August), tubular, in solitary hemispherical chapters, with coriaceous bracts finished in thorn; black, shiny or tinted yellow aquarium, surmounted by a papyrus of denticulated hairs; root neat and thick. Odorless; taste the artichoke.

Medical use
The medicinal properties and benefits provided by the Milk  thistle are recognized more than 2,000 years ago. There are records dating from the first century that indicate the use of this plant by the Romans as a protective agent of the liver. Medical records dating from the 18th and 19th centuries also cite the Marian thistle in the treatment of evils.

Has anti-inflammatory, astringent, digestive, diuretic, regenerative and antiseptic properties, and can be used to help treat migraine, nausea, varicose veins, spleen or gallbladder problems. The main application of thistle is in the treatment of liver disorders

Culinary use
Since very remote times, the plant is known in rural areas for its food value; young leaves are salted, and the roots and chapters are prepared by cooking in water; the whole crushed plant serves as food for livestock, and poultry greatly appreciate its seeds.

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The story goes that when Mary fled to Egypt, she nursed the newborn Jesus, the blanket that covered the baby fell. When Mary picked up the blanket, drops of milk fell on thistles, which forever remained the mark of holy milk.
Looking at the image we noticed that the ribs are white.

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Common Name: Parsley
Family - Umbelliferouse

Characteristic
Herbaceous of the Umbelliferous family, with height between 20 and 90 cm, root well developed, of up to 10 cm of yellowish or orange color. Petiole leaves, triangular in shape, divided into tooth segments. Small, circular fruit of approx. 2 mm and greenish.
It blooms in June and fructifies during the summer.
Originally from Greece, it is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, North Africa and Southwest Asia.
The whole plant has a characteristic aromatic odor and taste, being cultivated in all regions in the world, especially in Europe, where it is perhaps one of the most cultivated herbs.

Medical use
Diuretic (used in arterial hypertension, various edemas, urinary retention, cystitis, etc.), antipyretic, general stimulant, antidepressant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiallergic, nutritious and aromatic.

Curiosity
Galeno, in the second century, attributed to its leaves resolutive or vulnerable properties. It was
recommended by Dioscorides for the Roman soldiers and gladiators, to take their leaves in order to regain their energies and to ingest it before the battles. Its medicinal and culinary properties were first discovered by the Romans, who took it to England and from there to the rest of the world. At
was associated with opium, a species closely associated with funerary rites and the

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Plantas e Povos | Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência

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Nesta exposição é possível observar objetos etnobotânicos e etnográficos, fotografias e filmes das coleções provenientes do Instituto de Investigação Cientifica Tropical e do MUHNAC. Dividida em três grandes núcleos - Transcender, Transformar e Cuidar - o visitante é convidado a conhecer o uso que o Homem tem feito das plantas ao longo da sua história para os mais diversos fins medicinais, estéticos, artísticos, alimentares, habitacionais, mobiliários, de transporte, vestuário, relacionados com rituais, entre outros.

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In Graça Delicado PlantArea:
Our plantAreas have some similarities, although the São Mamede mountain range is located in the interior and my area is coastal, some of the existing plants are common. I very much appreciated the information you collected in particular from DROSOPHYLLUM LUSITANICUM, which you did not know about. The alcoholic beverages that he refers to produced from the plants of the mountain range like the aguardente of arbutus also exists in the area of ​​Serra da Arrábida.

In Mireille Lucas PlantArea
Mireille who work spectacularly, his padlet is fantastic. Both in the research related to medicinal plants, climatic changes as in Floral resources found within Belgium. Beer is undoubtedly one of the most popular drinks in Belgium, I have tasted some and they are great. Keep up the good work.

In Isabel do Vale PlantArea:
Very nice work in your PlantArea Isabel. I enjoyed reading your findings, even though our areas were similar, we discovered different things I think you can improve the organization of the padlet to make it easier to read. Keep up the good work

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According to the story, at the end of the 19th century, monks who inhabited the Convent of Our Lady of Arrábida, discreetly and far from the eyes of mortal men, began to prepare an almost mystical drink made from wild berries and other ingredients that only the religious hands knew how to identify and use. When persecuted, the monks took the secrets of the production in the stampede, as well as the barrels where they produced the liquor, finishing refugees in the house of a family of the Quinta of the Angel, that received them. It was from this family that the almost magical formula came into the hands of Emídio Fortuna, patriarch of the current producers who patiently passed this secret from generation to generation.
What is known about Arrabidine is that the production process is slow. In addition to the berries of Mediterranean origin that can only be harvested in December and the secret ingredients, the liquor is macerated in the original oak barrels of the Amazon for at least three years.
The main berries used come from Myrtus communis.

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Moscatel de Setúbal is a Denomination of Controlled Origin (DOC) Portuguese known for the generous wines produced from Moscatel castes in the demarcated origin with center in Azeitão. The region, which enjoys a mixed, sub-tropical and Mediterranean climate, influenced by the proximity of the sea and the rivers Tagus and Sado, was demarcated in 1907/1908
The Moscatel de Setúbal is a Fortified wine, with a graduation between 17º and 18º. An unmistakable perfume can be burned on top of an unmistakable perfume. There are two types of Moscatel de Setúbal, white and purple, rarer. The "designations" of Moscatel de Setúbal "and" Roxo "are reserved for DOC Setúbal wines made with at least 67% of grape must in these vine varieties. The term" Superior "can be used as a designative of quality

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Pianae was the Latin name for the Moscato grape, in distant times when it came from Greece to Italy. They are the grapes most known to man and are believed to have been the first to leave Asia in the hands of the Phoenicians, westward over 5,000 years ago. From Greece they spread all over the Mediterranean and multiplied. Its name means "favorite of the bees", because of the great sugar content that this Vitis vinifera accumulates when it matures.

Some varieties are excellent for consumption in the natural (or dry) because they have large and resistant curls. They are also vinified but represent a challenge for winemakers: The size and consistency of the bunches and berries are attributes that make it difficult to extract juice for winemaking. Fortunately, there are specific technologies for this grape in the winery, because its characteristic aromas and flavor sweet wines look good on many wine styles,

COLORS AND NAMES
The ampelographer Pierre Galet (ampelographer is the botanist specializing in the study of vines) cites in his dictionary of strains 150 varieties of Moscatel, ranging from white grapes to grapes, vinifers and hybrids (genetic combinations of table grapes and fine grapes). But they all have one thing in common: the aroma.

Nothing is more characteristic than the aroma of Moscatel grapes. A delicate composition of ripe grape scent, musk, honey, peach, apricot and a soft floral. It's unmistakable.

Another important characteristic is that they are grapes that, when vinified, can produce from dry, aromatic and fruity wines, to sparkling wines and to those of dessert, many of them naturally sweet. No other caste has such versatility.

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In Portugal, the traditional Christmas tree is a pine, the "cousin" of the southern spruce of northern Europe. To each country its uses and customs. Certain traditions are part of a people's cultural heritage, and to lose them is to lose some of their identity !

Kingdom:  Plantae

Division: Pinophyta

Class: Pinopsida

Order: Pinales

Family: Pinacea

Subfamily: Pinoideae

Genus: Pinus

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 Groups of food plants - Fruits and cereals

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 Groups of food plants - Fruits and cereals

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The most frequent crop in the farms of the Peninsula of Setúbal is the vineyard, followed by the citrus fruits and the fresh fruits. The most common fruit products in the region are peaches, apples, plums, table grapes and strawberries
As regards temporary crops, it can be stated that the most common are horticultural crops, potatoes and cereals grown for grain.

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Two Common Species- "Carrapato Riscado" Bean - Phaseolus vulgaris 

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Two Common Species- "Carrapato Riscado" Bean - Phaseolus vulgaris 

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Bearded Scratch Bean is a very vigorous bean, that can climb beyond 3 meters in soils of the
your pleasure. Heat sensitive, produces better in places of temperate climate, as is the case of the Portuguese coast. It has a long, fleshy pod, of green color ray of red. It is a bean for eat in green, par excellence. Once cooked, the pods have green as color unique and are used in traditional dishes, as soup anda bean stewed , which are favored by the dimensions and texture of this variety. It is in a way bean is still quite common.

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This apple variety has its demarcated area in the in the municipalities of Sesimbra and Palmela, where attention in recent years. In both counties there are, along with recently installed orchards, very old copies still in full production. The trees are of medium height and wide canopy, more small areas in the Cape Espichel area due to the of this region, and its fruits ripen in the beginning of August. They have the bark scratched red, the pulp is clear and acidic and very juicy and fresh.Because of its characteristics, and because it appears early in a time of little fruit, this apple is much appreciated in the region. Here it is easy to find it on the local trade, directly from the producers. Place of collection: Palmela and Sesimbra.

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The work of Investigation on the Plants of "Theophrastus", was written around 314 ac and constitutes one of the most important legacies of the Antiquity.

In its nine books, about 480 species are described; some names such as Crataegus, Daucus, Asparagus, Narcissus are used to this day. The classification of vegetables into trees, shrubs, sub-shrubs and herbs, although very artificial, has the merit of having been the first. Note that it took into account, in addition to external form and other structural features, the annual, biannual and perennial character of some species of herbs.

In spite of the advances of Botany during the Renaissance, the relevance of Theophrastus' studies was only surpassed a mere three hundred years ago by the works of the Swedish Carl von Linné (1707/1778).

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In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year!
Look at the 3 options below and choose the one that describes best the Andes issue explained above.

A: Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.

Using your everyday knowledge, which of the following sentences do you think is true?
- We are still strongly depended on fossil fuels and only the developed countries of the world have the technology and therefore the luxury of using green energy.

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APA - Políticas > Alterações Climáticas > Adaptação > O Clima em Portugal

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Enquanto se discute sobre quem fica fora e dentro do Acordo de Paris, o mundo aquece, o Árctico derrete e a Antárctida fica um bocadinho mais verde. Não são projecções ou especulações, são constatações que estão em relatórios de cientistas que continuam a medir os efeitos das alterações climáticas no planeta Terra. E Portugal? Há muitas coisas que já mudaram à nossa volta.

Já reparou que há sobreiros e azinheiras a morrer no Alentejo? Que as ondas de calor se tornaram mais frequentes? Que a floresta de Portugal está a diminuir, consumida pelos incêndios? Que a chuva já não cai como antes? Que os Invernos estão mais curtos? Que os mosquitos da febre de dengue encontraram condições para espalhar um surto na ilha da Madeira? Que, devagarinho, acontece uma subida do nível do mar? São apenas alguns dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas em Portugal.

A lista de fenómenos, mais ou menos visíveis, registados em Portugal que resultam das alterações climática é longa. Filipe Duarte Santos, especialista em alterações climáticas da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa e presidente do Conselho Nacional do Ambiente e do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (CNADS), destaca a diminuição da precipitação, acompanhada de uma mudança do seu regime.

"A diminuição traduz-se, se fizermos uma média por década a partir de 1960, em 40 milímetros por década no Sul de Portugal. Ou seja, em 56 anos, estamos a falar de mais 200 milímetros, o que é muito significativo", especifica o físico, referindo-se a dados da Agência Europeia do Ambiente (EEA, na sigla em inglês). O problema, diz o especialista, não é exclusivo de Portugal e abarca toda a Península Ibérica onde, segundo os mesmos dados da EEA, a precipitação anual diminuiu até um máximo de 90 milímetros por década, desde 1960.

Infelizmente, este mau indicador parece manter a sua tendência. "Este ano é mais um exemplo disso. Estamos a ter uma precipitação reduzida, relativamente à média de há 60 ou 70 anos. Isto tem impactos muito significativos na agricultura e também no montado", avisa. Por outro lado, nota, também se percebe que o padrão da chuva mudou e que, quando realmente chove, chove muito e durante pouco tempo. O que, entre outros efeitos, significa muitas vezes cidades inundadas por cheias.

Nas cidades sentem-se as cheias mas não a falta da chuva que, aliás, (quando cai) incomoda muita gente. "As pessoas que vivem na cidade não notam a diminuição da precipitação, abrem a torneira e têm água e de qualidade. A chuva é uma chatice", reconhece Filipe Duarte Santos, que acrescenta que "é muito diferente quando se é um agricultor no interior do país". É preciso enfrentar este problema e planear uma resposta, sem esquecer que a solução tem de ser discutida com os nossos vizinhos espanhóis com quem partilhamos recursos importantes para nos adaptarmos a estes desafios, recomenda o físico.

Um altifalante no Árctico

"Por outro lado, temos as ondas de calor", continua Filipe Duarte Santos. Apesar de considerar que Portugal se tem adaptado bem a este fenómeno, com um programa de alerta dirigido à população, chamado Ícaro e que é da responsabilidade da Direcção-Geral da Saúde, o físico lembra que as ondas de calor são hoje mais frequentes. E há mais: "Também temos a questão dos fogos florestais. Com temperaturas mais altas e menor precipitação, o risco de incêndio florestal aumenta. Portugal é o único país do Sul da Europa em que a área florestal está a diminuir, por causa dos incêndios", assinala.

A privilegiada localização deste cantinho da Europa à beira-mar também tem desvantagens. "Há ainda a subida do nível do mar", acrescenta Filipe Duarte Santos, que confirma que as projecções mais extremas apontam para uma subida média de um metro em 2100.

O investigador também foi o coordenador geral do ClimAdaPT.Local, um projecto para capacitar os municípios para as adaptações às alterações climáticas e ensiná-los a definir estratégias de adaptação. A verdade é que, para já, as mudanças do clima não afectam muito o dia-a-dia da maioria da população portuguesa. "Os problemas nos países desenvolvidos são mais facilmente resolvidos porque temos situações económicas mais favoráveis. Mas se pensar no Sahel, em África, no Mali, na República Centro Africana, na Nigéria, na Etiópia, na Somália, o que se está a passar é dramático! Eles também estão a ter secas mais frequentes mas não têm condições para se adaptar, se a agricultura falha as pessoas têm fome."

Os problemas em África não parecem ter uma voz mediática mas há um "grito" que se ouve desde o Árctico, que nos últimos anos registou temperaturas invulgarmente elevadas e uma perda de gelo marítimo recorde. "O Árctico e a Antárctica, mas sobretudo o Árctico, são uma espécie de altifalante das alterações climáticas. É uma coisa completamente evidente e é por isso que os senhores decisores políticos vão visitar o Árctico para verem com os seus olhos que realmente há qualquer coisa que está a mudar profundamente no nosso planeta."

Se fosse possível viajar no tempo e espreitar o futuro de Portugal em 2100, numa viagem maldita em que tudo corresse mal, veríamos um país sem montado, sem sobreiros e azinheiras. É apenas um exemplo. "Se não se cumprir o Acordo de Paris, o futuro do Sul de Portugal e de Espanha apresenta uma grande tendência para a desertificação. Se em Portugal tivermos um aumento de temperatura média global superior a dois graus Celsius até ao fim do século, o ecossistema do montado do Sul dificilmente resiste", admite Filipe Duarte Santos. Por isso, conclui, a decisão de Donald Trump retirar os EUA do Acordo de Paris é "egoísta". "Está a defender os interesses das grandes companhias e do lobby dos combustíveis fósseis, mas os países mais vulneráveis - e Portugal é vulnerável no contexto europeu mas há muitos outros países numa situação bastante mais vulnerável -, vão sofrer com isso."

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O que é que as alterações climáticas fizeram a Portugal?

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Enquanto se discute sobre quem fica fora e dentro do Acordo de Paris, o mundo aquece, o Árctico derrete e a Antárctida fica um bocadinho mais verde. Não são projecções ou especulações, são constatações que estão em relatórios de cientistas que continuam a medir os efeitos das alterações climáticas no planeta Terra.

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There have been changes in the
distribution, abundance, seasonal activities, migration patterns and in biotic relationships between species, in ecosystems terrestrial, marine  . Although no recent extinction have been directly attributed to climate change, there are indications that some
species of Central American amphibians, such as the golden toad of Monteverde (Costa
Rica), have been extinguished due to climate change (Settele et al., 2014). In addition, there is evidence that past natural climate change, which has much slower than the current ones, have significantly changed the
ecosystems and led to the loss of biodiversity . That way,
the risk of species extinction is projected to increase in the future due to changes
(Field et al., 2014).

Reference:

Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability – IPCC WGII AR5 summary for policymakers

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My plant área- Penisula de Setúbal, PT belongs to the mediterranean biogeographical área.

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The Peninsula of Setúbal comprises 158 100 ha and is included in the Metropolitan of Lisbon. It is bordered on the north by the river Tagus, to the east by Alentejo territory, to the south the Sado River and the Atlantic Ocean and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. It's part 9 municipalities, corresponding to the counties of Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Moita, Montijo, Palmela, Seixal, Sesimbra and Setúbal.
The Peninsula of Setúbal encompasses very distinct environments, in that, on the one hand, large and medium-sized cities, closely related to the capital, and on the other hand, well preserved areas that integrate natural parks or reserves / protected areas.

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The Arrábida mountain range is one of the most beautiful and significant natural areas of Mediterranean influence. Throughout its mountains or through the shadows of its valleys and peaks, the horizon presents itself as one of the most beautiful landscapes, where the mountain range constitutes an orographic barrier between the coast and the interior, possessing also exuberant vegetation, of Mediterranean character .

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More than 1,000 species of vascular plants have been recorded from the Arrábida natural park (10,821ha; also a reserva biogenética). Not long after Christmas, hoop-petticoat daffodils (subspecies obesus) are out in force accompanied by the curious friar's cowl, Barbary nut and  Western Peony . Romulea bulbocodium, to be joined by palmate anemone, rosy garlic, wild tulip and the delicate green and purple bells of Fritillaria lusitanica when spring begins in earnest. March brings a flush of orchids into bloom - champagne, conical, naked man, man and giant, plus the insect-imitating dull, bumble-bee, yellow, mirror and sawfly ophrys - and come April, wild and field gladioli and Spanish irises appear, together with pink butterfly, bug and tongue orchids, while a search among the undergrowth should turn up the less conspicuous violet limodore and two-leaved gennaria.
Half-hour foray into the dense maquis  which winds along the top of the ridge will reveal an impressive list of typical Mediterranean shrubs: Phoenician juniper, holly oak, lentisc, Mediterranean buckthorn, strawberry-tree, Osyris lanceolata, myrtle, shrubby hare's-ear, Phillyrea angustifolia, P. latifolia, wild jasmine and laurustinus. The glossy evergreen foliage is coloured by narrow-leaved and grey-leaved cistuses, tree heath, shrubby scorpion-vetch, fringed rue, Phlomis purpurea and rosemary, with the whole mass inextricably bound together by the twining stems of wild madder, Lonicera implexa and common smilax.
On the seaward side of the ridge, the more humid climate and deeper soils of the valleys which drop down to the coast support stands of Lusitanian oak (subspecies broteroi), bay, carob, Montpellier maple and wild olive, with a characteristic spring-flowering ground layer of western peony, Iberian milk-vetch, alexanders and Spanish bluebell. Three integral reserves have been declared where the climax Lusitanian oak forest is more or less intact: Mata do Solitário, Mata do Vidal and Mata Coberta, to which access is forbidden.

The sheer south-facing cliffs - accessible only via the trails down to the fishing villages - boast their own peculiar flora, including the diminutive Portuguese endemic crucifers Arabis sadina and Iberis procumbens ssp. microcarpa and more commonplace species such as sad stock, sweet Alison, the Afro-Iberian endemic stonecrop Sedum mucizonia, fringed rue, mallow-leaved bindweed and cut-leaved lavender, with shady nooks hosting Mediterranean selaginella and southern polypody

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Landscape of the Arrábida Natural Park where you can observe rosemary

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Three vegetation zones were identified: vegetation surrounding the lagoon, consisting of species associated with drier sites and plants occasionally found in the vicinity of marginal areas;  laguna margin vegetation, consisting of helófitas adapted to the fluctuations of the water level; (hydrophilic vegetation, occupying theof the lagoon.

Several plants were found in this area distributed by herbaceous formations, trees and shrubs, and including the rigid structures existing in the study area: Acacia,. Sands with vegetation, Canebrake, , Chorão  (Carpobrotus edulis), Eucalyptus,  Juncal.Wild Pinewood ,Meek  Pinewood, Mixed Pinewood, Meadow, Salt meadow, willow trees, brushwood.

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In the vegetation of the Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve, we can highlight the halophytic (that is, salt tolerant) or sapal stained view that borders the estuary. Consisting of medium-sized grasses and shrubs, which colonize compact seed soils in estuarine areas as far as tides, it represents an essential industry occurrence between the aquatic and terrestrial environments. These vascular plants are the main primary producers of the estuary, with their annual biomass production estimated at 17,790 tons. of carbon / year.

The Maritima Spartina, commonly known as Morraça, is a pioneer grass in the colonization of the consolidated vasas. This image well adaptated the prolonged immersion of salty waters, here and beyond, on the edges of the frog, with the development of other species such as the white grass Halimione portulacoides and the sarcocornia fruticosa. These articles represent the determinant role in sapal composition, structure and dynamic. Other grasses are Sarcocornia perennial, Salicornia nitens and Arthrocnemum spp.
Where the tide is once or there is the sweet water, a sound of beach that includes the valverde-of-marshes Sua vera, the beach mound Aster tripolium, a marsh Puccinellia maritima, a madorneira-bastarda Inula crithmoides, the limonium Limonium spp. and an Atriplex halimus. Higher, where the salinity of the waters is quite low, the junction of Scirpus maritimus and the Caniçal Phragmites australis dominate the margins forming extensive spots of caniçal.

In the aquatic environment itself, the existence of phytoplankton (primary production estimated at 4,400 tons of carbon / year, throughout the estuarine area) is still to be noted; of microfitobentos, predominantly constituted by unicellular algae from the diatomaceous group that proliferate on the surface of the vasas and sands, making photosynthesis while they are exposed to light during the empty tide (estimated primary production in a value close to 11,000 tons of carbon / year, in the entire estuarine area); and of macrophytic algae, represented mainly by the Fucus vesiculosus, the sea bass Ulva lactuca and the gracilaria Gracilaria verrucosa (primary production estimated at 4,000 tons of carbon / year, in the entire estuarine area).

In the terrestrial environment (mouchões, Lezíria sul and Pancas area), the natural vegetation consists mainly of herbaceous species that form natural pastures or grow spontaneously on the edges of cultivated fields, natural pastures, stubble and initial stages of cultivation. Shrubby and arboreal species develop in a narrow sandy strip that crosses the clay fields of the sorzia downstream of Sorraia, as well as in the semi-natural hedge that delimits the Pleistocene terraces at the nascent boundary of this Protected Area.

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Biogeographical area of Portugal (Costa et al. 1998)

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Biogeographical area of Portugal (Costa et al. 1998)

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Mechanisms of plant response to water stress and heat

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Mechanisms of plant response to water stress and heat

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In a situation of water and thermal stress, the plants trigger different  mechanisms for "escape", such as the shortening of the life cycle, causing the reproductive phase to be anticipated and do not occur in the driest or hotest period. However, some Plant responses also allow you to "avoid", or even tolerate, these stresses. In conditions of water scarcity or rising of temperature, the first "strategy" of the plant is the stomatal control with the closure of the stomata,preserving the water in the tissues and avoiding the dehydration that could affect the metabolism

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Alexander Von Humboldt and the Phytogeography

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Alexander Von Humboldt and the Phytogeography

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Phytogeography is a branch of biogeography responsible for studying the origin, distribution, adaptation and association of plants according to their geographical location and evolution.
Also called geobotany, plant geography and botanical geography, phytogeography arose from a change in the way of studying the plants that, until the nineteenth century, when Alexander Von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland published "Essai sur la géographie des plantes", in 1805 (or "Essay on the geography of plants"), was viewed from an essentially botanical point of view. Until then, little importance was given to the geographic location in the configuration and distribution of the vegetation.
Phytogeography encompasses knowledge related to taxonomy, climatology, ecology, morphology and physiology, as well as phytosociology to consider the interference of the medium in plant formations. This analysis was even sketched before Humboldt by Linnaeus in his "Flora lapponica", from 1737. However, it was Humboldt's work that marked the beginning of the study of plants in relation to their geographic location, Humboldt being therefore considered the father of phytogeography.
Through the studies carried out by phytogeographs, it was possible to understand the relationship between climatic factors (such as winds, humidity and temperature), physiographic (altitude, exposure and slope) and lighting (phototropism, photojournalism) make us understand why different regions present such varied types of vegetation.