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the Court held that Illinois must provide strict procedural safeguards, including appellate review, to deny a stay for an injunction depriving the Nazi Party of protected First Amendment rights.

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is a false and unprivileged statement of fact that is harmful to someone's reputation, and published "with fault," meaning as a result of negligence or malice.

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slander-the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.

Libel- a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.

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All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders.

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In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.

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the wartime internment of American citizens of Japanese descent was constitutional.

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No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact (de facto), although not by law (de jure).

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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

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A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

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In First Amendment law, prior restraint is government action that prohibits speech or other expression before the speech happens.

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found that the passing of any state laws that establish a religious body is a direct violation of the United States Constitution.

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The First Amendment provides: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”

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is a test courts may is to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance.

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Guaranteeing the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants in federal and state courts.

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It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality. (separate but equal)

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was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case of 1857.

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Made abortion legal under the 4th amendment (right to privacy).

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It ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.

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the former practice/mating of laws to segregate black people in the US.

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an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to race for colleges.

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Made these tests as a part of the voting process to prevent African American suffrage.

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the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment("unreasonable searches and seizures,") may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in courts.

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Freedom from unreasonable discrimination.

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Established that rights must be read to criminals before investigation and interrogations.

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Supreme Court case that decided segregated schools were unconstitutional.

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Supreme Court case made it illegal for school staff to start prayers at school.

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Makes the first ten amendments applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause.

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Actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it. Example: Protesting

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Allowed Affirmative Action- allowing race to be a factor when considering a student for colleges.

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Reasonable grounds for authority to do something like search or arrest.

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The legal separation of groups in a society.

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A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination.For example, African-Americans have been prone to suspect classification due to their skin color. (which is horrible)

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Speech plus is conveying an idea or message through behavior.

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You can't be tried for the same crime twice.

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Fair treatment of people in a trial through the judiciary system.

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It prohibits congress from establishing a set religion.

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You can't use illegally obtained evidence in court.