# data[].attributes.body
racial profiling happens in everyday lives. both videos are in the article

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
This is why everyday racial profiling is so dangerous | CNN

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Racial profiling happens in ways many people don't realize. And it doesn't just hurt the victims - it harms the rest of society, too.

# data[].attributes.body
Police were called on two black men for trespassing in a PUBLIC Starbucks.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Starbucks just the latest accused of racial profiling

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The recent arrest of two black men who were sitting in a Starbucks in Philadelphia adds the coffee chain to a list of retailers accused of racial bias.

# data[].attributes.body
Police shooting and killing for no probable reason.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) - The family of a 22-year-old unarmed black man killed by police last year filed a wrongful death lawsuit Monday seeking more than $20 million from the city of Sacramento and the two officers who opened fire.

The federal lawsuit filed on behalf of Stephon Clark's two sons, his parents and his grandparents contends that officers used excessive force and that he was a victim of racial profiling.

The shooting set off weeks of protests that disrupted traffic in the state capital as well as professional basketball games in a downtown arena.

The suit names Terrance Mercadal and Jared Robinet as the Sacramento officers who said they thought Clark had a gun while running from police during a vandalism investigation. Investigators found only a cellphone after Clark was shot in the backyard of his grandparents' home on March 18, 2018.

The suit says they failed to identify themselves as police or warn that that deadly force would be used. It alleges their use of deadly force was excessive and unreasonable because he wasn't armed and there was no imminent threat. It also alleges that they delayed medical care after the shooting. It alleges the city failed to properly train its officers.

Sacramento police referred requests for comment to City Attorney Susana Alcala Wood, who declined comment because of the pending lawsuit.

Sacramento County's district attorney has yet to decide if the two officers acted illegally by shooting Clark. The office received the Sacramento Police Department's report in October, but said Monday that it received additional investigative reports and related materials from the state attorney general's investigators two weeks ago that will delay a decision.

Attorney General Xavier Becerra agreed in March to provide oversight of the investigation and review the police department's policies and use-of-force training. He plans to announce his recommendations Tuesday on the department's policies and reform efforts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Family seeks $20M for Calif. police shooting of black man

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) - The family of a 22-year-old unarmed black man killed by police last year filed a wrongful death lawsuit Monday seeking more than $20 million from the city of Sacramento and the two officers who opened fire.

# data[].attributes.body
Unnecessary shooting/killings are making Americans lose trust in law enforcement.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The #BlackLivesMatter movement has sparked nationwide protests and has raised awareness worldwide about the unequal treatment of black people by police in the United States.

Listening to the voices from the movement - and learning from the death of Eric Garner and the series of other deaths of unarmed black men - it's clear that two issues need to be addressed: racial profiling and police use of excessive force. Both run afoul of the U.S. Constitution, but remain common practices in law enforcement, too often with tragic results.

In Garner's case, for example, police targeted him for the petty crime of selling loose cigarettes - the types of crimes black people are targeted for at higher rates - and then attempted to arrest him with a chokehold, banned by the department. Whatever else we have learned from the recent tragedies of police violence, it is clear that we need comprehensive federal, state and local policies that outlaw racial profiling and rein in police excessive force.

Racial profiling - as well as profiling based on religion, ethnicity and national origin - continues to plague our nation despite the constitutional guarantee of equal treatment under the law. In a 2011 report, the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights found evidence of widespread racial profiling, showing that African Americans and Hispanics are disproportionately likely to be stopped and searched by police, even though they're less likely to be found possessing contraband or committing a criminal act. In Illinois, for example, black and Hispanic drivers were twice as likely to be searched after a traffic stop compared to white drivers, but white drivers were twice as likely to have contraband. The NYPD's controversial stop-and-frisk program shows similar evidence of racial profiling, with police targeting blacks and Latinos about 85 percent of the time. In nearly nine out of 10 searches, police find nothing.

Likewise, excessive force by police persists despite the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures. In lawsuits and investigations, the U.S. Department of Justice has concluded that a number of major police departments have engaged in a pattern or practice of excessive force. The Cleveland Police Department was most recently found to be an offender, but it follows a long line of other wayward law enforcement agencies: Seattle, New Orleans, Portland, Newark and Albuquerque among them. Clearly, cases like Eric Garner's are not isolated - police use of excessive force is a systemic, national problem. The DOJ has recommended revising and clarifying local policies regarding appropriate uses of force, improving officer training and supervision, and implementing rigorous internal accountability systems, among other things. But recommendations are not enough. Conquering this systemic issue demands a national mandate.

Profiling undermines public safety and strains police-community trust. When law enforcement officers target residents based on race, religion or national origin rather than behavior, crime-fighting is less effective and community distrust of police grows. A study of the Los Angeles Police Department showed that minority communities that had been unfairly targeted in the past continue to experience greater mistrust and fear of police officers. To root out this ineffective tactic that undermines public confidence, we need stronger policies against racial profiling at all levels - from local to federal - as well as more effective training and oversight of police officers, and systems of accountability.

Twenty states have no laws prohibiting racial profiling by law enforcement, according to an NAACP report released in September. Among states that do, the policies vary widely in implementation and effectiveness. Only 17 of those states require data collection on all police stops and searches, and only 15 require analysis and publication of other racial profiling data. Limited and inconsistent data collection makes it impossible to devise effective remedies for racial profiling.

Last week, the U.S. Department of Justice unveiled a newly revised guide on use of profiling by law enforcement, distinguishing between legitimate uses (such as using race and other characteristics in a suspect description) and illegitimate uses (such as criminal stereotypes). Among other things, the guide explains that uses of race and other characteristics should be based on particularized and trustworthy information relevant to the specific investigation, rather than generalized stereotypes. The policy also provides general provisions on training, data collection and accountability, and it was expanded to include national origin, religion, gender, sexual orientation and gender identity. Civil rights groups have been calling for this updated guide for years.

However, the Department of Justice did not address all concerns. Civil rights advocates had also called for the elimination of loopholes for national security and border enforcement, which the DOJ did not adopt. The document states:

This Guidance does not apply to Federal non-law enforcement personnel, including U.S. military, intelligence, or diplomatic personnel, and their activities. In addition, this Guidance does not apply to interdiction activities in the vicinity of the border, or to protective, inspection, or screening activities.

The DOJ policy, however, is far clearer and stronger than policies held by many states and localities. As the NAACP found, some states and localities ban the use of pretextual traffic stops, others explicitly prohibit racial profiling, and still others require mandatory data collection - but few contain all of the elements of an effective racial profiling ban, and many states lack profiling laws altogether. Since Americans encounter local police in far greater numbers than any federal law enforcement officers, the adoption of state and local laws and policies banning profiling is critical.

Excessive force and racial profiling are two destructive modes of police misconduct that require concerted, vigilant action to reduce and eliminate. While racial profiling can end in tragic police killings of unarmed individuals, such as with Eric Garner or Michael Brown, it also results in many unnecessary stops and searches, harassment and intimidation, and even confiscation of property without due process. The steps to curb this are clear: At all levels of government, we need definitive anti-profiling laws and policies, training of officers on the elimination of explicit and implicit bias, data collection on traffic stops and other police-community contacts, and development of internal and external accountability systems. With these efforts, police departments across the country can rebuild public trust and ensure that policing methods reinforce rather than undermine our democratic values.
More from PostEverything: Being a cop showed me just how racist and violent the police are. There's only one fix. What caused the Ferguson riot exists in so many other cities, too Filming the police is the American thing to do

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Racial profiling has destroyed public trust in police. Cops are exploiting our weak laws against it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The #BlackLivesMatter movement has sparked nationwide protests and has raised awareness worldwide about the unequal treatment of black people by police in the United States. Listening to the voices from the movement - and learning from the death of Eric Garner and the series of other deaths of unarmed black men - it's clear that two issues need to be addressed: racial profiling and police use of excessive force.

# data[].attributes.body
It's not just white police.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Police officers of all races-not just white ones-disproportionately kill African American suspects, according to a new study that points to a need for policing and legal reforms.

"...white officers are no more likely to use lethal force against minorities than nonwhite officers."

Researchers looked at every use of deadly force by officers across the United States and discovered that the killing of black suspects is a police problem, not a white police problem. Further, the killing of unarmed suspects of any race is extremely rare.

"There might be some bad apples in the police department, but white officers are no more likely to use lethal force against minorities than nonwhite officers," says Charles Menifield, dean of the School of Public Affairs and Administration (SPAA) at Rutgers University-Newark, and lead author of the paper, which appears in Public Administration Review.

"Still, the killings are no less racist but will require a very different set of remedies if we are to change the culture and stop this from happening."

For the study, Menifield and colleagues created a database of all confirmed uses of deadly force by police in the United States in 2014 and 2015, the most recent years for which sufficient data were available.

The findings show that police kill African Americans more than twice as often as the general population. While only about 12 percent of the American population is black, 28 percent of people killed during this two-year period were black, according to the research, which also found that Latinos were killed slightly more than would be expected and white citizens less often.

The study also found that less than 1 percent of victims of police killings were unarmed. Across all racial groups, 65.3 percent of those killed possessed a firearm at the time of their death.

"The gun could be in their car, or on them, but it was there at the time they were killed," says Menifield. "This shouldn't be surprising because of the availability and ease of getting a gun in the United States."

High-profile killings of unarmed black men in the last few years-like that of 18-year-old Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014, which gave rise to the Black Lives Matter movement-have led many to speculate that white officers may target nonwhite suspects with lethal force, Menifield says.

The new research shows, however, that white police officers actually kill black and other minority suspects at lower rates than would be expected if killings were randomly distributed among officers of all races.

The disproportionate killing of black men occurs, according to the researchers, because of the institutional and organizational racism in police departments and the criminal justice system's targeting minority communities with policies-like stop and frisk and the war on drugs-that have more destructive effects.

"The question of the basic causes of racial disparities in police killings has profound real-world implications for policing a diverse society," Menifield says, suggesting that appropriate reforms for a fundamentally institutional problem would target racism in police department practices and criminal policy that result in over policing of minority populations.

"Today, we have politicians who are arguing for tougher stances on immigration," Menifield says. "These things have a way of trickling down to other things like tougher sentences on crime and policies that have a disparate impact on minority communities."

Addressing the problem will not be easy. Menifield says the US Department of Justice needs to enforce the Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2013 that requires police organizations to report data on police killings. This data will allow researchers to thoroughly investigate each case and determine if other variables are driving police behavior.

In addition, he says, police departments need to bring in external reviewers to examine all of their institutional practices including hiring, promotions, and training. The long‐running racial discrepancies in the way that police officers apply force to suspects have significantly eroded trust between law enforcement and the public whom they serve, the researchers argue.

"There is definitely a problem when one race of people are being killed by police at much higher rates than other populations," Menifield says. "This unfortunate state of affairs is unlikely to improve until fundamental changes in public policy and policing are undertaken."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Killing of black suspects is more than a 'white police problem' - Futurity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Police officers of all races-not just white ones-disproportionately kill African American suspects, according to a new study that points to a need for policing and legal reforms. "...white officers are no more likely to use lethal force against minorities than nonwhite officers."

# data[].attributes.body
A man stands with his hands raised in front of a line of police officers during a protest

# data[].attributes.body
Police are assaulting a black person.

# data[].attributes.body
People protesting how police treat them on a daily basis.

# data[].attributes.body
How most people of color feel in America.

# data[].attributes.body
These are facts in any black persons everyday life.

# data[].attributes.body
Police are more likely to stop a black person.